Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former. This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples: - Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971) In First Order Logic: - P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(y) - P9(x,y) ⇒ P10(y,x) - [P9(x,y) ∧ P9(y,z)] ⇒ P9(x,z) - P9(x,y) ⇒ ¬P9(y,x)
P9 comprend
P9 consiste de
P9 consists of
P9 setzt sich zusammen aus
P9 αποτελείται από
P9 состоит из
P9 包括
comprend
consiste de
consists of
setzt sich zusammen aus
αποτελείται από
состоит из
包括
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically includes the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Besides others, this property may be used to state in which space an object has been for some known time, such as a room of a castle or in a drawer. It may also be used to describe a confinement of the spatial extent of some realm during a known time-span. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place. Examples: - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was within Rome (E53). (Leppmann, 1970) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was within Italy (E53). (Leppmann, 1970) In First Order Logic: - P167(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P167(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P167(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]
P167 s’inscrivait dans
P167 was within
s’inscrivait dans
was within
A location is a place that is used to locate things on a sub-geographical level. Other than geographical places they may not have a place name and are not found in gazetteers like GeoNames, but are described/circumscribed, mostly by "speaking titles". A location may be specified by spatial coordinates, though. For geographical reference, a location can be linked to the/a geographical place that it is in. Example: - An specific individual plant was found "under the first oak tree to the left of the main gate". - An object's location is on shelf "XII-3". - An object was found "in the remnants of building X". (where building X could be the surrounding geographical place.
Ein Standort ist ein Ort, der dazu dient, Dinge auf einer subgeographischen Ebene zu lokalisieren. Anders als geografische Orte haben sie möglicherweise keinen Ortsnamen und sind nicht in Ortsverzeichnissen wie GeoNames zu finden, sondern werden beschrieben/umgeschrieben, meist durch "sprechende Titel". Ein Standort kann jedoch durch räumliche Koordinaten angegeben werden. Als geographische Referenz kann ein Standort mit dem/einem geografischen Ort, an dem er sich befindet, verknüpft werden. Beispiel: - Eine bestimmte Einzelpflanze wurde "unter der ersten Eiche links vom Haupttor" gefunden. - Die Position eines Objekts befindet sich im Regal "XII-3". - Ein Objekt wurde "in den Überresten des Gebäudes X" gefunden. (wobei Gebäude X der umgebende geografische Ort sein könnte.
NB: crmgeo is not available on owl yet, so could not be used for nfdi4objects.owl
Location
Lokation/Standort
SP2 Phenomenal Place in CRMgeo
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property allows sub-typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub-entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL”, etc., none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type. Examples: - “enquiries@cidoc-crm.org” (E41) has type e-mail address (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P2(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P2(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P2(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E17(z)] ˄ P41i(x,z) ˄ P42(z,y)]
P2 a pour type
P2 has type
P2 hat den Typus
P2 é do tipo
P2 έχει τύπο
P2 имеет тип
P2 有类型
a pour type
has type
hat den Typus
é do tipo
έχει τύπο
имеет тип
有类型
Scope note: This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing and the creation of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing that preserves recognizable substance and structure from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature or identity. Although the old and the new instances of E18 Physical Thing are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E18 Physical Thing(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance and structure. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history. Even though such instances of E81 Transformation are often motivated by a change of intended use, substantial material changes should justify the documentation of the result as a new instance of E18 Physical Thing and not just the change of function. The latter may be documented as an extended activity (instance of E7 Activity) of using it. Examples: - the mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) [the mummification of the body of the deceased is a human production process and simultaneously preserves structures of the body at and before death] (Carter and Mace 1977) - the death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) - the transformation of the Hephaisteion temple in Athens, better known as “Theseion”, into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George> around AD 700 (E81,E12) [which actually helped preserving part of the antique temple structure from 449BC] In First Order Logic: - E81(x) ⇒ E63(x) - E81(x) ⇒ E64(x)
E81 Transformation
E81 Transformação
E81 Umwandlung
E81 Μετατροπή
E81 Трансформация
E81 转变
Transformation
Transformação
Umwandlung
Μετατροπή
Трансформация
转变
Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears. An instance of E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An instance of E27 Site should be considered as an instance of E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth. An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i is found on the same E19 Physical Object as A. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path E19 Physical Object, through, P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of to E26 Physical Feature. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) bears feature 32 mm scratch on silver cup 232 (E26). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P56(x,y) ⇒E19(x) - P56(x,y) ⇒ E26(y) - P56(x,y) ⇒ P46(x,y) - P56(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
P56 a pour caractéristique
P56 bears feature
P56 possui característica
P56 trägt Merkmal
P56 φέρει μόρφωμα
P56 несет признак
P56 有特征
a pour caractéristique
bears feature
possui característica
trägt Merkmal
φέρει μόρφωμα
несет признак
有特征
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events. Examples of the inverse property: - The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
P4i est l’intervalle temporel de
P4i is time-span of
P4i ist Zeitspanne von
P4i é o período de tempo de
P4i είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της
P4i является временным отрезком для
P4i 是时段
est l’intervalle temporel de
is time-span of
ist Zeitspanne von
é o período de tempo de
είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της
является временным отрезком для
是时段
Instances of this class describe events in the history of objects in which instances of the class “Object” are copied or reinterpreted by other actors over time, and new works in culture, art, literature, or science emerge from this process of copying, interpretation, or recreation. E.g. The production of a facsimile of the Behaim Globe from 1492 for the Bibliothéque National de France in 1847 E.g. The depiction of the Behaim Globe in the film “The Immortal Heart”
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben Ereignisse in der Objektgeschichte, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Object" von anderen Akteuren im Laufe der Zeit kopiert oder neu interpretiert werden, und aus diesem Kopier-, Interpretations- oder Neuschöpfungsprozess neue Werke in Kultur, Kunst, Literatur oder Wissenschaft hervorgehen. Z.B. Die Anfertigung eines Faksimiles des Behaim Globus von 1492 für die Bibliothéque National de France im Jahr 1847 Z.B. Die Darstellung des Behaim Globus im Film "Das unsterbliche Herz"
Reception
Rezeption
Scope note: This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period. The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement, or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that is relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents. Examples: - last year’s inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village (fictitious) - the condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - the condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - E14(x) ⇒ E13(x)
E14 Avaliação do Estado Material
E14 Condition Assessment
E14 Zustandsfeststellung
E14 Évaluation d’état matériel
E14 Εκτίμηση Κατάστασης
E14 Оценка Состояния
E14 状态评估
Avaliação do Estado Material
Condition Assessment
Zustandsfeststellung
Évaluation d’état matériel
Εκτίμηση Κατάστασης
Оценка Состояния
状态评估
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the relationship between a preparatory activity, an instance of E7 Activity and the instance of E5 Event that it is intended as a preparation for. This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events. P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that the activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, the unrealized intention should be documented using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure. Examples: - Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of the Ghent altar piece (E12). (Borchert, 2008) In First Order Logic: - P20(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P20(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)
P20 a eu pour finalité spécifique
P20 had specific purpose
P20 hatte den bestimmten Zweck
P20 tinha propósito específico
P20 είχε συγκεκριμένο σκοπό
P20 имел конкретную цель
P20 有特定目的
a eu pour finalité spécifique
had specific purpose
hatte den bestimmten Zweck
tinha propósito específico
είχε συγκεκριμένο σκοπό
имел конкретную цель
有特定目的
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving. Examples: - The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013) - George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015) - The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated Greenland (E74). In First Order Logic: - P145(x,y) ⇒ E86(x) - P145(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P145(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P145 a dissocié
P145 entließ
P145 separated
P145 离开
a dissocié
entließ
separated
离开
Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”. Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved. Examples: - cm [centimetre] - km [kilometre] - m [metre] - m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999) - A [ampere] - GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014) - C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998) In First Order Logic: - E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)
E58 Maßeinheit
E58 Measurement Unit
E58 Unidade de Medida
E58 Unité de mesure
E58 Μονάδα Μέτρησης
E58 Единица Измерения
E58 测量单位
Maßeinheit
Measurement Unit
Unidade de Medida
Unité de mesure
Μονάδα Μέτρησης
Единица Измерения
测量单位
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place, which is defined in the same reference space, and which is used to approximate the former. The property does not necessarily state the quality or accuracy of this approximation, but rather indicates the use of the first instance of place to approximate the second. In common documentation practice, find or encounter spots e.g. in archaeology, botany or zoology are often related to the closest village, river or other named place without detailing the relation, e.g. if it is located within the village or in a certain distance of the specified place. In this case the stated “phenomenal” place found in the documentation can be seen as an approximation of the actual encounter spot without more specific knowledge. In more recent documentation often point coordinate information is provided that originates from GPS measurements or georeferencing from a map. This point coordinate information does not state the actual place of the encounter spot but tries to approximate it with a “declarative” place. The accuracy depends on the methodology used when creating the coordinates. It may be dependent on technical limitations like GPS accuracy but also on the method where the GPS location is taken in relation to the measured feature. If the methodology is known a maximum deviation from the measured point can be calculated and the encounter spot or feature may be related to the resulting circle using an instance of P171 at some place within. This property is not transitive. This property is reflexive. Examples: - [40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://sws.geonames.org/735927] - [40°31'00.1"N 21°16'00.1"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7010880] - [40°04'60.0"N 22°21'00.0"E] (E53) approximates Mount Olympus National Park, Greece (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://www.geonames.org/6941814] Properties: - P189.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P189(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P189(x,y) ⇒ E53 (y) - P189(x,y,z) ⇒ [P189(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P189(x,x)
P189 approximates
P189 approxime
approximates
approxime
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E55 Type “A” with an instance of E55 Type “B”, when items of type “A” typically form part of items of type “B”, such as “car motors” and “cars”. It allows types to be organised into hierarchies based on one type describing a typical part of another. This property is equivalent to “broader term partitive (BTP)” as defined in ISO 2788 and “broaderPartitive” in SKOS. This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - car motors (E55) defines typical parts of cars (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(x) - P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P150(x,y) ⇒ ¬P150(y,x)
P150i defines typical wholes for
P150i définit l’ensemble typique pour
defines typical wholes for
définit l’ensemble typique pour
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(end )is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, during}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_15.png Figure 22: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_16.png Figure 23: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - Godstow Abbey, Oxfordshire as a working abbey (E4 Period) ends before the end of the reign of Henry VIII (E4 Period). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P185(x,y) ⇒ P184(x,y) - [P185(x,y) ∧ P185(y,z)] ⇒ P185(x,z)P185(x,y) ⇒ ¬P185(y,x)
P185i ends after the end of
P185i se termine après la fin de
ends after the end of
se termine après la fin de
Scope note: This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation, or nation. E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective. The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining. Examples: - the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group in 2000 - the formation of the Soviet Union (Pipes, 1964) - the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar (Irwin, 1935) In First Order Logic: - E66(x) ⇒ E7(x) - E66(x) ⇒ E63(x)
E66 Formation
E66 Formação
E66 Gruppenbildung
E66 Συγκρότηση Ομάδας
E66 Событие Формирования
E66 组成
Formation
Formação
Gruppenbildung
Συγκρότηση Ομάδας
Событие Формирования
组成
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production. The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Examples of the inverse property: - The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x) - P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P108i a été produit par
P108i foi produzido por
P108i was produced by
P108i wurde hergestellt durch
P108i παρήχθη από
P108i был произведен посредством
P108i 被产生
a été produit par
foi produzido por
was produced by
wurde hergestellt durch
παρήχθη από
был произведен посредством
被产生
Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property documents the number of parts, an instance of E60 Number, of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed. This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention. For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually. Examples: - Chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P57(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P57(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)
P57 a pour nombre d’éléments
P57 has number of parts
P57 hat Anzahl Teile
P57 tem número de partes
P57 έχει αριθμό μερών
P57 имеет число частей
P57 有组成部分数
a pour nombre d’éléments
has number of parts
hat Anzahl Teile
tem número de partes
έχει αριθμό μερών
имеет число частей
有组成部分数
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents. Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined. This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation. Examples of the inverse property: - The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55). - The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x) - P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P138i est représenté par
P138i has representation
P138i tem representação
P138i wird dargestellt durch
P138i παριστάνεται από
P138i имеет представление
P138i 有描绘
est représenté par
has representation
tem representação
wird dargestellt durch
παριστάνεται από
имеет представление
有描绘
Quantification: one to one (1,1:1,1) Scope note: This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension. Examples: - The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012) In First Order Logic: - P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)
P191 a eu pour durée
P191 had duration
a eu pour durée
had duration
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification. Examples: - The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000) In First Order Logic: - P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x) - P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P31 a modifié
P31 has modified
P31 modificou
P31 veränderte
P31 τροποποίησε
P31 изменил
P31 已更改
a modifié
has modified
modificou
veränderte
τροποποίησε
изменил
已更改
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim. Examples: - Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)
P75 besitzt
P75 possesses
P75 possède
P75 é detentor de
P75 κατέχει
P75 владеет
P75 拥有
besitzt
possesses
possède
é detentor de
κατέχει
владеет
拥有
Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Lizenzen, die für die (Wieder-)Verwendung von Instanzen von Bild (nfdi4objects:Image) oder für die Metadaten von Datensätzen (nfdi4objects:Dataset) von Instanzen von Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) durch Dritte angegeben sind, z.B. Creative Commons Lizenzen wie CC-BY-SA 3.0.
This class comprises the types of licences specified for the (re-)use of instances of Image (nfdi4objects:Image) or for the metadata of records (nfdi4objects:Dataset) of instances of Object (nfdi4objects:Object) by third parties, e.g. Creative Commons Licences like CC-BY-SA 3.0.
Lizenzart
Scope note: This class comprises the units in which a monetary system, supported by an administrative authority or other community, quantifies and arithmetically compares all monetary amounts declared in the unit. The unit of a monetary system must describe a nominal value which is kept constant by its administrative authority and an associated banking system if it exists, and not by market value. For instance, one may pay with grams of gold, but the respective monetary amount would have been agreed as the gold price in US dollars on the day of the payment. Under this definition, British Pounds, U.S. Dollars, and European Euros are examples of currency, but “grams of gold” is not. One monetary system has one and only one currency. Instances of this class must not be confused with coin denominations, such as “Dime” or “Sestertius”. Non-monetary exchange of value in terms of quantities of a particular type of goods, such as cows, do not constitute a currency. Examples: - “As” [Roman mid republic] - “Euro” (Temperton, 1997) - “US Dollar” (Rose, 1978) In First Order Logic: - E98(x) ⇒ E58(x)
E98 Currency
E98 Unité monétaire
Currency
Unité monétaire
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes an intentional relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and some general goal or purpose, described as an instance of E55 Type. This may involve activities intended as preparation for some type of activity or event. P21 had general purpose (was purpose of) differs from P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of in that no specific event is implied as the purpose. Examples of the inverse property: - Van Eyck’s pigment grinding (E7) had general purpose painting (E55). (Borchert, 2008) - The setting of trap 2742 on 17(th) May 1874 (E7) had general purpose catching moose (E55). [activity type] (fictitious) - The construction of the Berlin Wall starting 13(th) August 1961 (E12) had general purpose preventing emigration (E55). (History.com Editors, 2020) - The reinforcement of the Mexico-United States barrier between the United States of America and Mexico in Fall 2019 (E11) had general purpose preventing immigration (E55). - The rebuilding of the city walls of Heraklion by the Venetian rulers starting in 1462 (E12) had general purpose preventing conquest by enemy (E55). (YouIngGreece.com, 2020) - The building of the seawall in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan between 2014 and 2020 (E12) had general purpose preventing inland flooding by tsunami (E55). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P21(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P21(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
P21i a été la finalité de
P21i era o propósito de
P21i war Zweck von
P21i was purpose of
P21i ήταν σκοπός του/της
P21i был целью для
P21i 是为了
a été la finalité de
era o propósito de
war Zweck von
was purpose of
ήταν σκοπός του/της
был целью для
是为了
Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung der Art eines Erwerbs bzw. eines Übertrags von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects_Object) im Kontext eines Besitz- oder Eigentumswechsels (crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody) zwischen zwei Akteuren (Vorbesitzer und Nachbesitzer) und belegt durch möglichst genaue Quellenangabe (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section), woher diese Informationen stammen. Beispiel: Die Zuweisung der Art des Erwerbs "Raub" des Idia Elfenbeinanhängers, der sich heute im British Museum unter der Inventarnummer BM_Af1910_5-13_1 befindet, durch Britische Truppen vom Königreich Benin im Rahmen der Strafexpedition 1897 laut Angabe im Onlineportal Digital Benin unter der URL https://digitalbenin.org/catalogue/5_Af191005131.
This class describes the assignment of the type of acquisition or transfer of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects_Object) in the context of a change of ownership (crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody) between two actors (previous owner and subsequent owner) and documents where this information comes from by specifying the source as precisely as possible (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section). Example: The attribution of the type of acquisition "looting" of the Idia ivory pendant, which is now in the British Museum under the inventory number BM_Af1910_5-13_1, by British troops from the Kingdom of Benin as part of the 1897 punitive expedition according to the information in the online portal Digital Benin at the URL https://digitalbenin.org/catalogue/5_Af191005131.
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment with the instance of E90 Symbolic Object used as constituent of an instance of E42 Identifier in this act of assignment. Examples: - Assigning the personal name identifier “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” on 1(st) June 2001 (E15) used constituent “ca. 1300-1377” (E41). (Kelly, 2014) - Assigning a uniform title to the anonymous textual work known as ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds’(E15) used constituent “Coventry” (E41). (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998) - Assigning a uniform title to Pina Bausch’s choreographic work entitled ‘Rite of spring’ (E15) used constituent “(Choreographic Work: Bausch)” (E90). (Brandstetter and Klein, 2015) - Assigning a uniform title to the motion picture directed in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack and entitled ‘King Kong’ (E15) used constituent “1933” (E61). (Goldner and Turner, 1976) - Assigning the corporate name identifier ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ to The Department for library science of the University of Ljubljana in 2018 (E15) used constituent “Univerza v Ljubljani” (E42). [Done by the Department of Library and Information Science and Book Studies Library, University of Ljubljana in 2018] In First Order Logic: - P142(x,y) ⇒ E15(x) - P142(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - P142(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)
P142 a mobilisé comme élément
P142 benutzte Bestandteil
P142 used constituent
P142 使用构成成分
a mobilisé comme élément
benutzte Bestandteil
used constituent
使用构成成分
Instances of this class describe the different types of class E9 Move, e.g. - by train - by stagecoach - by airplane
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die verschiedenen Arten der Klasse E9 Objektbewegung, z.B. - per Zug - per Postkutsche - per Flugzeug
Art der Bewegung
Type of Move
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was diminished by an instance of E80 Part Removal. Although an instance of E80 Part removal activity normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single instance of E80 Part Removal activity. Examples: - The coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22) was diminished by the opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80). (Carter, 2014) - The coral of the Cocos Islands (E20) was diminished by the removal of the Porite coral specimen by Charles Darwin (E80). (Natural History Museum, 2010, b) In First Order Logic: - P112(x,y) ⇒ E80(x) - P112(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P112(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
P112 a diminué
P112 diminished
P112 diminuiu
P112 verminderte
P112 εξάλειψε
P112 уменьшил
P112 减少了
a diminué
diminished
diminuiu
verminderte
εξάλειψε
уменьшил
减少了
Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note: This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing. In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension. It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54). [which has unit (P91) mm (E58), has value (P90) 224 (E60)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P43(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P43(x,y) ⇒ E54(y) - P43(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E16(z) ˄ P39i(x,z) ˄ P40(z,y)]
P43 a pour dimension
P43 has dimension
P43 hat Dimension
P43 tem dimensão
P43 έχει μέγεθος
P43 имеет величину
P43 有度量规格
a pour dimension
has dimension
hat Dimension
tem dimensão
έχει μέγεθος
имеет величину
有度量规格
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing intentionally shows, through its optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. Photographs are by default regarded as being intentional in this sense. Anything that is designed to change the properties of the depiction, such as an e-book reader, is specifically excluded. The property does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined. Examples of the inverse property: - The painting “La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts the French “July Revolution” of 1830 (E7). (Delacroix, 1982) - The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E22) depicts Queen Elizabeth II (E21) mode of depiction Profile (E55). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P62(x,y) ⇒ E24(x) - P62(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P62(x,y,z) ⇒ [P62(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P62(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E36(z) ˄ P65(x,z) ˄ P138(z,y)]
P62i est illustré par
P62i is depicted by
P62i wird abgebildet durch
P62i é retratada por
P62i απεικονίζεται σε
P62i описан посредством
P62i 被描绘
est illustré par
is depicted by
wird abgebildet durch
é retratada por
απεικονίζεται σε
описан посредством
被描绘
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example. The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase. Examples: - Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021) Properties: - P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)
P137 erläutert
P137 exemplifie
P137 exemplifies
P137 é exemplificado por
P137 δειγματίζει
P137 поясняет
P137 例示
erläutert
exemplifie
exemplifies
é exemplificado por
δειγματίζει
поясняет
例示
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples of the inverse property: - Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)
P128i a pour support
P128i is carried by
P128i wird getragen von
P128i é suportado por
P128i φέρεται από
P128i переносится посредством
P128i 被承载
a pour support
is carried by
wird getragen von
é suportado por
φέρεται από
переносится посредством
被承载
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object. The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874. Examples: - Monet´s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9). In First Order Logic: - P25(x,y) ⇒ E9(x) - P25(x,y) ⇒ E19(y) - P25(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P25 a déplacé
P25 bewegte
P25 locomoveu
P25 moved
P25 μετεκίνησε
P25 переместил
P25 移动
a déplacé
bewegte
locomoveu
moved
μετεκίνησε
переместил
移动
Instances of this class include structured, digital collections of information about a specific object or collection. A data record includes essential metadata such as object type, origin, manufacture, material, and storage location, often organized in databases or standards, such as the minimum data record for museums and collections. It is used for the electronic recording, management, research, and online publication of cultural assets.
Instanzen dieser Klasse umfassen strukturierte, digitale Sammlung von Informationen über ein bestimmtes Objekt oder eine Sammlung. Ein Datensatz umfasst wesentliche Metadaten wie Objektart, Herkunft, Herstellung, Material und Lagerort, oft organisiert in Datenbanken oder Standards, wie z.B. der Minimaldatensatz für Museen und Sammlungen. Er dient der elektronischen Erfassung, Verwaltung, Forschung und Online-Publikation von Kulturgut.
Dataset
Datensatz
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing intentionally shows, through its optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. Photographs are by default regarded as being intentional in this sense. Anything that is designed to change the properties of the depiction, such as an e-book reader, is specifically excluded. The property does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined. Examples: - The painting “La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts the French “July Revolution” of 1830 (E7). (Delacroix, 1982) - The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E22) depicts Queen Elizabeth II (E21) mode of depiction Profile (E55). Properties: - P62.1 mode of depiction: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P62(x,y) ⇒ E24(x) - P62(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P62(x,y,z) ⇒ [P62(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P62(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E36(z) ˄ P65(x,z) ˄ P138(z,y)]
P62 bildet ab
P62 depicts
P62 illustre
P62 retrata
P62 απεικονίζει
P62 описывает
P62 描绘了
bildet ab
depicts
illustre
retrata
απεικονίζει
описывает
描绘了
Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe
P54 has current permanent location
P54 hat derzeitigen permanenten Standort
P54 é localizado permanentemente em
P54 έχει μόνιμη θέση
P54 имеет текущее постоянное местоположение
P54 有当前永久位置
a actuellement pour localisation fixe
has current permanent location
hat derzeitigen permanenten Standort
é localizado permanentemente em
έχει μόνιμη θέση
имеет текущее постоянное местоположение
有当前永久位置
Scope note: This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers. Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc. They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost. Examples: - Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999) - the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989) - the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020) - [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.] - “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] - “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.] - Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962) - The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.] In First Order Logic: - E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)
E28 Begrifflicher Gegenstand
E28 Conceptual Object
E28 Objet conceptuel
E28 Objeto Conceitual
E28 Νοητικό Αντικείμενο
E28 Концептуальный Объект
E28 概念对象
Begrifflicher Gegenstand
Conceptual Object
Objet conceptuel
Objeto Conceitual
Νοητικό Αντικείμενο
Концептуальный Объект
概念对象
Quantification: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act. This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. Examples: - Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015) - Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011) - Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011) In First Order Logic: - P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x) - P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)] - P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)] - ¬P152(x,x)
P152 a pour parent
P152 has parent
a pour parent
has parent
Scope note: This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, URLs and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents. Examples: - “MM.GE.195” - “13.45.1976” - “OXCMS: 1997.4.1” (fictitious) - “ISSN 0041-5278” [Identifier for “The UNESCO Courier (Print)”] - ISRC “FIFIN8900186” [Identifier for : Kraft (29 min 14 s) / Magnus Lindberg, comp. ; Toimii Ensemble ; Swedish Radio symphony orchestra ; Esa-Pekka Salonen, dir.] - Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10” - “Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules] (Reaney, 1974) - “+41 22 418 5571” - “ weasel@paveprime.com” - “Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève” - “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” In First Order Logic: - E42(x) ⇒ E41(x)
E42 Identifiant
E42 Identificador de Objeto
E42 Identifier
E42 Kennung
E42 Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης
E42 Идентификатор Объекта
E42 标识符
Identifiant
Identificador de Objeto
Identifier
Kennung
Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης
Идентификатор Объекта
标识符
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to the following Allen temporal relation (Allen, 1983) : {before}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_11.png Figure 18: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_12.png Figure 19: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - Gisle taking office as Bishop of Linköping 1139 AD (E7) ends before the start of The Guta saga composition (E65). (Peel, 1999) - Troy VII (E4) ends before the start of Troy VIII (E4). [uninhabited for some 200 years] - The use of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in Nihoria in the MHIII-LHI period (E4) ends before the start of the period of reuse of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in LHIIIA (E4). [“Of the six tombs excavated in the Nikitopoulou group […] the finds in Tomb Four are of MH II or MH III-LH I date, with the exception of the finds with the Northern group of material, which is uniformly dated to LHIIA2, end the ewer in the middle of the floor, dated LHIIIA1. […] The preserved evidence seems clearly to indicate use in the MHIII-LHI use in the MHIII-LHI period followed by a period of reuse in LHIIIA, a pattern matched at architecturally similar sites such as 13:Kaminia and 10:Gouvalári.”] (Boyd, 2002) In First Order Logic: - P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P183(x,y) ⇒ P182(x,y) - [P183(x,y) ∧ P183(y,z)] ⇒ P183(x,z) - P183(x,y) ⇒ ¬P183(y,x)
P183 ends before the start of
P183 se termine avant le début de
ends before the start of
se termine avant le début de
Description
Diese Klasse dient der Beschreibung von Instanzen der Klasse E22 Human Made Object.
This class is used for the description of instances of the class E22 Human Made Object.
Beschreibung
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper. Examples of the inverse property: - The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x) - P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y) - P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P94i a été créé par
P94i foi criado por
P94i was created by
P94i wurde erschaffen durch
P94i δημιουργήθηκε από
P94i был создан посредством
P94i 被创建
a été créé par
foi criado por
was created by
wurde erschaffen durch
δημιουργήθηκε από
был создан посредством
被创建
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, contains, finished-by}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_07.png Figure 14: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_08.png Figure 15: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - The reign of King Harold II (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of Hastings (E7). (Wikipedia 2022a) - The life of Attila “the Hun” (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (E7). [June 20, 451 AD] (Wikipedia 2022b) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P176(x,y) ⇒ P175(x,y) - [P176(x,y) ∧ P176(y,z)] ⇒ P176(x,z) - P176(x,y) ⇒ ¬P176(y,x)
P176i commence après le début de
P176i starts after the start of
commence après le début de
starts after the start of
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben soziale Strukturen, die mehrere Personen umfassen, wie z.B. eine Institution oder ein Verband, die ein gemeinsames Ziel verfolgen und sich von ihrer Umgebung abgrenzen, z.B. - das Germanische Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg - die Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg - die Klassik Stiftung Weimar
This class contains social structures that include several people, such as an institution or an association that share a collective goal and distinguish themselves from their environment, e.g. - the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg - the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg - the Klassik Stiftung Weimar
Körperschaft
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject. The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by). Examples of the inverse property: - The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)
P104i applies to
P104i findet Anwendung auf
P104i se aplicam à
P104i s’applique à
P104i ισχύει για
P104i применяется к
P104i 适用于
applies to
findet Anwendung auf
se aplicam à
s’applique à
ισχύει για
применяется к
适用于
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns. The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”. If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954) - The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y) - P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - ¬P130(x,x)
P130i Merkmale auch auf
P130i a les caractéristiques aussi présentes sur
P130i características são também encontradas em
P130i features are also found on
P130i χαρακτηριστικά του βρίσκονται επίσης σε
P130i признаки также найдены на
P130i 发现特征
Merkmale auch auf
a les caractéristiques aussi présentes sur
características são também encontradas em
features are also found on
χαρακτηριστικά του βρίσκονται επίσης σε
признаки также найдены на
发现特征
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving. Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well. Examples of the inverse property: - The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013) - George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015) - The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x) - P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P146i a perdu le membre par
P146i lost member by
P146i verlor Mitglied durch
P146i 失去成员
a perdu le membre par
lost member by
verlor Mitglied durch
失去成员
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finished-by, equals} In a model with fuzzy borders, this property will not be transitive. This property is irreflexive. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_05.png Figure 12: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_06.png Figure 13: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - The production of the scarab seal found in Poros in a context of LMIIIB (E12) starts after or with the start of Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C) (E4). [The scarab stamp seal found in Poros was associated with finds dated to the LMIIIB period. The seal is dated to the Tutankhamun period or later because it belongs to the scarabs of type “nh.s n Jmn”: During Akhenaten period, the production of this type of scarab seal stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). Therefore, the scarab cannot have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production] (Karetsou, 2000) - The production of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in Tholos B in Platanos (E12) starts after or with the start of the Hammurabi period of the kingdom (E4). [Of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in tholos B in Platanos believed to connect king Hammurabi with the MM I period. Specifically, although the finding is believed to have been found in a MM I layer, it contained material from the MM III/YM I period. Therefore, the seal may be from the Hammurabi period or, it may be from a later period.] (Walberg, 1992.) In First Order Logic: - P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P175(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y) - ¬P175(x,x)
P175 commence avant ou au moment du début de
P175 starts before or with the start of
commence avant ou au moment du début de
starts before or with the start of
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space. Examples of the inverse property: - The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900) - The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
P157i procure l’espace de référence pour
P157i provides reference space for
procure l’espace de référence pour
provides reference space for
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition. In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item. Examples of the inverse property: - The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x) - P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
P24i a changé de propriétaire par
P24i changed ownership through
P24i ging über in Besitz durch
P24i mudou de proprietário por meio de
P24i άλλαξε ιδιοκτησία μέσω
P24i сменил владельца через
P24i 变更所有权
a changé de propriétaire par
changed ownership through
ging über in Besitz durch
mudou de proprietário por meio de
άλλαξε ιδιοκτησία μέσω
сменил владельца через
变更所有权
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move. A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s). Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at. Examples of the inverse property: - The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x) - P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]
P27i a été le point de départ de
P27i era origem de
P27i war Ausgangsort von
P27i was origin of
P27i ήταν αφετηρία του/της
P27i был исходной точкой для
P27i 是起点
a été le point de départ de
era origem de
war Ausgangsort von
was origin of
ήταν αφετηρία του/της
был исходной точкой для
是起点
Scope note: This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. These quantities may be abstract accounting units, the nominal value of a heap of coins or bank notes at the time of validity of the respective currency, the nominal value of a bill of exchange or other documents expressing monetary claims or obligations. It specifically excludes amounts expressed in terms of weights of valuable items, like gold and diamonds, and quantities of other non-currency items, like goats or stocks and bonds. Examples: - Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 In First Order Logic: - E97(x) ⇒ E54(x)
E97 Monetary Amount
E97 Valeur monétaire
Monetary Amount
Valeur monétaire
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the maximum spatial extent within which an instance of E53 Place falls. Since instances of E53 Places may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about maximum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s maximum spatial extent (i.e., its outer boundary) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89 falls within, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive through a declarative Place that is not explicitly documented, to a Space Primitive: declarative places are defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). Examples: - The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) at some place within POLYGON ((37.969172 23.720787, 37.973122 23.721495 37.972741 23.728994, 37.969299 23.729735, 37.969172 23.720787)) (E94). In First Order Logic: - P171(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P171(x,y) ⇒ E94(y) - P171(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]
P171 at some place within
P171 quelque part dans
at some place within
quelque part dans
Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung der Nutzungsart (nfdi4objects:usage_Type) von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) im Kontext eines Nutzungsereignisses (nfdi4objects:Usage), das stattfand bevor ein Objekt dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entzogen wurde und in eine Sammlung oder einen Museumskontext (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) eingegangen ist. Beispiel: - Die Zuweisung der Nutzungsart "Repräsentationsobjekt" für den Behaim Globus, während er im Nürnberger Rathaus aufgestellt war. - Die Zuweisung der Nutzungsart "Schutzobjekt bei Zeremonien" für den Idia-Elfenbeinanhänger
This class describes the assignment of the usage type (nfdi4objects:usage_Type) of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in the context of a usage event (nfdi4objects:Usage) that took place before an object was withdrawn from the economic cycle and entered a collection or a museum context (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation). Example: - The assignment of the usage type "Representation object" for the Behaim globe while it was on display in Nuremberg City Hall. - The assignment of the usage type "object of protection during ceremonies" for the Idia ivory pendant
Zuweisung einer Nutzungsart
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E55 Type “A” with an instance of E55 Type “B”, when items of type “A” typically form part of items of type “B”, such as “car motors” and “cars”. It allows types to be organised into hierarchies based on one type describing a typical part of another. This property is equivalent to “broader term partitive (BTP)” as defined in ISO 2788 and “broaderPartitive” in SKOS. This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples: - car motors (E55) defines typical parts of cars (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(x) - P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P150(x,y) ⇒ ¬P150(y,x)
P150 defines typical parts of
P150 définit les éléments typiques de
defines typical parts of
définit les éléments typiques de
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has. Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for). Examples: - This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious) - “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987) - “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998) In First Order Logic: - P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
P103 a eu pour raison d'être
P103 bestimmt für
P103 era destinado à
P103 was intended for
P103 προοριζόταν για
P103 был задуман для
P103 被用于
a eu pour raison d'être
bestimmt für
era destinado à
was intended for
προοριζόταν για
был задуман для
被用于
Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die die Systematik einer Sammlung beschreiben. Diese können bei historischen Sammlungen z. B. aus Inventaren oder Sammlungsbeschreibungen abgeleitet werden. Auch umfasst diese Klasse Systematiken, die in gegenwärtigen Sammlungen vorzufinden sind. z.B. - Geschnitzte und gedrechselte Kunstsachen - Naturalien - Europäisches Kunsthandwerk des 19. Jahrhunderts
This class includes terms that describe the systematics of a collection. For historical collections, these can be derived from inventories or collection descriptions, for example. Also, this class includes systematics found in contemporary collections. E.g. - Carved and turned art objects - Naturalia - European arts and crafts of the 19th century
Collection Systematics
Sammlungssystematik
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property shows the type of unit an instance of E54 Dimension was expressed in. Examples: - The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P91(x,y) ⇒ E54(x) - P91(x,y) ⇒ E58(y)
P91 a pour unité de mesure
P91 has unit
P91 hat Einheit
P91 tem unidade
P91 έχει μονάδα μέτρησης
P91 имеет единицу
P91 有单位
a pour unité de mesure
has unit
hat Einheit
tem unidade
έχει μονάδα μέτρησης
имеет единицу
有单位
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y) - P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)] - ˄ ¬​ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]​
P55i currently holds
P55i est actuellement la localisation de
P55i hält derzeitig
P55i é localização atual de
P55i είναι θέση του
P55i в данный момент содержит
P55i 当前拥有
currently holds
est actuellement la localisation de
hält derzeitig
é localização atual de
είναι θέση του
в данный момент содержит
当前拥有
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E57 Material employed in an instance of E11 Modification. The instance of E57 Material used during the instance of E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that forms the subject of the instance of E11 Modification. Examples of the inverse property: - The repairing of the Queen Mary (E11) employed Steel (E57). [Beginning October 1942] (Britton, 2012) - Distilled water (E57) was employed in the restoration of the Sistine Chapel (E11). (Pietrangeli, 1986) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P126(x,y) ⇒ E11(x) - P126(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)
P126i a été employé dans
P126i foi empregado em
P126i was employed in
P126i wurde verwendet bei
P126i χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε
P126i использовался в
P126i 被用于
a été employé dans
foi empregado em
was employed in
wurde verwendet bei
χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε
использовался в
Scope note: This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values, etc. An instance of E54 Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54 Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluminescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient. The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions. Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension, as appropriate. Examples: - the weight of the Luxor Obelisk [250 metric tons] - the vertical height of the statue of David by Michelangelo [5.17 metres] - the weight of the Great Star of Africa diamond [530.2 carats] - the calibrated C14 date for the Shroud of Turin [AD1262-1312, 1303-1384] - the horizontal diameter of the Stonehenge Sarsen Circle [33 metres] (Pryor, 2016) - the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Giza [230.34 metres] (Lehner and Hawass, 2017) - the duration of the time-span of the Battle of Issos/Issus on 15(th) November 333 B.C.E. [less than 12 hours] (Howard, 2012) - Christie’s hammer price, in British Pounds, for Vincent van Gogh's "Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers" in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) [24.75 million GBP (British Pounds)] In First Order Logic: - E54(x) ⇒ E1(x)
E54 Dimension
E54 Dimensão
E54 Maß
E54 Μέγεθος
E54 Величина
E54 度量规格
Dimension
Dimensão
Maß
Μέγεθος
Величина
度量规格
Diese Klasse dient der Erfassung von Transkriptionen von Instanzen der Klasse Source Content.
This class is used to capture transcriptions of instances of the Source Content class.
Transcription
Transkription
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody. The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an instance of E39 Actor to the custody of another instance of E39 Actor. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft. Examples of the inverse property: - The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10) transferred custody of paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E19). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P30(x,y) ⇒ E10(x) - P30(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
P30i a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par
P30i custody transferred through
P30i custódia transferida por meio de
P30i wechselte Gewahrsam durch
P30i άλλαξε κατοχή μέσω
P30i опека передана через
P30i 变更监护权
a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par
custody transferred through
custódia transferida por meio de
wechselte Gewahrsam durch
άλλαξε κατοχή μέσω
опека передана через
变更监护权
Diese Klasse umfasst digitale Dateien, die Instanzen von E1 CRM Entity dokumentieren oder darstellen, z.B. - eine pdf-, eine Word-, eine XML-Datei, .....
This class comprises digital files that document or represent instances of E1 CRM Entity, e.g. - a pdf-, a word-, an xml-file, ...
Datei
Diese Klasse umfasst Aktivitäten der Beobachtung (S27) (Substanz), bei denen ein Akteur (E39) auf eine Instanz von E18 Physical Thing trifft, die für die Aufgabe der Beobachtung relevant ist oder als potenziell relevant für eine Gemeinschaft (Identität) angesehen wird. Diese Beobachtung erzeugt Wissen über die Existenz des betreffenden Dings an einem bestimmten Ort in oder auf der umgebenden Materie. Dieses Wissen kann für die Gruppe von Menschen, zu der der Akteur gehört, neu sein. In diesem Fall würden wir von einer Entdeckung sprechen. Der Beobachter kann eine individuelle Identität des angetroffenen Dings erkennen oder zuordnen oder nur die Art in der zugehörigen Dokumentation oder dem Bericht als bemerkenswert ansehen. In der Archäologie ist es von besonderem Interesse, wenn ein Objekt „in situ“ gefunden wird, d.h. wenn seine Einbettung in die umgebende Materie die Vermutung stützt, dass das Objekt seit dem archäologisch relevanten Ablagerungsereignis nicht bewegt wurde. Die umgebende Materie mit der relativen Position des Objekts darin sowie die absolute Position und der Zeitpunkt der Beobachtung können aufgezeichnet werden, um Rückschlüsse auf die Geschichte des Objekts zu ermöglichen. In der Biologie können zusätzliche Parameter erfasst werden - wie die Art des Ökosystems, ob das biologische Individuum die Beobachtung überlebt hat, welche Detektions- oder Fanggeräte verwendet wurden oder ob das Begegnungsereignis die Entdeckung einer neuen biologischen Art („Taxon“) ermöglichte. Beispiele: der Fund eines vollständigen Skeletts in situ durch Nikolaos Stampolidis in Eleutherna während der archäologischen Ausgrabungen der Universität Kreta im Jahr 2007 (Bonn-Muller, 2010) die Entdeckung von Lagocephalos_Sceleratus mit dem Trawler 419 im Mittelmeer in der ersten Augustwoche 2014 (S19) (Bekiari et al., 2014) der Fund des Marmorfußbodens der Villa der Papyri in Herculaneum beim Ausheben eines Brunnens im Jahr 1750 (Sider, 1990)
This class comprises activities of Observation (S27) (substance) where an Actor (E39) encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing, of a kind relevant for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially relevant for some community (identity). This observation produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing at particular place in, or on, surrounding matter. This knowledge may be new to the group of people the actor belongs to. In that case, we would talk about discovery. The observer may recognize or assign an individual identity of the thing encountered, or regard only the type as noteworthy in the associated documentation or report. In Archaeology, there is a particular interest if an object is found “in situ”, i.e., if its embedding in the surrounding matter supports the assumption that the object was not moved since the archaeologically relevant deposition event. The surrounding matter with the relative position of the object in it, as well as the absolute position and time of the observation may be recorded to enable inferences about the history of the object. In Biology, additional parameters may be recorded – like the kind of ecosystem, if the biological individual survives the observation, what detection or catching devices have been used, or if the encounter event supported the detection of a new biological kind (“taxon”). Examples: the finding, by Nikolaos Stampolidis, of a complete skeleton, in situ, at the site of Eleutherna during the archaeological excavation carried out by the University of Crete in 2007 (Bonn-Muller, 2010) the detection of Lagocephalos_Sceleratus was carried out with the trawler 419 in the Mediteranean sea, during the first week of August 2014 (S19) (Bekiari et al., 2014) the encounter of the marble floor of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum during the digging of a well in 1750 (Sider, 1990)
Begegnung
Encounter Event
Diese Klasse umfasst Handlungen, die den Umgang, die Bedeutung und die Funktion von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) betreffen, bevor diese dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entzogen wurden und in eine Sammlung oder einen Museumskontext (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) eingegangen sind. Beispiele: - Die Nutzung des Behaim Globus als Repräsentationsobjekt, während er im Nürnberger Rathaus aufgestellt war - Die Nutzung des Idia-Elfenbeinanhängers als Schutzobjekt bei Zeremonien im Königreich Benin
This class comprises actions that affect the handling, meaning and function of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) before they have been removed from the economic cycle and entered into a collection or a museum context (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation). Examples: - The use of the Behaim globe as a representational object while it was on display in Nuremberg City Hall - The use of the Idia ivory pendant as a protective object during ceremonies in the Kingdom of Benin
Benutzung
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition. Examples of the inverse property: - The formation of the House of Bourbon-Conti in 1581 (E66) was formed from House of Condé (E74). (Collectif & Musée d'art et d'histoire Louis-Senlecq, 1900) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P151(x,y) ⇒ E66(x) - P151(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P151(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P151i a participé à
P151i participated in
a participé à
participated in
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A. When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source. This property is asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x) - P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y) - P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y) - P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)
P73i est traduction de
P73i is translation of
P73i ist Übersetzung von
P73i é tradução de
P73i είναι μετάφραση του/της
P73i является переводом
P73i 是译文
est traduction de
is translation of
ist Übersetzung von
é tradução de
είναι μετάφραση του/της
является переводом
是译文
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location. In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]]
P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure
P53 has former or current location
P53 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Standort
P53 é ou foi localizada em
P53 βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε
P53 имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение
P53 有之前或当前位置
a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure
has former or current location
hat früheren oder derzeitigen Standort
é ou foi localizada em
βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε
имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение
有之前或当前位置
Diese Klasse umfasst digitale 3D-Modelle, die Repräsentationen von Instanzen der Klasse E71 Human-Made Thing darstellen, z.B. - das 3D-Modell der Kathedrale von Notre Dame in Paris - das 3D-Modell eines Hammerflügels
This class comprises digital 3D-Models that represent instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, e.g. - the 3D-model of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris - the 3D-model of a Hammerwing
3D_Modell
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a complete, identifying representation of its content in the form of an instance of E62 String. This property only applies to instances of E90 Symbolic Object that can be represented completely in this form. The representation may be more specific than the symbolic level defining the identity condition of the represented. This depends on the type of the symbolic object represented. For instance, if a name has type “Modern Greek character sequence”, it may be represented in a loss-free Latin transcription, meaning however the sequence of Greek letters. As another example, if the represented object has type “English words sequence”, American English or British English spelling variants may be chosen to represent the English word “colour” without defining a different symbolic object. If a name has type “European traditional name”, no particular string may define its content. Examples: - The materials description of the painting (E33) has symbolic content “Oil, French Watercolors on Paper, Graphite and Ink on Canvas, with an Oak frame.” (E62). - The title of Einstein’s 1915 text (E35) has symbolic content “Relativity, the Special and the General Theory” (E62). (Einstein, 2001) - The story of Little Red Riding Hood (E33) has symbolic content “Once upon a time there lived in a certain village.” (E62). (Lang, 1965) - The inscription on Rijksmuseum object SK-A-1601 (E34) has symbolic content “B” (E62). [reference: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-1601/catalogue-entry (accessed 10(th) April 2021)] In First Order Logic: - P190(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P190(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)
P190 a pour contenu symbolique
P190 has symbolic content
a pour contenu symbolique
has symbolic content
Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Examples: - the Rosetta Stone (E22) - LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] (Solomon, 2003) - the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004) In First Order Logic: - E22(x) ⇒ E19(x) - E22(x) ⇒ E24(x)
E22 Human-Made Object
E22 Objet élaboré par l’humain
Human-Made Object
Objet élaboré par l’humain
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that acquires the legal ownership of an object as a result of an instance of E8 Acquisition. The property will typically describe an Actor purchasing or otherwise acquiring an object from another Actor. However, title may also be acquired without any corresponding loss of title by another Actor, through legal fieldwork such as hunting, shooting, or fishing. In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both. Examples of the inverse property: - The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title to the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P22(x,y) ⇒ E8(x) - P22(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P22(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P22i a acquis le titre de propriété par
P22i acquired title through
P22i adquiriu os direitos de propriedade por meio da
P22i erwarb Besitztitel durch
P22i απέκτησε τον τίτλο μέσω
P22i получил право собственности через
P22i 获得所有权
a acquis le titre de propriété par
acquired title through
adquiriu os direitos de propriedade por meio da
erwarb Besitztitel durch
απέκτησε τον τίτλο μέσω
получил право собственности через
获得所有权
Instances of this class describe the different types of the “Reception” class, e.g. - Facsimile - Film
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die verschiedenen Arten der Klasse "Rezeption", z.B. - Faksimile - Film
Art der Rezeption
Type of Reception
Diese Klasse umfasst digitale Audiodateien, z.B. - der Klang einer Geige "violin.mp3". - ein digitaler Audioguide-Track zu einem bestimmten Sammlungsobjekt
This class comprises digital audio files, e.g. - the Sound of a Violin "violin.mp3" - a digital Audioguide-Track on a certain Collection Object
Audiodatei
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation. Examples of the inverse property: - The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y) - P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y) - P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P14i a effectué
P14i executou
P14i führte aus
P14i performed
P14i πραγματοποίησε
P14i выполнял
P14i 执行
a effectué
executou
führte aus
performed
πραγματοποίησε
выполнял
执行
Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it. It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper. Examples: - The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012) In First Order Logic: - P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x) - P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y) - P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P94 a créé
P94 criou
P94 has created
P94 hat erschaffen
P94 δημιούργησε
P94 создал
P94 已创建了
a créé
criou
has created
hat erschaffen
δημιούργησε
создал
已创建了
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to the following Allen temporal relation (Allen, 1983) : {before}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_11.png Figure 18: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_12.png Figure 19: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - Gisle taking office as Bishop of Linköping 1139 AD (E7) ends before the start of The Guta saga composition (E65). (Peel, 1999) - Troy VII (E4) ends before the start of Troy VIII (E4). [uninhabited for some 200 years] - The use of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in Nihoria in the MHIII-LHI period (E4) ends before the start of the period of reuse of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in LHIIIA (E4). [“Of the six tombs excavated in the Nikitopoulou group […] the finds in Tomb Four are of MH II or MH III-LH I date, with the exception of the finds with the Northern group of material, which is uniformly dated to LHIIA2, end the ewer in the middle of the floor, dated LHIIIA1. […] The preserved evidence seems clearly to indicate use in the MHIII-LHI use in the MHIII-LHI period followed by a period of reuse in LHIIIA, a pattern matched at architecturally similar sites such as 13:Kaminia and 10:Gouvalári.”] (Boyd, 2002) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P183(x,y) ⇒ P182(x,y) - [P183(x,y) ∧ P183(y,z)] ⇒ P183(x,z) - P183(x,y) ⇒ ¬P183(y,x)
P183i commence après la fin de
P183i starts after the end of
commence après la fin de
starts after the end of
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image. This property is transitive asymmetric. Examples: - This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33). - ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90). In First Order Logic: - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z) - P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)
P106 est composé de
P106 is composed of
P106 ist zusammengesetzt aus
P106 é composto de
P106 αποτελείται από
P106 составлен из
P106 组成成分是
est composé de
is composed of
ist zusammengesetzt aus
é composto de
составлен из
组成成分是
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added during an instance of E79 Part Addition activity. Examples: - The insertion of the final nail (E79) added the last nail in George VI’s coffin (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state) In First Order Logic: - P111(x,y) ⇒ E79(x) - P111(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P111(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)
P111 a ajouté
P111 added
P111 adicionou
P111 fügte hinzu
P111 προσέθεσε
P111 добавил
P111 增加了
a ajouté
added
adicionou
fügte hinzu
προσέθεσε
добавил
增加了
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who relinquish legal ownership as the result of an instance of E8 Acquisition. The property will typically be used to describe a person donating or selling an object to a museum. In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both. Examples: - The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title from the Heirs of Amoudruz (E74). In First Order Logic: - P23(x,y) ⇒ E8(x) - P23(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P23(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P23 a transféré le titre de propriété de
P23 transferiu os direitos de propriedade de
P23 transferred title from
P23 übertrug Besitztitel von
P23 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο από
P23 передал право собственности от
P23 转移所有权自
a transféré le titre de propriété de
transferiu os direitos de propriedade de
transferred title from
übertrug Besitztitel von
μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο από
передал право собственности от
转移所有权自
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent. For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content. This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by). Examples of the inverse property: - My T-Shirt (E22) shows visual item Mona Lisa (E36). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P65(x,y) ⇒ E24(x) - P65(x,y) ⇒ E36(y) - P65(x,y) ⇒ P128(x,y)
P65i est représenté par
P65i is shown by
P65i wird gezeigt durch
P65i é apresentado por
P65i εμφανίζεται σε
P65i показан посредством
P65i 被展示
is shown by
wird gezeigt durch
é apresentado por
εμφανίζεται σε
показан посредством
被展示
Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support. This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples: - Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22). - [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default] - Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22). - [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266] - Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266] - Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015) In First Order Logic: - P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z) - [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)] - P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)] - P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)
P198 contient ou soutient
P198 holds or supports
contient ou soutient
holds or supports
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples of the inverse property: - The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P129i est le sujet de
P129i is subject of
P129i wird behandelt in
P129i é assunto de
P129i είναι θέμα του/της
P129i является предметом для
P129i 是主题
est le sujet de
is subject of
wird behandelt in
é assunto de
είναι θέμα του/της
является предметом для
是主题
Scope note: This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation, and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support. The E36 Visual Item class provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks, or images, etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and the depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction. Examples: - the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) - the Coca-Cola logo (E34) - the Chi-Rho (E37) - the communist red star (E37) - the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [There exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model.] In First Order Logic: - E36(x) ⇒ E73(x)
E36 Bildliches
E36 Entité visuelle
E36 Item Visual
E36 Visual Item
E36 Οπτικό Στοιχείο
E36 Визуальный Предмет
E36 可视项
Bildliches
Entité visuelle
Item Visual
Visual Item
Οπτικό Στοιχείο
Визуальный Предмет
可视项
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it. The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition. Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building. Examples of the inverse property: - The ornamentation of silver cup 232 (E11) used specific technique ‘Instructions for golden chase work by A N Other’ (E29). (fictitious) - The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) used specific technique Architectural plans by Foster and Partners (E29). (Foster, 2000) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P33(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P33(x,y) ⇒ E29(y) - P33(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)
P33i a été la technique spécifique mise en œuvre dans
P33i foi usada por
P33i was used by
P33i wurde benutzt von
P33i χρησιμοποιήθηκε για
P33i был использован посредством
P33i 被使用
a été la technique spécifique mise en œuvre dans
foi usada por
was used by
wurde benutzt von
χρησιμοποιήθηκε για
был использован посредством
被使用
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with an instance of E61 Time Primitive specifying a minimum period of time covered by it. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s minimum temporal extent (i.e., its inner boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different minimum extents without contradicting each other, the smallest interval including all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration. Examples: - The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) ongoing throughout “1996-2003” (E61). (Doerr, 2003) - The Time-Span of the Thirty Years War (E52) ongoing throughout “23(rd) May 1618 AD until 24(th) October 1648 AD” (E61). (Bonney, 2014) - The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) ongoing throughout “2181 BC – 2160 BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993) [This is the minimal common agreement of two conflicting dates: James Henry Breasted dates the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) from 2475BC to 2160BC in his Ancient Records (first published in 1906), volume 1, sections 58–75 (Breasted, 1906). Ian Shaw dates it from 2181BC to 2125BC in his Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (published in 2000), pp. 479–483 (Shaw, 2000).] In First Order Logic: - P81(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P81(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)
P81 a couvert
P81 abrange no mínimo
P81 andauernd während
P81 ongoing throughout
P81 καθόλη τη διάρκεια του/της
P81 длится в течение
P81 最短范围是
a couvert
abrange no mínimo
andauernd während
ongoing throughout
καθόλη τη διάρκεια του/της
длится в течение
最短范围是
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom. An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]
P44i est l'état matériel de
P44i estado material de
P44i is condition of
P44i ist Zustand von
P44i είναι κατάσταση του
P44i является условием для
P44i 是状况
est l'état matériel de
estado material de
is condition of
ist Zustand von
είναι κατάσταση του
является условием для
是状况
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The property is not transitive. This property is a directed relationship. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc. Instances of this property are considered to be symmetric, in case no directed sense is provided for them by the property P69.1 has type. The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures. Examples of the inverse property: - The procedure for glass blowing (E29) has association with the procedure for glass heating (E29). (Brooks, 1973) - The set of instructions for performing Macbeth in Max Reinhardt's production in 1916 in Berlin at Deutsches Theater (E29) has association with the scene design drawing by Ernst Stern reproduced at http://www.glopad.org/pi/fr/record/digdoc/1003814 (E29) has type has part (E55). - The preparation of parchment (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type has part (E55). - Stretching of skin (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type follows (E55). (Poole and Reed, 1962) - The plan for reassembling the temples at Abu Simbel (E29) has association with the plan for storing and transporting the blocks (E29) has type follows (E55). (Loubiere, 1995) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(x) - P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(y) - P69(x,y,z) ⇒ [P69(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P69i est associé à
P69i is associated with
est associé à
is associated with
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition. Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses. Examples: - The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state) - The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x) - P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
P110 a augmenté
P110 augmented
P110 aumentou
P110 erweiterte
P110 επαύξησε
P110 увеличил
P110 增强了
a augmenté
augmented
aumentou
erweiterte
επαύξησε
увеличил
增强了
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role. It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event. Examples: - Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008) In First Order Logic: - P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
P12 a eu lieu en présence de
P12 fand statt im Beisein von
P12 occurred in the presence of
P12 ocorreu na presença de
P12 συνέβη παρουσία του/της
P12 появился в присутствии
P12 已出现
a eu lieu en présence de
fand statt im Beisein von
occurred in the presence of
ocorreu na presença de
συνέβη παρουσία του/της
появился в присутствии
已出现
Scope note: This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. In particular, it includes the information encoding features on mechanical or digital carriers. Examples: - the Manchester Ship Canal (Farnie, 1980) - Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery - the laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf - the carved letters on the Rosetta Stone In First Order Logic: - E25(x) ⇒ E24(x) - E25(x) ⇒ E26(x)
E25 Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain
E25 Human-Made Feature
Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain
Human-Made Feature
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property records the identifier that was deassigned from an instance of E1 CRM Entity. De-assignment of an identifier may be necessary when an item is taken out of an inventory, a new numbering system is introduced or items are merged or split up. The same identifier may be deassigned on more than one occasion. Examples: - The identifier assignment on 31(st) July 2001 of the silver cup OXCMS:2001.1.32 (E15) deassigned “232” (E42). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P38(x,y) ⇒ E15(x) - P38(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P38(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P38 a retiré l'assignation
P38 deassigned
P38 hob Zuweisung auf von
P38 retirou a atribuição do
P38 ακύρωσε
P38 отменил назначение
P38 取消了
a retiré l'assignation
deassigned
hob Zuweisung auf von
retirou a atribuição do
ακύρωσε
отменил назначение
取消了
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes an intentional relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and some general goal or purpose, described as an instance of E55 Type. This may involve activities intended as preparation for some type of activity or event. P21 had general purpose (was purpose of) differs from P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of in that no specific event is implied as the purpose. Examples: - Van Eyck’s pigment grinding (E7) had general purpose painting (E55). (Borchert, 2008) - The setting of trap 2742 on 17(th) May 1874 (E7) had general purpose catching moose (E55). [activity type] (fictitious) - The construction of the Berlin Wall starting 13(th) August 1961 (E12) had general purpose preventing emigration (E55). (History.com Editors, 2020) - The reinforcement of the Mexico-United States barrier between the United States of America and Mexico in Fall 2019 (E11) had general purpose preventing immigration (E55). - The rebuilding of the city walls of Heraklion by the Venetian rulers starting in 1462 (E12) had general purpose preventing conquest by enemy (E55). (YouIngGreece.com, 2020) - The building of the seawall in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan between 2014 and 2020 (E12) had general purpose preventing inland flooding by tsunami (E55). In First Order Logic: - P21(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P21(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
P21 a eu pour finalité générale
P21 had general purpose
P21 hatte den allgemeinen Zweck
P21 tinha propósito geral
P21 είχε γενικό σκοπό
P21 имел общую цель
P21 有一般目的
a eu pour finalité générale
had general purpose
hatte den allgemeinen Zweck
tinha propósito geral
είχε γενικό σκοπό
имел общую цель
有一般目的
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image. This property is transitive asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33). - ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x) - P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z) - P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)
P106i bildet Teil von
P106i fait partie de
P106i faz parte de
P106i forms part of
P106i αποτελεί μέρος του/της
P106i формирует часть
P106i 构成部分
bildet Teil von
fait partie de
faz parte de
forms part of
αποτελεί μέρος του/της
формирует часть
构成部分
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place, which is defined in the same reference space, and which is used to approximate the former. The property does not necessarily state the quality or accuracy of this approximation, but rather indicates the use of the first instance of place to approximate the second. In common documentation practice, find or encounter spots e.g. in archaeology, botany or zoology are often related to the closest village, river or other named place without detailing the relation, e.g. if it is located within the village or in a certain distance of the specified place. In this case the stated “phenomenal” place found in the documentation can be seen as an approximation of the actual encounter spot without more specific knowledge. In more recent documentation often point coordinate information is provided that originates from GPS measurements or georeferencing from a map. This point coordinate information does not state the actual place of the encounter spot but tries to approximate it with a “declarative” place. The accuracy depends on the methodology used when creating the coordinates. It may be dependent on technical limitations like GPS accuracy but also on the method where the GPS location is taken in relation to the measured feature. If the methodology is known a maximum deviation from the measured point can be calculated and the encounter spot or feature may be related to the resulting circle using an instance of P171 at some place within. This property is not transitive. This property is reflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - [40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://sws.geonames.org/735927] - [40°31'00.1"N 21°16'00.1"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7010880] - [40°04'60.0"N 22°21'00.0"E] (E53) approximates Mount Olympus National Park, Greece (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://www.geonames.org/6941814] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P189(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P189(x,y) ⇒ E53 (y) - P189(x,y,z) ⇒ [P189(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P189(x,x)
P189i est approximé par
P189i is approximated by
est approximé par
is approximated by
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity. Examples: - The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014) In First Order Logic: - P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x) - P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P113 a retiré
P113 entfernte
P113 removed
P113 removeu
P113 αφαίρεσε
P113 удален
P113 去除了
a retiré
entfernte
removed
removeu
αφαίρεσε
удален
去除了
Quantification: many to many (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity. Examples: - The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97). - The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896) In First Order Logic: - P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x) - P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)
P179 a eu pour prix de vente
P179 had sales price
a eu pour prix de vente
had sales price
Diese Klasse umfasst Quellenmaterialien wie Schrift- und Bildgut, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt und die damit verbundenen Kontexte und Ereignisse dokumentieren.
This class includes sources such as written and pictorial material that document instances of the Object class and the associated contexts and events.
Quellenträger
Source
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents. Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined. This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation. Examples: - The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55). - The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55). Properties: - P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x) - P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P138 representa
P138 represents
P138 représente
P138 stellt dar
P138 παριστάνει
P138 представляет
P138 描绘
representa
represents
représente
stellt dar
παριστάνει
представляет
描绘
P90a has lower value limit
has lower value limit
Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung einer Zeitspanne (crm:E52_Time_Span) im Kontext eines Ereignisses (crm:E5_Event). Dabei können konkrete genaue Datierungen zugewiesen werden, oder auch nur nominelle Bezeichnungen. Beispiel: - Die Zuweisung der Zeitangabe 1492-1494 für das Ereignis der Herstellung des Behaim Globus. - Die Zuweisung des Jahres 1847 als Herstellungsjahr des Faksimiles des Behaim Globus für die Bibliothéque National de France.
This class describes the assignment of a time span (crm:E52_Time_Span) in the context of an event (crm:E5_Event). Specific dates can be assigned, or just nominal designations. Example: - The assignment of the time period 1492-1494 for the event of the manufacture of the Behaim Globe. - The assignment of the year 1847 as the year of manufacture of the facsimile of the Behaim Globe for the Bibliothéque National de France.
Time Assignment
Zeitzuweisung
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E18 Physical Thing. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156i is occupied by to E18 Physical Thing. It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant. For example, the French and German armistice of 22(nd) June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11(th) November 1918. Examples: - The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005) In First Order Logic: - P8(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P8(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P8(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P7(x,z) ˄ P156i(z,y)]
P8 a eu lieu à
P8 fand statt auf oder innerhalb von
P8 ocorreu em ou dentro
P8 took place on or within
P8 έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός
P8 имел место на или в
P8 发生的所在对象是
a eu lieu à
fand statt auf oder innerhalb von
ocorreu em ou dentro
took place on or within
έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός
имел место на или в
发生的所在对象是
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_09.png Figure 16: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_10.png Figure 17: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - Lerna III (E4) ends before or with the start of Lerna IV (E4). [“The site at Lerna probably was not left uninhabited for long after the destruction of the House of the Tiles and the raising of the tumulus. If there was a gap corresponding to the earliest stage of EH III in the Argolid, as has been suggested by some (see, e.g., Manning 1995: 55–60), it was a brief one. In Rutter’s view, the short life of the Fourth Settlement began ca. 2200/2150 b.c. and ended ca. 2050/2000 b.c.”] (Banks & Reese, 2013) - The use of LH I graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4) ends before or with the start of LH III phase of reuse of the graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4). [“…a possible hiatus in the occupation of certain sites such as the settlement of Krisa in Phocis, which was well occupied in the MH and LHIII periods. LHIIB pottery from this settlement has already been identified, but no certain example of LHIIA pottery.”] (Phialon 2018) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P182(x,y) ⇒ P176(x,y) - P182(x,y) ⇒ P185(x,y) - [P182(x,y) ⋀ P182(y,z) ⇒ P182(x,z)] - P182(x,y) ⇒ ¬P182(y,x)
P182i commence après ou au moment de la fin de
P182i starts after or with the end of
commence après ou au moment de la fin de
starts after or with the end of
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period. The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations. Any place where something happened includes the spatial projection of the happening given in the same geometric reference system. For instance, HMS Victory, as place of Lord Nelson's dying, includes the location of his body relative to the hull of HMS Victory at his time of death as the most precise location of his death. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection, an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections to respective reference systems, that is, instances of E53 Place. Therefore, this property implies the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place, where both places are defined in the same geometric reference system. The relation between an instance of E53 Place and its reference system can conveniently be documented via the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for). Something that has happened at a given place can also be considered to have happened at a smaller place within it: for example, it is reasonable to say Caesar’s murder took place in Rome, but also on the Forum Romanum, and more precisely in the Curia. It is characteristic for different historical sources to use varying precision in such statements, without being in contradiction with each other. This may be due to lack of knowledge or to the relevance of the precision for the purpose of the statement. In information integration, the more precise statement improves the overall knowledge. Examples of the inverse property: - The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P7(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P7(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P7(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u) [P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)] - [E4(x) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(v,u) ˄ P7(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,v) ˄ P89(v,y)] ⇒ P7(x,v)
P7i a été témoin de
P7i bezeugte
P7i testemunhou
P7i witnessed
P7i υπήρξε τόπος του
P7i был местом совершения
P7i 发生过
a été témoin de
bezeugte
testemunhou
witnessed
υπήρξε τόπος του
был местом совершения
发生过
Diese Klasse umfasst Zeichenketten oder Kodierungen, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) zugewiesen werden, um sie eindeutig und dauerhaft innerhalb der Sammlung von Objektbiografien zu identifizieren.Sie ersetzt nicht die URI eines Objekts im Wissensgraphen. Beispiele: - Behaim Globus, GNM WI1826 - Exemplar aus Goethes Paläontologischer Sammlung, KSW GNG 02560
This class comprises character strings or encodings that are assigned to instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) to identify them uniquely and permanently within the collection of object biographies; it does not replace the URI of an object in the knowledge graph. Examples: - Behaim globe, GNM WI1826 - Specimen from Goethe's palaeontological collection, KSW GNG 02560
Identifikator
Diese Klasse dient dazu, über Instanzen der Klasse Object getätigte Aussagen über die Zuweisung zu einer Sammlungssystematik in Instanzen der Klasse Source Content zu dokumentieren. Beispiel: Ereignis der Zuweisung der Sammlungssystematik "Naturalia" für das Objekt Präparat eines großen Krokodils ohne Vorderfüße in Quelle Anonymus B.
This class is used to document assertions made about instances of the class Object about the assignment to a collection systematics in instances of the class Source Content. Example: Event of the assignment of the collection systematics "Naturalia" for Object specimen of a large crocodile without front feet in source Anonymus B.
Collectionsystematics Assignment
Sammlungssystematik Zuweisung
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole. Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies. This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property. The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22). - The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z) - P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)] - P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x)
P46i bildet Teil von
P46i fait partie de
P46i faz parte de
P46i forms part of
P46i αποτελεί μέρος του/της
P46i формирует часть
P46i 构成部分
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E41 Appellation with another instance of E41 Appellation that constitutes a derivative or variant of the former and that may also be used for identifying items identified by the former, in suitable contexts, independent from the particular item to be identified. This property should not be confused with additional variants of names used characteristically for a single, particular item, such as individual nicknames. It is a directed relationship, where the range expresses the derivative or variant and the domain the source of derivation or original form of variation, if such a direction can be established. Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric. Multiple names assigned to an object, which do not apply to all things identified with the specific instance of E41 Appellation, should be modelled as repeated values of P1 is identified by (identifies) of this object. P139.1 has type allows the type of derivation to be refined, for instance “transliteration from Latin 1 to ASCII”. Examples: - “Martin Doerr” (E41) has alternative form “Martin Dörr” (E41) has type alternate spelling (E55). - “Гончарова, Наталья Сергеевна” (E41) has alternative form "Gončarova, Natal´â Sergeevna" (E41) has type ISO 9:1995 transliteration (E55). - “Αθήνα” (E41) has alternative form “Athina” (E41) has type transcription (E55). Properties: - P139.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(x) - P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(y) - P139(x,y,z) ⇒ [P139(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - ¬P139(x,x)
P139 a pour forme alternative
P139 has alternative form
P139 hat alternative Form
P139 tem forma alternativa
P139 έχει εναλλακτική μορφή
P139 имеет альтернативную форму
P139 有交替形式
a pour forme alternative
has alternative form
hat alternative Form
tem forma alternativa
έχει εναλλακτική μορφή
имеет альтернативную форму
有交替形式
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive. Examples: - The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has value 226 (E60). (fictitious) - Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has value 24,750,000 (E60). In First Order Logic: - P90(x,y) ⇒ E54(x) - P90(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)
P90 a pour valeur
P90 has value
P90 hat Wert
P90 tem valor
P90 έχει τιμή
P90 имеет значение
P90 有数值
a pour valeur
has value
hat Wert
tem valor
έχει τιμή
имеет значение
有数值
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property allows sub-typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus. The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub-entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL”, etc., none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type. Examples of the inverse property: - “enquiries@cidoc-crm.org” (E41) has type e-mail address (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P2(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P2(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P2(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E17(z)] ˄ P41i(x,z) ˄ P42(z,y)]
P2i est le type de
P2i is type of
P2i ist Typus von
P2i é o tipo de
P2i είναι ο τύπος του/της
P2i является типом для
P2i 是类型
est le type de
is type of
ist Typus von
é o tipo de
είναι ο τύπος του/της
является типом для
是类型
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent. Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]
P52i est l'actant propriétaire actuel de
P52i is current owner of
P52i ist derzeitiger Besitzer von
P52i é proprietário de
P52i είναι ιδιοκτήτης του
P52i является текущим владельцем для
P52i 是当前所有者
est l'actant propriétaire actuel de
is current owner of
ist derzeitiger Besitzer von
é proprietário de
είναι ιδιοκτήτης του
является текущим владельцем для
是当前所有者
Diese Klasse umfasst materielle Hinterlassenschaften der Menschheits- und Umweltgeschichte, die von menschlicher Aktivität bewusst zum Bestand einer Sammlung (E78 Curated Holding) hinzugefügt wurden und von einem oder mehreren Akteuren (E39 Actor) kuratorisch betreut werden. Beispiele: Der Behaim Globus von 1492/94, der sich heute im Germanischen Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg befindet Der Stein von Rosette, der in der hellenistischen Zeit gemeißelt wurde, 1799 im Kontext napoleonischer Feldzüge geraubt und sich seit 1802 in der Sammlung des British Museum in London befindet
This class includes the material remains of human history that have been intentionally added by human activity to the inventory of a collection and curated by one or more instances of E39_Actor over time. Examples: The Behaim Globe from 1492/94, which is now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg The Rosetta Stone, carved in the Hellenistic period, looted in 1799 in the context of Napoleonic campaigns and in the collection of the British Museum in London since 1802
Object
Objekt
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E18 Physical Thing. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156i is occupied by to E18 Physical Thing. It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant. For example, the French and German armistice of 22(nd) June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11(th) November 1918. Examples of the inverse property: - The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P8(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P8(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P8(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P7(x,z) ˄ P156i(z,y)]
P8i a été témoin de
P8i bezeugte
P8i testemunhou
P8i witnessed
P8i υπήρξε τόπος του
P8i являлся местом для
P8i 发生过
являлся местом для
Scope note: This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (“curated” and “preserved,” in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. Typical instances of curated holdings are museum collections, archives, library holdings and digital libraries. A digital library is regarded as an instance of E18 Physical Thing because it requires keeping physical carriers of the electronic content. Items may be added or removed from an E78 Curated Holding in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Curated Holding who is often referred to using the name of the E78 Curated Holding (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”). Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Curated Holding. This is because they form wholes, either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality. Examples: - the John Clayton Herbarium (Blake, 1918), (Natural History Museum, 2021) - the Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990) - Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005) - the Digital Collections of the Munich DigitiZation Center (MDZ) accessible via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ at least in January 2018. In First Order Logic: - E78(x) ⇒ E24(x)
E78 Collection
E78 Curated Holding
Collection
Curated Holding
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning. It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013). This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples: - dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989) In First Order Logic: - P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x) - P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z) - P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)
P127 a pour terme général
P127 has broader term
P127 hat den Oberbegriff
P127 tem termo genérico
P127 έχει ευρύτερο όρο
P127 имеет вышестоящий термин
P127 上位词
a pour terme général
has broader term
hat den Oberbegriff
tem termo genérico
έχει ευρύτερο όρο
имеет вышестоящий термин
上位词
Scope note: This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An instance of E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure. Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when, and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment through the P2 has type (is type of) property. Examples: - replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17(th) century lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens - assigning the author and uniform title heading “Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.” to a work - on 1(st) June 2001, assigning the personal name heading “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” to Guillaume de Machaut (Kelly, 2014) In First Order Logic: - E15(x) ⇒ E13(x)
E15 Assignation d’identifiant
E15 Atribuição de Identificador
E15 Identifier Assignment
E15 Kennzeichenzuweisung
E15 Απόδοση Αναγνωριστικού
E15 Назначение Идентификатора
E15 标识符赋值
Assignation d’identifiant
Atribuição de Identificador
Identifier Assignment
Kennzeichenzuweisung
Απόδοση Αναγνωριστικού
Назначение Идентификатора
标识符赋值
Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials. Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing). This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g. “instances of gold”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used. Examples: - brick (Gurcke, 1987) - gold (Watson, 1990) - aluminium (Norman, 1986) - polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011) - resin (Barton, 1992) In First Order Logic: - E57(x) ⇒ E55(x)
E57 Material
E57 Matériau
E57 Υλικό
E57 Материал
E57 材质
Material
Matériau
Υλικό
Материал
材质
Instances of this class describe the types of instances of the Exhibition class, e.g. - Permanent exhibition - Temporary exhibition - Anniversary exhibition
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von Instanzen der Klasse Ausstellung, z.B. - Dauerausstellung - Temporäre Ausstellung - Jubliäumsausstellung
Art der Ausstellung
Exhibition Type
Scope note: This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles. While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations. The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event. While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience. Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event. Examples: - the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984) - the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013) - World War II (E7) (Barber, 1994) - the Battle of Stalingrad (E7) (Hoyt, 1993) - the Yalta Conference (E7) (Harbutt, 2010) - my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7) - the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday (fictitious) - the CIDOC conference 2003 (E7) In First Order Logic: - E5(x) ⇒ E4(x)
E5 Ereignis
E5 Event
E5 Evento
E5 Évènement
E5 Συμβάν
E5 Событие
E5 事件
Ereignis
Event
Evento
Évènement
Συμβάν
Событие
事件
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(end )is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, during}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_15.png Figure 22: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_16.png Figure 23: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - Godstow Abbey, Oxfordshire as a working abbey (E4 Period) ends before the end of the reign of Henry VIII (E4 Period). In First Order Logic: - P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P185(x,y) ⇒ P184(x,y) - [P185(x,y) ∧ P185(y,z)] ⇒ P185(x,z)P185(x,y) ⇒ ¬P185(y,x)
P185 ends before the end of
P185 se termine avant la fin de
ends before the end of
se termine avant la fin de
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent. Examples: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic: - P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y) - P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]
P52 a pour propriétaire actuel
P52 has current owner
P52 hat derzeitigen Besitzer
P52 é propriedade de
P52 έχει ιδιοκτήτη
P52 имеет текущего владельца
P52 有当前所有者
a pour propriétaire actuel
has current owner
hat derzeitigen Besitzer
é propriedade de
έχει ιδιοκτήτη
имеет текущего владельца
有当前所有者
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E18 Physical Thing of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice) of the thing’s trajectory through spacetime. In other words, it describes where the instance of E18 Physical Thing was or moved around within a given time-span. Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P166 was a presence of (had presence) to E93 Presence. Examples: - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998) In First Order Logic: - P195(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P195(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P195(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[E92(z) ∧ P166(z,x) ∧ P196i(z,y)]
P195 a été une présence de
P195 was a presence of
a été une présence de
was a presence of
Scope note: This class comprises recognisable texts that can be attached to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class is not intended to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CIDOC CRM as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object. Examples: - “keep off the grass” [on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College, Oxford, UK] - the text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 (Mommsen, 1872) - “Kilroy was here” In First Order Logic: - E34(x) ⇒ E33(x) - E34(x) ⇒ E37(x)
E34 Inschrift
E34 Inscription
E34 Inscrição
E34 Επιγραφή
E34 Надпись
E34 题识
Inschrift
Inscription
Inscrição
Επιγραφή
Надпись
题识
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property records the type that was assigned to an entity by an E17 Type Assignment activity. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of). For example, a fragment of an antique vessel could be assigned the type “attic red figured belly handled amphora” by expert A. The same fragment could be assigned the type “shoulder handled amphora” by expert B. A Type may be intellectually constructed independent from assigning an instance of it. Examples: - The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) assigned goblet (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P42(x,y) ⇒ E17(x) - P42(x,y)⇒ E55(y) - P42(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P42 a assigné
P42 assigned
P42 atribuiu
P42 wies zu
P42 απέδωσε ως ιδιότητα
P42 назначил
P42 分配类型
a assigné
assigned
atribuiu
wies zu
απέδωσε ως ιδιότητα
назначил
分配类型
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y) - P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]
P50i est l’actant détenteur actuel
P50i is current keeper of
P50i ist derzeitiger Betreuer von
P50i é guardador de
P50i κατέχει
P50i является текущим смотрителем для
P50i 是当前保管者
est l’actant détenteur actuel
is current keeper of
ist derzeitiger Betreuer von
é guardador de
является текущим смотрителем для
是当前保管者
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P54i est actuellement la location fixe de
P54i is current permanent location of
P54i ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von
P54i é localização permanente de
P54i είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της
P54i является текущим постоянным местоположением для
P54i 是当前永久位置
est actuellement la location fixe de
is current permanent location of
ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von
é localização permanente de
είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της
является текущим постоянным местоположением для
是当前永久位置
Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a “named graph” also falls under this class, so that each “named graph” is an instance of E73 Information Object. An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression. Examples: - image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) (Natural History Museum, 2021) - E. A. Poe's “The Raven” (Poe, 1869) - the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002) - the text of Huray describing the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010) - the Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014 In First Order Logic: - E73(x) ⇒ E89(x) - E73(x) ⇒ E90(x)
E73 Information Object
E73 Informationsgegenstand
E73 Objet informationnel
E73 Objeto de Informação
E73 Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο
E73 Информационный Объект
E73 信息对象
Information Object
Informationsgegenstand
Objet informationnel
Objeto de Informação
Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο
Информационный Объект
信息对象
Dies ist eine generische, domänenunabhängige Klasse für Begriffe, die zur Klassifizierung von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt verwendet werden, z.B. - Präparat - Gemälde - Druckgraphik - Modell - Automat - Waffe - Musikinstrument
This is a generic, domain-agnostic class for terms that are used to classify instances of class Object, e.g. - painting - mammal - wet specimen - model - weapon - musical instrument
Object Type
Objektart
Scope note: This class comprises the deaths of human beings. If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented as instances of E64 End of Existence. Examples: - the murder of Julius Caesar (E69, E7) (Irwin, 1935) - the death of Senator Paul Wellstone (Monast and Tao, 2002) In First Order Logic: - E69(x) ⇒ E64(x)
E69 Death
E69 Mort
E69 Morte
E69 Tod
E69 Θάνατος
E69 Смерть
E69 死亡
Death
Mort
Morte
Tod
Θάνατος
Смерть
死亡
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies a destination, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move. A move will be linked to a destination, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many terminal instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes a distribution of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s). Therefore, the described destination is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at. Examples of the inverse property: - The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved to the Saatchi Gallery London (E53). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P26(x,y) ⇒ E9(x) - P26(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P26(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]
P26i a été la destination de
P26i era destinação de
P26i war Zielort von
P26i was destination of
P26i ήταν προορισμός του/της
P26i был пунктом назначения для
P26i 是目的地
a été la destination de
era destinação de
war Zielort von
was destination of
ήταν προορισμός του/της
был пунктом назначения для
是目的地
Scope note: This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g. “instances of Mandarin Chinese”. It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639-3:2007 and later versions. Examples: - ell [Greek] - eng [English] - epo [Esperanto] - spa [Spanish] - fra [French] In First Order Logic: - E56(x) ⇒ E55(x)
E56 Language
E56 Langue
E56 Língua
E56 Sprache
E56 Γλώσσα
E56 Язык
E56 语种
Language
Langue
Língua
Sprache
Γλώσσα
Язык
语种
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states. It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay. This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x) - P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z) - P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)
P5i bildet Teil von
P5i fait partie de
P5i faz parte de
P5i forms part of
P5i αποτελεί μέρος του/της
P5i формирует часть
P5i 组成部分
组成部分
Scope note: This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. Examples: - the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious) - the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) - the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic - the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889) In First Order Logic: - E63(x) ⇒ E5(x)
E63 Beginning of Existence
E63 Daseinsbeginn
E63 Début d’existence
E63 Início da Existência
E63 Αρχή Ύπαρξης
E63 Начало Существования
E63 初始
Beginning of Existence
Daseinsbeginn
Début d’existence
Início da Existência
Αρχή Ύπαρξης
Начало Существования
初始
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples: - Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)
P128 carries
P128 est le support de
P128 trägt
P128 é o suporte de
P128 φέρει
P128 несет
P128 承载
carries
est le support de
trägt
é o suporte de
φέρει
несет
承载
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property records the dimension that was observed in an E16 Measurement Event. E54 Dimension can be any quantifiable aspect of E70 Thing. Weight, image colour depth and monetary value are dimensions in this sense. One measurement activity may determine more than one dimension of one object. Dimensions may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the measured Thing does not need to be present or extant. Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made. Examples: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) observed dimension silver cup 232 height (E54). [which has unit mm (E58), has value 224 (E60)] (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) observed dimension the carbon 14 based temporal distance from 1996 to the growth of the wood of the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E60). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niederachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also: E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic: - P40(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P40(x,y)⇒ E54(y) - P40(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P40 a relevé comme dimension
P40 beobachtete Dimension
P40 observed dimension
P40 verificou a dimensão
P40 παρατήρησε
P40 определил величину
P40 观测度量规格
a relevé comme dimension
beobachtete Dimension
observed dimension
verificou a dimensão
παρατήρησε
определил величину
观测度量规格
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an instance of E14 Condition Assessment. Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the instance of E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant at the time of assessment. Examples of the inverse property: - The condition assessment of the silver collection in 1997 (E14) concerned silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P34(x,y) ⇒ E14(x) - P34(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P34(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)
P34i a été évalué par
P34i foi avaliada por
P34i was assessed by
P34i wurde beurteilt durch
P34i εκτιμήθηκε από
P34i был оценен посредством
P34i 被评估
a été évalué par
foi avaliada por
was assessed by
wurde beurteilt durch
εκτιμήθηκε από
был оценен посредством
被评估
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y) - [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z) - P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)
P148i est le composant de
P148i is component of
P148i ist Bestandteil von
P148i 是组件
est le composant de
is component of
ist Bestandteil von
是组件
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment with the instance of E90 Symbolic Object used as constituent of an instance of E42 Identifier in this act of assignment. Examples of the inverse property: - Assigning the personal name identifier “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” on 1(st) June 2001 (E15) used constituent “ca. 1300-1377” (E41). (Kelly, 2014) - Assigning a uniform title to the anonymous textual work known as ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds’(E15) used constituent “Coventry” (E41). (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998) - Assigning a uniform title to Pina Bausch’s choreographic work entitled ‘Rite of spring’ (E15) used constituent “(Choreographic Work: Bausch)” (E90). (Brandstetter and Klein, 2015) - Assigning a uniform title to the motion picture directed in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack and entitled ‘King Kong’ (E15) used constituent “1933” (E61). (Goldner and Turner, 1976) - Assigning the corporate name identifier ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ to The Department for library science of the University of Ljubljana in 2018 (E15) used constituent “Univerza v Ljubljani” (E42). [Done by the Department of Library and Information Science and Book Studies Library, University of Ljubljana in 2018] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P142(x,y) ⇒ E15(x) - P142(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - P142(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)
P142i a été mobilisé dans
P142i was used in
P142i wurde benutzt in
P142i 用于
a été mobilisé dans
was used in
wurde benutzt in
用于
Scope note: This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms. Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object. Examples: - me (fictitious) - Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) - Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005) - petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344 In First Order Logic: - E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)
E20 Biological Object
E20 Biologischer Gegenstand
E20 Objet biologique
E20 Objeto Biológico
E20 Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο
E20 Биологический Объект
E20 生物对象
Biological Object
Biologischer Gegenstand
Objet biologique
Objeto Biológico
Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο
Биологический Объект
生物对象
Scope note: This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, whose temporal extent has been chosen in order to determine the spatial extent of a phenomenon over the chosen time-span. Respective phenomena may, for instance, be historical events or periods, but can also be the diachronic extent and existence of physical things. In other words, instances of this class fix a slice of another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in time. The temporal extent of an instance of E93 Presence typically is predetermined by the researcher so as to focus the investigation particularly on finding the spatial extent of the phenomenon by testing for its characteristic features. There are at least two basic directions such investigations might take. The investigation may wish to determine where something was during some time or it may wish to reconstruct the total passage of a phenomenon’s spacetime volume through an examination of discrete presences. Observation and measurement of features indicating the presence or absence of a phenomenon in some space allows for the progressive approximation of spatial extents through argumentation typically based on inclusion, exclusion and various overlaps. Examples: - the Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (Clare and Edwards, 1992) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1775 (Leppmann, 1970) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (Leppmann, 1970) In First Order Logic: - E93(x) ⇒ E92(x)
E93 Presence
E93 Présence
Presence
Présence
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E97 Monetary Amount and the instance of E98 Currency that it is measured in. Examples of the inverse property: - Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has currency British Pounds (E98). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P180(x,y) ⇒ E97(x) - P180(x,y) ⇒ E98(y) - P180(x,y) ⇒ P91(x,y)
P180i was currency of
P180i était l’unité monétaire de
was currency of
était l’unité monétaire de
Diese Klasse umfasst die Strukturierung von geografischen Elementen, insbesondere auf der bewohnbaren Erdoberfläche. Dazu gehören vom Menschen geschaffene und natürliche geografische Merkmale wie Wohnhäuser, Landkreise, Wasserstraßen, Berge (Gebirge), etc. Geographische Orte können 3-dimensional sein und sich in den Raum oder auf erdigem Boden erstrecken. (z.B. Höhlen). Typischerweise können sie von Ortsverzeichnissen, z.B. GeoNamen, herangezogen und nach S24_Geographical_Unit kategorisiert werden. Beispiele: - Paris (nur die Geographie, nicht die physische Einheit oder das Verwaltungsorgan! Sie kann jedoch als geographische Einheit "Wohnung" oder "Stadt" kategorisiert werden.) - Die Alpen - Tethys
This class comprises structuring geographical elements, esp. on earth's habitable surface. This includes man made and natural geographic features, like dwellings, counties, water ways, mountain (ranges), etc. Geographical places may be 3-dimensional and extend into space or earthen ground. (e.g. caves). Typically they can be referred to by gazetteers, e.g. GeoNames, and can be categorized by S24_Geographical_Unit. Examples: - Paris (just the geography, not the physical entity or administrative body! It may, however, be categorized as geographical unit "dwelling" or "city") - The Alps - Tethys
Geographical Place
Geographischer Ort
SP6 Declarative Place in CRMgeo
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space. In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique. The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volume which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property and are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes. The spatial projection is unique with respect to the reference system. For instance, there is exactly one spatial projection of Lord Nelson’s dying relative to the ship HMS Victory, i.e. the location of his body relative to the ship HMS Victory at the time of his death. In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire. This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by). Examples of the inverse property: - The Roman Empire (E4) has spatial projection all areas ever claimed by Rome (E53). (Clare & Edwards, 1992) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P161(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P161(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - (∃y,z,u) [E92(x) ˄ E53(y) ˄ E53(z) ˄ E18(u) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ] ⇒ (x = y) - P161(x,y) ˄ E4(x) ⇒ P7(x,y)
P161i est la projection spatiale de
P161i is spatial projection of
est la projection spatiale de
is spatial projection of
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan. Examples of the inverse property: - The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016) - The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005) - The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x) - P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)
P147i a été géré par
P147i was curated by
P147i wurde kuratorisch betreut durch
P147i 被管理
a été géré par
was curated by
wurde kuratorisch betreut durch
被管理
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object. It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor. Examples: - The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)]
P105 Rechte stehen zu
P105 droit détenu par
P105 right held by
P105 são direitos de
P105 δικαίωμα κατέχεται από
P105 право принадлежит
P105 持有权利的是
Rechte stehen zu
droit détenu par
right held by
são direitos de
δικαίωμα κατέχεται από
право принадлежит
持有权利的是
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities. This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), abandoned in the 15(th) century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19(th) century (E7). [The construction in the 19(th) century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P134(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P134(x,y)⇒ E7(y) - P134(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y) - P134(x,y) ⇒ P176i(x,y) - P134(x,y) ⇒ ¬P134(y,x)
P134i a été continué par
P134i foi continuada por
P134i was continued by
P134i wurde fortgesetzt durch
P134i συνεχίστηκε από
P134i был продолжен
P134i 被继续
a été continué par
foi continuada por
was continued by
wurde fortgesetzt durch
συνεχίστηκε από
был продолжен
被继续
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor. Examples: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic: - P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]]
P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur
P51 has former or current owner
P51 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Besitzer
P51 é ou foi propriedade de
P51 έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη
P51 имеет бывшего или текущего владельца
P51 有以往或当前所有者
a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur
has former or current owner
hat früheren oder derzeitigen Besitzer
é ou foi propriedade de
έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη
имеет бывшего или текущего владельца
有以往或当前所有者
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the maximum period of time within which an E52 Time-Span falls. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s maximum temporal extent (i.e. its outer boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different maximum extents without contradicting each other, the resulting intersection of all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration. Examples: - The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) at some time within “1992-infinity” (E61). (Doerr, 2003) - The Time-Span of the Battle in the Teutoburg Forest (E52) at some time within “September 9 CE” (E61). (Andrews & Kesteven, 1977) - The time-Span of the death of Tut Ankh Amun (E52) at some time within “December 1324 BC to February 1323 BC” (E61). (Murdoch, 2003) - The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) at some time within “2475BC - 2125BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993) In First Order Logic: - P82(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P82(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)
P82 a eu lieu durant
P82 abrange no máximo
P82 at some time within
P82 irgendwann innerhalb von
P82 κάποτε εντός
P82 некоторое время в течение
P82 最长范围是
a eu lieu durant
abrange no máximo
at some time within
irgendwann innerhalb von
κάποτε εντός
некоторое время в течение
最长范围是
Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part. Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan. Examples: - the removal of the Porite coral specimen from the Cocos Islands by Charles Darwin in April 1836 (Natural History Museum, 2021, b) - the removal of the engine from my car (fictitious) - the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E80(x) ⇒ E11(x)
E80 Part Removal
E80 Remoção de Parte
E80 Retrait d'élément
E80 Teilentfernung
E80 Αφαίρεση Μερών
E80 Удаление Части
E80 部分去除
Part Removal
Remoção de Parte
Retrait d'élément
Teilentfernung
Αφαίρεση Μερών
Удаление Части
部分去除
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it. This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities. It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc. In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters. When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive. A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image. This property is asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - The content of Charles-Moïse Briquet’s ‘Les Filigranes: dictionnaire historique des marques du papier’ (E32) incorporates the visual aspect of the watermark used around 1358-61 by some Spanish papermaker(s) and identified as ‘Briquet 4019’ (E37). (Briquet, 1985) - The visual content of Jacopo Amigoni’s painting known as ‘The Singer Farinelli and friends’ (E36) incorporates the musical notation of Farinelli’s musical work entitled ‘La Partenza’ (E73). (National Gallery of Victoria) - The visual content of Nicolas Poussin’s painting entitled ‘Les Bergers d’Arcadie’ (E36) incorporates the Latin phrase ‘Et in Arcadia ego’ (E33). (Wikipedia, 2020) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P165(x,y) ⇒ E73(x) - P165(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - P165(x,y) ⇒ P106(x,y) - P165(x,y) ⇒ ¬P165(y,x)
P165i est inclus dans
P165i is incorporated in
est inclus dans
is incorporated in
Scope note: This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music. Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group. This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts. Examples: - “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005) - “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006) - “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981) - “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967) In First Order Logic: - E35(x) ⇒ E33(x) - E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)
E35 Titel
E35 Title
E35 Titre
E35 Título
E35 Τίτλος
E35 Заголовок
E35 题名
Titel
Title
Titre
Título
Τίτλος
Заголовок
题名
Instances of the Iconography Assignment class comprise activities in which one or more iconographic motives are assigned to instances of Object as part of a scientific discussion. The iconographic description or the assignment of iconographic motives is a method of art history. Iconographic motives are usually assigned in the context of research projects or object documentation. Iconclass or Getty Iconography Authority is generally used as the standard file for the standardized referencing of the respective iconographic motifs. Example: The assignment of the motive of St. George in the context of object documentation for the statue "The Great Elector Frederick William as St. George", which is now in the Sculpture Collection and Museum of Byzantine Art of the National Museums in Berlin under inventory number 856.
Instanzen der Klasse Ikonografiezuweisung umfassen Aktivitäten, bei der Instanzen der Klasse Objekt im Rahmen einer wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung ein oder mehrere ikonografische Motive zugewiesen werden. Die ikonografische Beschreibung bzw. die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive ist eine Methode der Kunstgeschichte. Die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive erfolgt in der Regel im Kontext von Forschungsprojekten oder bei der Objektdokumentation. Als Normdatei zur standardisierten Referenzierung der jeweiligen ikonografischen Motive wird in der Regel Iconclass oder Getty Iconography Authority verwendet. Beispiel: Die Zuweisung des Motivs des Heiligen Georg im Kontext der Objektdokumentation zu der Statue "Der Große Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm als heiliger Georg", die sich heute unter der Inventarnummer 856 in der Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin befindet.
Ikonografiezuweisung
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finished-by, equals} In a model with fuzzy borders, this property will not be transitive. This property is irreflexive. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_05.png Figure 12: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_06.png Figure 13: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - The production of the scarab seal found in Poros in a context of LMIIIB (E12) starts after or with the start of Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C) (E4). [The scarab stamp seal found in Poros was associated with finds dated to the LMIIIB period. The seal is dated to the Tutankhamun period or later because it belongs to the scarabs of type “nh.s n Jmn”: During Akhenaten period, the production of this type of scarab seal stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). Therefore, the scarab cannot have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production] (Karetsou, 2000) - The production of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in Tholos B in Platanos (E12) starts after or with the start of the Hammurabi period of the kingdom (E4). [Of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in tholos B in Platanos believed to connect king Hammurabi with the MM I period. Specifically, although the finding is believed to have been found in a MM I layer, it contained material from the MM III/YM I period. Therefore, the seal may be from the Hammurabi period or, it may be from a later period.] (Walberg, 1992.) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P175(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y) - ¬P175(x,x)
P175i commence après ou au moment du début de
P175i starts after or with the start of
commence après ou au moment du début de
starts after or with the start of
Scope note: This class comprises the activities that contribute to the management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Curated Holding, following an implicit or explicit curation plan. It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded. Items are accumulated and organized following criteria such as subject, chronological period, material type, style of art, etc., and can be added or removed from an instance of E78 Curated Holding for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items to form a collection is regarded as an instance of E12 Production Event, while the activities of evolving, preserving, and promoting a collection are regarded as instances of E87 Curation Activity. Examples: - the curation of Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium 1876 to 1909 (when Foslie died), now at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005) In First Order Logic: - E87(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E87 Activité curatoriale
E87 Curation Activity
E87 Kuratorische Tätigkeit
E87 管理
Activité curatoriale
Curation Activity
Kuratorische Tätigkeit
管理
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who assumed or has assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an instance of E78 Curated Holding. It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an event initiating a curator being responsible for a collection. Examples: - The Robert Opie Collection (E78) has current or former curator Robert Opie (E21). (https://www.robertopiecollection.com/) - The Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78) has current or former curator Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E21). (Woelkerling et al., 2005) In First Order Logic: - P109(x,y) ⇒ E78(x) - P109(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P109(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)
P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection
P109 has current or former curator
P109 hat derzeitigen oder früheren Kurator
P109 tem ou teve curador
P109 έχει ή είχε επιμελητή
P109 имеет действующего или бывшего хранителя
P109 有当前或以往管理者
a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection
has current or former curator
hat derzeitigen oder früheren Kurator
tem ou teve curador
έχει ή είχε επιμελητή
имеет действующего или бывшего хранителя
有当前或以往管理者
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, contains, finished-by}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_07.png Figure 14: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_08.png Figure 15: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - The reign of King Harold II (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of Hastings (E7). (Wikipedia 2022a) - The life of Attila “the Hun” (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (E7). [June 20, 451 AD] (Wikipedia 2022b) In First Order Logic: - P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P176(x,y) ⇒ P175(x,y) - [P176(x,y) ∧ P176(y,z)] ⇒ P176(x,z) - P176(x,y) ⇒ ¬P176(y,x)
P176 commence avant le début de
P176 starts before the start of
commence avant le début de
starts before the start of
Quantification: many to one, necessary(1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property relates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E52 Time-Span that defines the time-slice of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to via the property P166 was a presence of (had presence). There are two typical cases for the determination of the related instance of E52 Time-Span. In the first, it is the temporal extent of an instance of E2 Temporal Entity (documented with P4 has time-span (is time-span of)): this then documents the simultaneity of the instance of E93 Presence and the instance of E2 Temporal Entity, even if the absolute time-span is not known, and can be regarded as a phenomenal time-span. In the second, the instance of E52 Time-Span is a date range declared in or derived from historical sources or provided by dating methods: this is a declarative time-span. Examples: - 2016-02-09 (E52) temporally specifies the last day of the 2016 Carnival in Cologne (E93). - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) is temporally specified by December 1755 (E52.) (Leppmann, 1970) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) is temporally specified by 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E52). (Leppmann, 1970) In First Order Logic: - P164(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P164(x,y) ⇒ E52(y) - P164(x,y) ⇒ P160(x,y)
P164 est temporellement spécifié par
P164 is temporally specified by
est temporellement spécifié par
is temporally specified by
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother. Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of E21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. Examples: - The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic: - P96(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P96(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P96(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P96 by mother
P96 de mère
P96 durch Mutter
P96 pela mãe
P96 είχε μητέρα
P96 посредством матери
P96 来自母亲
by mother
de mère
durch Mutter
pela mãe
είχε μητέρα
посредством матери
来自母亲
Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E29 Design or Procedure that completely determines the production of instances of E18 Physical Thing. The resulting instances of E18 Physical Thing are considered exemplars of this instance of E99 Product Type when the process specified is correctly executed. Note that the respective instance of E29 Design or Procedure may not necessarily be fixed in a written/graphical form, and may require the use of tools or models unique to the product type. The same instance of E99 Product Type may be associated with several variant plans. Examples: - Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) has production plan the production plans for Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E29). (Rieger, 2013) In First Order Logic: - P187(x,y) ⇒ E99(x) - P187(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
P187 a pour plan de production
P187 has production plan
a pour plan de production
has production plan
Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Berufen oder Geschäftsbetrieben von Instanzen der Klasse E21 Person, z.B. "Archäolog*in", Goldschmied*in", "Künstler*in", ...
This class comprises comprises the types of work or business of instances of E21 Person, e.g. "Archaeologist", "Goldsmith", "Artist", …
Beruf
Profession
Scope note: This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages. Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object. In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base. In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity. Examples: - the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019) - the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008) - the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981) - the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909) - the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020) In First Order Logic: - E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)
E33 Linguistic Object
E33 Objet linguistique
E33 Objeto Lingüístico
E33 Sprachlicher Gegenstand
E33 Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο
E33 Линвистический Объект
E33 语言对象
Linguistic Object
Objet linguistique
Objeto Lingüístico
Sprachlicher Gegenstand
Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο
Линвистический Объект
语言对象
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition. In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item. Examples: - The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78). In First Order Logic: - P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x) - P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
P24 a transféré le titre de propriété de
P24 transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o
P24 transferred title of
P24 übertrug Besitz über
P24 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο του/της
P24 передал право собственности на
P24 转移所有权的是
transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o
transferred title of
übertrug Besitz über
μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο του/της
передал право собственности на
转移所有权的是
Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died. An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster. This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. Examples: - Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017) In First Order Logic: - P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x) - P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P100 Tod von
P100 a été la mort de
P100 foi a morte para
P100 was death of
P100 ήταν θάνατος του/της
P100 был смертью для
P100 死亡的是
Tod von
a été la mort de
foi a morte para
was death of
ήταν θάνατος του/της
был смертью для
死亡的是
Scope note: This class comprises transfers of the physical custody or the legal responsibility for the physical custody of objects. The recording of the donor or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe: 1. the beginning of custody (there is no previous custodian) 2. the end of custody (there is no subsequent custodian) 3. the transfer of custody (transfer from one custodian to the next) 4. the receipt of custody from an unknown source (the previous custodian is unknown) 5. the declared loss of an object (the current or subsequent custodian is unknown) In the event that only a single kind of transfer of custody occurs, either the legal responsibility for the custody or the actual physical possession of the object but not both, this difference should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody be in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these. Theft is a specific case of illegal transfer of custody. Examples: - the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery - the return of Picasso’s “Guernica” to Madrid’s Prado in 1981 (Chipp, 1988) - the transfer of custody of the work described as “Von der Velden ein Ufer an der See” from Johann Matthäus von Merian to the Auction House Heldevier (Jacob) for the purpose of sale, ca. 1716 - the transfer of custody of the painting ‘Mrs. Fitzherbert’ to the art dealer Knoedler from Parke-Bernet Galleries (New York, NY, USA) ca. March 1941 In First Order Logic: - E10(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E10 Transfer of Custody
E10 Transfert de la garde
E10 Transferência de Custódia
E10 Übertragung des Gewahrsams
E10 Μεταβίβαση Κατοχής
E10 Передача Опеки
E10 转移监护权
Transfer of Custody
Transfert de la garde
Transferência de Custódia
Übertragung des Gewahrsams
Μεταβίβαση Κατοχής
Передача Опеки
转移监护权
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(end) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by} Typically, this property is a consequence of a known influence of some event on another event or activity, such as a novel written by someone being continued by someone else, or the knowledge of a defeat on a distant battlefield causing people to end their ongoing activities. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_03.png Figure 10: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_04.png Figure 11: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - The settling activity of the city of Assur (Ashur) (E7) starts before the end of The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (E4). [There are some 200 - 300 years differences in the chronology of the First Intermediate Period, and Assur is dated to “about 2500 BC”.] (Pedersén, 1986) - The building of the current St. Peters in Rome (E7) starts before the end of the demolition of the old 4(th) c. St. Peters (E6, E7) (Bosman, 2004) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P174(x,y) ⇒ P173(x,y) - ¬P174(x,x)
P174i ends after the start of
P174i se termine après le début de
ends after the start of
se termine après le début de
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity. Examples of the inverse property: - The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x) - P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)
P135i a été créé par
P135i foi criado por
P135i was created by
P135i wurde geschaffen durch
P135i δημιουργήθηκε από
P135i был создан посредством
P135i 被创建
wurde geschaffen durch
Scope note: This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries. The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame. It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance. Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for). Examples: - the extent of the UK in the year 2003 - the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious) - the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone” - here -> <- [the place between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different place of this spot.] In First Order Logic: - E53(x) ⇒ E1(x)
E53 Lieu
E53 Local
E53 Ort
E53 Place
E53 Τόπος
E53 Место
E53 地点
Lieu
Local
Ort
Place
Τόπος
Место
地点
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who assumed or has assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an instance of E78 Curated Holding. It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an event initiating a curator being responsible for a collection. Examples of the inverse property: - The Robert Opie Collection (E78) has current or former curator Robert Opie (E21). (https://www.robertopiecollection.com/) - The Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78) has current or former curator Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E21). (Woelkerling et al., 2005) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P109(x,y) ⇒ E78(x) - P109(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P109(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)
P109i est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection
P109i is current or former curator of
P109i ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von
P109i é ou foi curador de
P109i είναι ή ήταν επιμελητής του/της
P109i является действующим или бывшим хранителем
P109i 是当前或以往管理者
est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection
is current or former curator of
ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von
é ou foi curador de
είναι ή ήταν επιμελητής του/της
является действующим или бывшим хранителем
是当前或以往管理者
Diese Klasse klassifiziert alle Arten von Besitz- oder Eigentumserwerb, die die Akquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition) einer Instanz der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in eine Sammlung (crm:E78_Curated_Holding) beschreiben. Beispiele: - Schenkung - Kauf - Leihgabe - Stiftung
This class classifies all types of possession or ownership acquisition that describe the acquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition) of an instance of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) into a collection (crm:E78_Curated_Holding). Examples: - donation - purchase - loan - foundation
Erwerbsart
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity. Any instance of a CIDOC CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of). Examples: - The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) classified silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P41(x,y) ⇒ E17(x) - P41(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P41(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)
P41 a classifié
P41 classificou
P41 classified
P41 klassifizierte
P41 χαρακτήρισε
P41 классифицировал
P41 分类
a classifié
classificou
classified
klassifizierte
χαρακτήρισε
классифицировал
分类
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type. Examples: - The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015) In First Order Logic: - P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]
P125 a mobilisé l’objet du type
P125 benutzte Objekt des Typus
P125 used object of type
P125 usou objeto do tipo
P125 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο τύπου
P125 использовал объект типа
P125 使用对象类型
a mobilisé l’objet du type
benutzte Objekt des Typus
used object of type
usou objeto do tipo
χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο τύπου
использовал объект типа
使用对象类型
Scope note: This class comprises the states of objects characterised by a certain condition over a time-span. An instance of this class describes the prevailing physical condition of any material object or feature during a specific instance of E52 Time-Span. In general, the time-span for which a certain condition can be asserted may be shorter than the real time-span, for which this condition held. The nature of that condition can be described using P2 has type. For example, the instance of E3 Condition State “condition of the SS Great Britain between 22(nd) September 1846 and 27(th) August 1847” can be characterized as an instance “wrecked” of E55 Type. Examples: - the "reconstructed" state of the “Amber Room” in Tsarskoje Selo from summer 2003 until now (Owen, 2009) - the "ruined" state of Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg from 1944 to 1946 (Maddox, 2015) - the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25(th) December 2002 [P2 has type: E55 Type “still not cooked”] (fictitious) - the topography of the leaves of Sinai Printed Book 3234.2361 on the 10(th) July 2007 [described as: of type "cockled"] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E3(x) ⇒ E2(x)
E3 Condition State
E3 Estado Material
E3 Zustandsphase
E3 État matériel
E3 Κατάσταση
E3 Состояние
E3 条件状态
Condition State
Estado Material
Zustandsphase
État matériel
Κατάσταση
Состояние
条件状态
Scope note: This class comprises events that end the existence of any instance of E77 Persistent Item. It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. In cases where substance from an instance of E77 Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented as instances of E81 Transformation. Examples: - the death of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious) - the melting of the snowman (E6) - the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356 BC (E7, E6) (Trell, 1945) In First Order Logic: - E64(x) ⇒ E5(x)
E64 Daseinsende
E64 End of Existence
E64 Fim da Existência
E64 Fin d’existence
E64 Τέλος Ύπαρξης
E64 Конец Существования
E64 结束
Daseinsende
End of Existence
Fim da Existência
Fin d’existence
Τέλος Ύπαρξης
Конец Существования
结束
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed. All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material. A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)
P45i est inclus dans
P45i está presente em
P45i is incorporated in
P45i ist enthalten in
P45i είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε
P45i входит в состав
P45i 结合在
está presente em
ist enthalten in
είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε
входит в состав
结合在
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have no extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must not have any of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely. If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available. This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is irreflexive. Examples: - The “Hallstatt” period (E4) is spatiotemporally separated from the “La Tène” era (E4). (Marion, 2004) - Kingdom of Greece (1831-1924) (E92) is spatiotemporally separated from Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) (E92). - The path of the army of Alexander the Great (335-323 B.C.) (E7) is spatiotemporally separated from the Mauryan Empire (E4). (Lane Fox, 2004) In First Order Logic: - P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P133(x,y) ⇒ P133(y,x) - P133(x,y) ⇒ ¬P133 (x,y) - ¬P133(x,x)
P133 est distinct spatio-temporellement de
P133 is spatiotemporally separated from
est distinct spatio-temporellement de
is spatiotemporally separated from
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody. The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft. In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both. Examples: - The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10). In First Order Logic: - P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x) - P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P28 a mis fin à la garde par
P28 custody surrendered by
P28 custódia concedida por
P28 übergab Gewahrsam an
P28 μετεβίβασε κατοχή από
P28 опека отдана
P28 监护权转自
a mis fin à la garde par
custody surrendered by
custódia concedida por
übergab Gewahrsam an
μετεβίβασε κατοχή από
опека отдана
监护权转自
Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples: - The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009) In First Order Logic: - P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z) - P10(x,x)
P10 está contido em
P10 falls within
P10 fällt in
P10 s’insère dans
P10 εμπίπτει
P10 находится в пределах
P10 属于
está contido em
falls within
fällt in
s’insère dans
εμπίπτει
находится в пределах
属于
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it. This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities. It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc. In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters. When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive. A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image. This property is asymmetric. Examples: - The content of Charles-Moïse Briquet’s ‘Les Filigranes: dictionnaire historique des marques du papier’ (E32) incorporates the visual aspect of the watermark used around 1358-61 by some Spanish papermaker(s) and identified as ‘Briquet 4019’ (E37). (Briquet, 1985) - The visual content of Jacopo Amigoni’s painting known as ‘The Singer Farinelli and friends’ (E36) incorporates the musical notation of Farinelli’s musical work entitled ‘La Partenza’ (E73). (National Gallery of Victoria) - The visual content of Nicolas Poussin’s painting entitled ‘Les Bergers d’Arcadie’ (E36) incorporates the Latin phrase ‘Et in Arcadia ego’ (E33). (Wikipedia, 2020) In First Order Logic: - P165(x,y) ⇒ E73(x) - P165(x,y) ⇒ E90(y) - P165(x,y) ⇒ P106(x,y) - P165(x,y) ⇒ ¬P165(y,x)
P165 inclut
P165 incorporates
inclut
incorporates
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears. An instance of E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An instance of E27 Site should be considered as an instance of E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth. An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i is found on the same E19 Physical Object as A. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path E19 Physical Object, through, P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of to E26 Physical Feature. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) bears feature 32 mm scratch on silver cup 232 (E26). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P56(x,y) ⇒E19(x) - P56(x,y) ⇒ E26(y) - P56(x,y) ⇒ P46(x,y) - P56(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
P56i is found on
P56i se trouve sur
P56i wird gefunden auf
P56i é encontrada em
P56i βρίσκεται σε
P56i найден на
P56i 发现于
is found on
se trouve sur
wird gefunden auf
é encontrada em
βρίσκεται σε
найден на
发现于
Scope note: This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names. Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time. The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. On the opposite, the identity of a (version of a) text of a scientific publication is given by the exact arrangement of its relevant symbols. The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope of the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties. An instance of E77 Persistent Item does not require actual knowledge of the identifying features of the instance being currently known. There may be cases, where the actual identifying features of an instance of E77 Persistent Item are not decidable at a particular state of knowledge. Examples: - Leonardo da Vinci (E21) (Strano, 1953) - Stonehenge (E24) (Pryor, 2016) - the hole in the ozone layer (E4) (Hufford and Horwitz, 2005) - the First Law of Thermodynamics (E89) (Craig and Gislason, 2002) - the Bermuda Triangle (E53) (Dolan, 2005) In First Order Logic: - E77(x) ⇒ E1(x)
E77 Entidade Persistente
E77 Entité persistante
E77 Persistent Item
E77 Seiendes
E77 Ον
E77 Постоянная Сущность
E77 持久项
Entidade Persistente
Entité persistante
Persistent Item
Seiendes
Постоянная Сущность
持久项
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who relinquish legal ownership as the result of an instance of E8 Acquisition. The property will typically be used to describe a person donating or selling an object to a museum. In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both. Examples of the inverse property: - The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title from the Heirs of Amoudruz (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P23(x,y) ⇒ E8(x) - P23(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P23(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P23i a cédé le titre de propriété à
P23i perdeu os direitos de propriedade por meio da
P23i surrendered title through
P23i trat Besitztitel ab in
P23i παρέδωσε τον τίτλο μέσω
P23i право собственности отдано через
P23i 出让所有权
a cédé le titre de propriété à
perdeu os direitos de propriedade por meio da
surrendered title through
trat Besitztitel ab in
παρέδωσε τον τίτλο μέσω
право собственности отдано через
出让所有权
Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates the instance of E68 Dissolution with the instance of E74 Group that it disbanded. Examples: - The end of The Hole in the Wall Gang (E68) dissolved The Hole in the Wall Gang (E74). (Patterson, 1998) In First Order Logic: - P99(x,y) ⇒ E68(x) - P99(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P99(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y) - P99(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P99 a dissous
P99 dissolved
P99 dissolveu
P99 löste auf
P99 διέλυσε
P99 распустил
P99 解散了
a dissous
dissolved
dissolveu
löste auf
διέλυσε
распустил
解散了
Quantification of the inverse property: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence. Examples of the inverse property: - H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010) - The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
P196i est défini par
P196i is defined by
est défini par
is defined by
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity. For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre. Examples: - The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68). - The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005) In First Order Logic: - P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
P17 a été motivé par
P17 foi motivado por
P17 was motivated by
P17 wurde angeregt durch
P17 είχε ως αφορμή
P17 был обусловлен посредством
P17 被促动
a été motivé par
foi motivado por
was motivated by
wurde angeregt durch
είχε ως αφορμή
был обусловлен посредством
被促动
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice). Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Examples of the inverse property: - The Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (E93) was a presence of The Roman Empire (E4). (Clare and Edwards, 1992) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P166(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P166(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P166(x,y) ⇒ P10(x,y)
P166i a eu pour présence
P166i had presence
a eu pour présence
had presence
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that acquires the legal ownership of an object as a result of an instance of E8 Acquisition. The property will typically describe an Actor purchasing or otherwise acquiring an object from another Actor. However, title may also be acquired without any corresponding loss of title by another Actor, through legal fieldwork such as hunting, shooting, or fishing. In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both. Examples: - The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title to the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E74). In First Order Logic: - P22(x,y) ⇒ E8(x) - P22(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P22(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P22 a transféré le titre de propriété à
P22 transferiu os direitos de propriedade para
P22 transferred title to
P22 übertrug Besitztitel auf
P22 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε
P22 передал право собственности
P22 转移所有权至
a transféré le titre de propriété à
transferiu os direitos de propriedade para
transferred title to
übertrug Besitztitel auf
μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε
передал право собственности
转移所有权至
Diese Klasse umfasst digitale Videodateien, z.B. - ein Video das zeigt, wie eine Geige gespielt wird, "violin.mp4". - ein Video auf YouTube, das jemanden zeigt, der ein Klavier aus der Sammlung Rück spielt
This class comprises digital video files, e.g. - the video that shows how a violin is being played "violin.mp4" - a video of a man playing a piano from the Rück-Collection on YouTube
Videodatei
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E41 Appellation which a communication service uses to direct communications to this actor, such as an e-mail address, fax number, or postal address. Examples of the inverse property: - The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) (E74) has contact point “bl.ric@rlg.org” (E41) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P76(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P76(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
P76i bietet Zugang zu
P76i permet de contacter
P76i provides access to
P76i é ponto de contado de
P76i παρέχει πρόσβαση σε
P76i предоставляет доступ к
P76i 提供访问
bietet Zugang zu
permet de contacter
provides access to
é ponto de contado de
παρέχει πρόσβαση σε
предоставляет доступ к
提供访问
Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation. The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation. Examples: - The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021) - The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977) - The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).] In First Order Logic: - P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x) - P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P124 a transformé
P124 transformed
P124 transformou
P124 wandelte um
P124 μετέτρεψε
P124 трансформировал
P124 转变了
a transformé
transformed
transformou
wandelte um
μετέτρεψε
трансформировал
转变了
Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position. Examples: - the end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (Gleick, 2003) - George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (Jones, 1979) - the implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland’s membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 In First Order Logic: - E86(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E86 Austritt
E86 Départ
E86 Leaving
E86 离开
Austritt
Départ
Leaving
Diese Klasse beschreibt die Museums- oder Sammlungszugehörigkeit von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in der Objektbiografie und bildet damit ein zentrales Ereignis der Lebensgeschichte von Objekten. Mit dem Prozess der Musealisierung werden materielle Hinterlassenschaften der Menschheits- und Umweltgeschichte erst zu Objekten, da sie vorher einen konkreten Nutzungskontext hatten und mit der Aufnahme in eine Sammlung dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entnommen werden und eine neue Bedeutung erlangen. Sie werden zu sog. Semiophoren (vgl. Pomian, Krzysztof: Ursprung des Museums. Vom Sammeln, 1987.), die einerseits Materialität besitzen, andererseits mit Bedeutung versehen werden bzw. etwas repräsentieren, aufgrund dessen sie erst zu einer Sammlung hinzugefügt wurden. Die Museums- oder Sammlungszugehörigkeit beginnt mit der Akquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition), bei der das Objekt rechtlich erworben wird, gefolgt vom physischen Zugang (nfdi4objects:Accession) in die Räumlichkeiten der Institution. Bei historischen Sammlungskonktexten können diese Vorgänge oft nicht genau bestimmt werden. Nicht selten ist auch die rechtliche Situation der Akquise nicht mehr genau rekonstruierbar. Eine Museums- oder Sammlungszugehörigkeit endet, wenn das Objekt vom Museum entsammelt oder restituiert wird. Beispiele: Die Zugehörigkeit des Steins von Rosette zur Sammlung des British Museum Die Zugehörigkeit des Behaim Globus zur Sammlung des Germanischen Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg
This class describes the museum or collection affiliation of instances of the object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in the object biography and thus forms a central event in the life history of objects. With the process of musealization, material legacies of human and environmental history first become objects, as they previously had a concrete context of use and are removed from the economic cycle and acquire a new meaning when they are included in a collection. They become so-called semiophores (cf. Pomian, Krzysztof: Ursprung des Museums. Vom Sammeln, 1987.), which on the one hand possess materiality and on the other are given meaning or represent something on the basis of which they were first added to a collection. The museum or collection affiliation begins with the acquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition), in which the object is legally acquired, followed by physical access (nfdi4objects:Accession) to the institution's premises. In the case of historical collection context texts, these processes can often not be precisely determined. It is also not uncommon for the legal situation of the acquisition to no longer be precisely reconstructable. Museum or collection affiliation ends when the object is disposed of or restituted by the museum. Examples: The affiliation of the Rosetta Stone to the collection of the British Museum The Behaim Globe belongs to the collection of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg
Museum or Collection Affiliation
Museums- oder Sammlungszugehörigkeit
Diese Klasse beschreibt den Vorgang des physischen Zugangs von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in eine sammelnde Einrichtung. Die Akzession eines Objekts folgt auf die Akquisition bzw. den Erwerb (crm:E8_Acquisition) als rechtlichen Akt, im Kontext der Museums-/Sammlungszugehörigkeit (Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation). Beispiel: Der Zugang des Behaim Globus im Jahr 1906 als Leihgabe ins Germanische Nationalmuseum Nürnberg.
This class describes the process of physical access of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) to a collecting institution. The accession of an object follows the acquisition or purchase (crm:E8_Acquisition) as a legal act, in the context of museum/collection affiliation (Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation). Example: The acquisition of the Behaim Globe in 1906 as a loan to the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg.
Akzession
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes a minimum spatial extent which is contained within an instance of E53 Place. Since instances of E53 Place may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about minimum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s minimum spatial extent (i.e., its inner boundary or a point being within a Place) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89i contains, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive. Examples: - The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) contains POINT (37.971431 23.725947) (E94). In First Order Logic: - P172(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P172(x,y) ⇒ E94(y) - P172(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89i(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]
P172 contains
P172 contient
contains
contient
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity. Examples of the inverse property: - The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x) - P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P113i a été retiré par
P113i foi removido por
P113i was removed by
P113i wurde entfernt durch
P113i αφαιρέθηκε από
P113i был удален посредством
P113i 被去除
a été retiré par
foi removido por
was removed by
wurde entfernt durch
αφαιρέθηκε από
был удален посредством
被去除
Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party. Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming an employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family, and the inauguration of somebody into an official position. Examples: - the election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (Gleick, 2003) - the inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (Butson, 1986) - the implementation of the membership treaty between EU and Denmark, 1(st) January 1993 In First Order Logic: - E85(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E85 Adhésion
E85 Beitritt
E85 Joining
E85 加入
Adhésion
Beitritt
Joining
加入
Diese Klasse umfasst Zeichenketten oder Kodierungen, die Instanzen der Klasse Normdatei (nfdi4objects:Authorityfile) zugewiesen werden, um sie eindeutig und dauerhaft zu identifizieren.
This class comprises character strings or encodings that are assigned to instances of the standard file class (nfdi4objects:Authorityfile) in order to identify them uniquely and permanently.
Normdaten ID
Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic, objective procedure of direct observation of particular states of physical reality. An instance of E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as P33 used specific technique: E29 Design or Procedure, P125 used object of type: E55 Type, P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon-14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate sub-activities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query. Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information without any other documented information object in between within the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, determining properties of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is regarded as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment, which may be inferred from observing and measuring representative carriers. In the case that the carrier can be named, the property P16 used specific object (was used for) should be used to indicate the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing that was used as the empirical basis for the attribute assignment. For instance, inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement, but as a subsequent instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. Rather, only the production of the images, understood as arrays of radiation intensities, is regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data. Examples: - measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (fictitious) - the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic: - E16(x) ⇒ E13(x)
E16 Measurement
E16 Medição
E16 Messung
E16 Mesurage
E16 Μέτρηση
E16 Событие Измерения
E16 测量
Measurement
Medição
Messung
Mesurage
Μέτρηση
Событие Измерения
测量
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier. It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation. Examples of the inverse property: - The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017) - Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y) - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)] - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]
P1i bezeichnet
P1i identifica
P1i identifie
P1i identifies
P1i είναι αναγνωριστικό
P1i идентифицирует
P1i 标识
bezeichnet
identifica
identifie
identifies
είναι αναγνωριστικό
идентифицирует
标识
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it. Examples of the inverse property: - The spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Temeraire from its building in 1798 to its destruction in 1838 (E92) has temporal projection the time-span of the existence of H.M.S. Temeraire (E52) [at some time within (P82) “1798-1838” (E61).] (Willis, 2010) - The Battle of Waterloo 1815 (E7) has temporal projection the time-span of the Battle of Waterloo (E52) [at some time within (P82) “Sunday, 18(th) June 1815” (E61).] (Black, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P160(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P160(x,y)⇒ E52(y)
P160i est la projection temporelle de
P160i is temporal projection of
est la projection temporelle de
is temporal projection of
Scope note: This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being.) Twins, triplets, etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood since the advent of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth. Examples: - the birth of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004) In First Order Logic: - E67(x) ⇒ E63(x)
E67 Birth
E67 Geburt
E67 Naissance
E67 Nascimento
E67 Γέννηση
E67 Рождение
E67 出生
Birth
Geburt
Naissance
Nascimento
Γέννηση
Рождение
出生
Instances of these classes include actions performed on an object within a cultural context, usually after it has been removed from the ecological cycle and entered into a museum or collection context. In contrast to instances of the class “use” the cultural action describes a present context, while use refers to the originally intended purpose of use. Cultural actions are meaning-generating events, such as awards or inclusion in national or international cultural heritage lists. Example: - the entry of Giraffatitan brancai in the Guinness Book of World Records - the designation of the Behaim Globe as a UNESCO World Heritage
Instanzen dieser Klassen umfassen Handlungen, die innerhalb eines Kulturkreises an einem Objekt durchgeführt werden, in der Regel nachdem es dem ökologischen Kreislauf entzogen und in einen Museums- bzw. Sammlungskontext eingegangen ist. Im Gegensatz zu Instanzen der Klasse "Benutzung" beschreibt die kulturelle Handlung einen gegenwärtigen Kontext, während die Benutzung auf den ursprünglich intendierten Nutzungszweck abzielt. Kulturelle Handlungen sind bedeutungserzeugende Ereignisse, etwa Auszeichnungen, die Eintragung in nationale oder internationale Kulturgutlisten. Beispiel: - die Eintragung des Giraffatitan brancai ins Guinessbuch der Weltrekorde - die Ernennung des Behaim Globus zum UNESCO Weltdokumentenerbe
Cultural Activity
Kulturelle Handlung
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining. Although a joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well. Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of). The property P144.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group. Examples: - The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined with the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013) - The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined with the office of Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (E74) kind of member President (E55). (Galeotti, 1997) - The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined with EU (E74). Properties: - P144.1 kind of member: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P144(x,y) ⇒ E85(x) - P144(x,y)⇒ E74(y) - P144(x,y,z) ⇒ [P144(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P144(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P144 a fait adhérer à
P144 joined with
P144 verband mit
P144 加入
a fait adhérer à
joined with
verband mit
Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it. In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier. This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation. Examples: - The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic: - P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x) - P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P93 a mis fin à l’existence de
P93 beendete die Existenz von
P93 cessou a existência de
P93 took out of existence
P93 αναίρεσε
P93 положил конец существованию
P93 结束存在的是
a mis fin à l’existence de
beendete die Existenz von
cessou a existência de
took out of existence
αναίρεσε
положил конец существованию
结束存在的是
Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die die Art der Präsentation eines Objekts im Sammlnugsraum oder im Museum beschreiben, z.B. - auf einem Sockel - an der Wand - im Schrank
This class includes terms that describe the type of presentation of an object in the collection room or museum, e.g. - on a pedestal - on the wall - in a cabinet
Presentation Type
Präsentationsart
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent. For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content. This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by). Examples: - My T-Shirt (E22) shows visual item Mona Lisa (E36). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P65(x,y) ⇒ E24(x) - P65(x,y) ⇒ E36(y) - P65(x,y) ⇒ P128(x,y)
P65 apresenta item visual
P65 représente l'entité visuelle
P65 shows visual item
P65 zeigt Bildliches
P65 εμφανίζει οπτικό στοιχείο
P65 показывает визуальный предмет
P65 展示可视项
apresenta item visual
représente l'entité visuelle
shows visual item
zeigt Bildliches
εμφανίζει οπτικό στοιχείο
показывает визуальный предмет
展示可视项
Instances of this class describe the different types of the class “Findings,” e.g. - dendrochronological analysis - inscription with dating - construction technique
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die verschiedenen Arten der Klasse "Befund", z.B. - dendrochronologische Analyse - Inschrift mit Datierung - Konstruktionstechnik
Art_des_Befunds
Type_of_Finding
Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die die Art des Zustands eines Objekts beschreiben, die im Kontext von Instanzen E3 Zustandsphase zugewiesen werden, z.B. - gut - zerbrochen - verzaust
This class includes terms that describe the type of state of an object assigned in the context of instances of E3 Condition States, e.g. - good - broken - ruffled
Art_des_Objektzustands
Object Condition Type
Scope note: This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space. It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods. Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e. an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e. an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor. E4 Period is a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, it is possible to discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type. A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume. Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh. Examples: - Jurassic (Hallam, 1975) - Populated Period of Nineveh - Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius - European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004) - Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992) - Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991) - Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013) - Cubism (Cox, 2000) - The Capital of Russia (E4) [the capital of Russia in the sense of an administrative unit moved in historical times from Moscow to St Petersburg and then back to Moscow. This exemplifies an administrative unit changing place over time without temporal discontinuity] - The settling activity of the community of Helsinki (a.k.a. Helsingfors) (E7) [the original settlement called Helsinki was located in the area of the modern airport. The community moved later to settle on the coast. This exemplifies a continued activity changing place over time without temporal discontinuity] - Bronze Age (E4) [Bronze Age, in the sense of technological adoption, spread over disjoint areas including islands such as the British Isles without temporal discontinuity] - Japan, the state (E4) [In 2021, the Japanese state as a political unit comprised in 6852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia] In First Order Logic: - E4(x) ⇒ E2(x) - E4(x) ⇒ E92(x)
E4 Period
E4 Período
E4 Phase
E4 Période
E4 Περίοδος
E4 Период
E4 时期
Period
Período
Phase
Période
Περίοδος
Период
时期
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role. It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event. Examples of the inverse property: - Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
P12i a été présent à
P12i estava presente no
P12i war anwesend bei
P12i was present at
P12i ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε
P12i присутствовал при
P12i 出现在
a été présent à
estava presente no
war anwesend bei
was present at
ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε
присутствовал при
出现在
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically includes the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Besides others, this property may be used to state in which space an object has been for some known time, such as a room of a castle or in a drawer. It may also be used to describe a confinement of the spatial extent of some realm during a known time-span. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place. Examples of the inverse property: - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was within Rome (E53). (Leppmann, 1970) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was within Italy (E53). (Leppmann, 1970) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P167(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P167(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P167(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]
P167i comporte
P167i includes
comporte
includes
E33_E41 Linguistic Appellation
Linguistic Appellation
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities. This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples: - The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), abandoned in the 15(th) century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19(th) century (E7). [The construction in the 19(th) century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999) In First Order Logic: - P134(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P134(x,y)⇒ E7(y) - P134(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y) - P134(x,y) ⇒ P176i(x,y) - P134(x,y) ⇒ ¬P134(y,x)
P134 a continué
P134 continued
P134 continuou
P134 setzte sich fort in
P134 συνέχισε
P134 продолжил
P134 继续
a continué
continued
continuou
setzte sich fort in
συνέχισε
продолжил
继续
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example. The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase. Examples of the inverse property: - Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)
P137i erläutert durch Beispiel
P137i est exemplifié par
P137i exemplifica
P137i is exemplified by
P137i δειγματίζεται από
P137i поясняется посредством
P137i 被例示
erläutert durch Beispiel
est exemplifié par
exemplifica
is exemplified by
δειγματίζεται από
поясняется посредством
被例示
Scope note: This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which they can be held responsible. Examples: - London and Continental Railways (E74) - the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21) - Sir Ian McKellen (E21) (Gibson, 1986) In First Order Logic: - E39(x) ⇒ E77(x)
E39 Actant
E39 Actor
E39 Agente
E39 Akteur
E39 Δράστης
E39 Агент
E39 参与者
Actant
Actor
Agente
Akteur
Δράστης
Агент
参与者
Instances of this class describe the types of E11 modification that are made to instances of the class Object after their E12 creation, e.g. the separation of pieces from the Zenker lung specimen from the Pathological Collection of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg e.g. the addition of the death notice of Martin Behaim on the Behaim Globe after 1507
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von E11 Modifikation, die an Instanzen der Klasse Objekt nach ihrer E12 Herstellung vorgenommen werden, z.B. die Abtrennung von Stücken vom Präparat der Zenkerlunge aus der Pathologischen Sammlung der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg z.B. die Ergänzung der Todesnachricht von Martin Behaim auf dem Behaim Globus nach 1507
Art der Modifikation
Modification Type
Scope note: This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e. a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group. A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group. Examples: - the Impressionists (Wilson, 1994) - the Navajo (Correll, 1972) - the Greeks (Williams, 1993) - the peace protestors in New York City on 15(th) February 2003 - Exxon-Mobil (Raymond, 2006) - King Solomon and his wives (Thieberger, 1947) - the President of the Swiss Confederation - Nicolas Bourbaki [the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure] (Aczel, 2007) - Betty Crocker (Crocker, 2012) - Ellery Queen [Ellery Queen is a pseudonym created in 1929 by American crime fiction writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee.] (Wheat, 2005) - Greenpeace - Paveprime Ltd - the National Museum of Denmark In First Order Logic: - E74(x) ⇒ E39(x)
E74 Group
E74 Groupe
E74 Grupo
E74 Menschliche Gruppe
E74 Ομάδα
E74 Группа
E74 团体
Group
Groupe
Grupo
Menschliche Gruppe
Ομάδα
Группа
团体
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan. Examples: - The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016) - The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005) - The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005) In First Order Logic: - P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x) - P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)
P147 a géré
P147 betreute kuratorisch
P147 curated
P147 管理
a géré
betreute kuratorisch
curated
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object. The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874. Examples of the inverse property: - Monet´s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P25(x,y) ⇒ E9(x) - P25(x,y) ⇒ E19(y) - P25(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P25i a été déplacé par
P25i foi locomovido por
P25i moved by
P25i wurde bewegt durch
P25i μετακινήθηκε από
P25i перемещен посредством
P25i 被移动
a été déplacé par
foi locomovido por
moved by
wurde bewegt durch
μετακινήθηκε από
перемещен посредством
被移动
Diese Klasse umfasst den immateriellen Inhalt von Instanzen der Klasse K4 Source, z.B. - der Inhalt des Inventars der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Kunstkammer aus dem Jahr 1605, das im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz unter der Signatur GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 9, Allgemeine Verwaltung, Nr. D 2, Fasz. 1, fol. 13r-43r verwahrt wird. - der Inhalt der anonym verfassten Beschreibung der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Kunstkammer "Anonymus B" aus dem Jahr 1740.
This class includes the intangible content of instances of the K4 Source class, e. g. - the content of the inventory of the Brandenburg-Prussian Kunstkammer from 1605, which is kept in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz under the signature GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 9, Allgemeine Verwaltung, No. D 2, Fasz. 1, fol. 13r-43r. - the content of the anonymously written description of the Brandenburg-Prussian Kunstkammer "Anonymus B" from 1740.
Quelleninhalt
Source Content
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice). Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Examples: - The Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (E93) was a presence of The Roman Empire (E4). (Clare and Edwards, 1992) In First Order Logic: - P166(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P166(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P166(x,y) ⇒ P10(x,y)
P166 a été une présence de
P166 was a presence of
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns. The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”. If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. Examples: - Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954) - The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956) Properties: - P130.1 kind of similarity: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y) - P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - ¬P130(x,x)
P130 apresenta características de
P130 présente les caractéristiques de
P130 shows features of
P130 zeigt Merkmale von
P130 παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της
P130 демонстрирует признаки
P130 显示特征
apresenta características de
présente les caractéristiques de
shows features of
zeigt Merkmale von
παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της
демонстрирует признаки
显示特征
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation. The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation. Examples of the inverse property: - The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021) - The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977) - The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x) - P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P124i a été transformé par
P124i foi transformado por
P124i was transformed by
P124i wurde umgewandelt durch
P124i μετατράπηκε από
P124i был трансформирован посредством
P124i 被转变
a été transformé par
foi transformado por
was transformed by
wurde umgewandelt durch
μετατράπηκε από
был трансформирован посредством
被转变
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of biological father. Note that biological fathers are not seen as necessary participants in the birth, whereas birth-giving mothers are (see P96 by mother (gave birth)). The Person being born is linked to the Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. An instance of E67 Birth is normally (but not always) associated with one biological father. Examples of the inverse property: - King George VI (E21) was father for the birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P97(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P97(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
P97i a été le père pour
P97i foi pai para
P97i war Vater für
P97i was father for
P97i ήταν πατέρας του/της
P97i был отцом для
P97i 是父亲
a été le père pour
foi pai para
war Vater für
was father for
ήταν πατέρας του/της
был отцом для
是父亲
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it. Examples: - The spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Temeraire from its building in 1798 to its destruction in 1838 (E92) has temporal projection the time-span of the existence of H.M.S. Temeraire (E52) [at some time within (P82) “1798-1838” (E61).] (Willis, 2010) - The Battle of Waterloo 1815 (E7) has temporal projection the time-span of the Battle of Waterloo (E52) [at some time within (P82) “Sunday, 18(th) June 1815” (E61).] (Black, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P160(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P160(x,y)⇒ E52(y)
P160 a pour projection temporelle
P160 has temporal projection
a pour projection temporelle
has temporal projection
Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation. Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop. Examples: - the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990). - the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991) - the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921) - the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011) - the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005) - the Rosetta Stone (E22) - my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious) - the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22) - my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E24(x) ⇒ E18(x) - E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)
E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain
E24 Physical Human-Made Thing
Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain
Physical Human-Made Thing
Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity. Examples: - The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892) In First Order Logic: - P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x) - P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)
P135 a créé le type
P135 created type
P135 criou tipo
P135 erschuf Typus
P135 δημιούργησε τύπο
P135 создал тип
P135 创建类型
a créé le type
created type
criou tipo
erschuf Typus
δημιούργησε τύπο
создал тип
创建类型
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E95 Spacetime Primitive with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume it defines. Examples of the inverse property: - {40°30'23"N 21°14'53"E, 40°31'40"N 21°16'43"E, 200BC-2020AD} (E95) defines spacetime volume Martin’s spatiotemporal enclosure 2020 for the evolution of the settlement of today’s city of Kastoria, Greece, since its conquest by the Romans (E92). [A square covering the current built settlement structure of Kastoria, Greece, through the years 200BC to 2020AD, which includes the extents of earlier phases of the city] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P169(x,y) ⇒ E95(x) - P169(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P169(x,y) ⇒ P1i(x,y)
P169i spacetime volume is defined by
P169i volume spatio-temporel défini par
spacetime volume is defined by
volume spatio-temporel défini par
Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E6 Destruction to an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been destroyed by it. Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. An instance of E6 Destruction may be contiguous with an instance of E12 Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object. Examples: - The Tay Bridge Disaster (E6) destroyed the Tay Bridge (E22). (Thomas, 1972) In First Order Logic: - P13(x,y) ⇒ E6 (x) - P13(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P13(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P13 a détruit
P13 destroyed
P13 destruiu
P13 zerstörte
P13 κατέστρεψε
P13 уничтожил
P13 破坏了
a détruit
destroyed
destruiu
zerstörte
κατέστρεψε
уничтожил
破坏了
Scope note: This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types, etc. Examples: - the framing of the U.S. Constitution (Farrand, 1913) - the drafting of U.N. Resolution 1441 (United Nations Security Council, 2002) In First Order Logic: - E65(x) ⇒ E7(x) - E65(x) ⇒ E63(x)
E65 Begriffliche Schöpfung
E65 Creation
E65 Criação
E65 Création
E65 Δημιουργία
E65 Событие Творения
E65 创建
Begriffliche Schöpfung
Creation
Criação
Création
Δημιουργία
Событие Творения
创建
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity. It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation. Examples: - The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953) Properties: - P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y) - P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y) - P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P14 a été effectué par
P14 carried out by
P14 realizada por
P14 wurde ausgeführt von
P14 πραγματοποιήθηκε από
P14 выполнялся
P14 执行者是
a été effectué par
carried out by
realizada por
wurde ausgeführt von
πραγματοποιήθηκε από
выполнялся
执行者是
Diese Klasse beschreibt den Prozess der Bewegung von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physisches Objekt weg vom Ausgangspunkt von Instanzen der Klasse E53 Place, wobei letztere über Instanzen der Klasse "Ortszuweisung" zugewiesen werden. In Kombination mit Instanzen der Klasse "Bewegung nach" ergibt sich eine detaillierte Gesamtdarstellung der Zuweisung von Objektbewegungen.
This class describes the process of moving instances of the class E19 Physical Object away from the starting point of instances of the class E53 Place, whereby the latter are assigned via instances of the class “Place Assignment.” In combination with instances of the class “Movement to,” this results in a detailed overall representation of the assignment of object movements.
Bewegung von
Movement from
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity. Any instance of a CIDOC CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of). Examples of the inverse property: - The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) classified silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P41(x,y) ⇒ E17(x) - P41(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P41(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)
P41i a été classifié par
P41i foi classificada por
P41i was classified by
P41i wurde klassifiziert durch
P41i χαρακτηρίσθηκε από
P41i был классифицирован посредством
P41i 被分类
a été classifié par
foi classificada por
was classified by
wurde klassifiziert durch
χαρακτηρίσθηκε από
был классифицирован посредством
被分类
Diese Klasse dient dazu, Aussagen zur Objektart von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt anhand Instanzen der Klasse Quelleninhalt zu zu dokumentieren.
This class is used to document statements about the Object_Type of instances of the class Object based on instances of the class Source Content.
ObjectType Assignment
Zuweisung einer Objektart
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E12 Production with the instance of E99 Production Type, that is, the type of the things it produces. Examples: - The production activity of the Volkswagen factory related to the “Standard limousine Type II” during 1949-1953 (E12) produced thing of product type Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99). (Rieger, 2013) In First Order Logic: - P186(x,y) ⇒ E12(x) - P186(x,y) ⇒ E99(y) - P186(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E24(z) ∧ P108(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]
P186 a produit la chose du type
P186 produced thing of product type
a produit la chose du type
produced thing of product type
Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung eines Akteurs (crm:E39_Actor) im Kontext eines Ereignisses (crm:E5_Event). Sie beschreibt, welche konkreten Akteure (crm:E21_Person, nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body, nfdi4objects:Socienty_of_Origin) dabei zugewiesen wurden, welche Rolle (nfdi4objects:Role) diese innehatten und belegt durch möglichst genaue Quellenangabe (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section), woher diese Informationen stammen. Beispiel: Die Zuweisung von Hans Glockengießer im Kontext der Herstellung des Behaim Globus, wobei ihm die Rolle des Herstellers der Lehmkugel zukam. Diese Aussage stammt aus der Quelle "Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bücherei des Nürnberger Rates, 1429–1538 (Die Ausgaben der Losunger auf M. Behaims “Mappa Mundi” 1494 und 1510)" von J. Petz aus dem Jahr 1886.
This class describes the assignment of an actor (crm:E39_Actor) in the context of an event (crm:E5_Event). It describes which specific actors (crm:E21_Person, nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body, nfdi4objects:Socienty_of_Origin) were assigned, which role (nfdi4objects:Role) they had and documents where this information comes from by specifying the source as precisely as possible (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section). Example: The attribution of Hans Glockengießer in the context of the production of the Behaim globe, whereby he was assigned the role of maker of the clay sphere. This statement comes from the source "Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bücherei des Nürnberger Rates, 1429-1538 (Die Ausgaben der Losunger auf M. Behaims "Mappa Mundi" 1494 und 1510)" by J. Petz from the year 1886.
Akteurzuweisung
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property shows the type of unit an instance of E54 Dimension was expressed in. Examples of the inverse property: - The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P91(x,y) ⇒ E54(x) - P91(x,y) ⇒ E58(y)
P91i est l’unité de mesure de
P91i is unit of
P91i ist Einheit von
P91i é unidade de
P91i αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της
P91i является единицей для
P91i 所属单位
est l’unité de mesure de
is unit of
ist Einheit von
é unidade de
αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της
является единицей для
所属单位
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has. Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for). Examples of the inverse property: - This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious) - “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987) - “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
P103i a été la raison d'être de
P103i era a destinação de
P103i war Bestimmung von
P103i was intention of
P103i ήταν προορισμός του
P103i был интенцией для
P103i 目的是
a été la raison d'être de
era a destinação de
war Bestimmung von
was intention of
ήταν προορισμός του
был интенцией для
目的是
Scope note: This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use. Examples: - Webster's Dictionary (Herbert, 1994) - Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty Trust, 1990) - the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (Gergatsoulis et al., 2010) In First Order Logic: - E32(x) ⇒ E31(x)
E32 Authority Document
E32 Document de référence
E32 Documento de Referência
E32 Referenzdokument
E32 Πηγή Καθιερωμένων Όρων
E32 Официальный Документ
E32 规范文档
Authority Document
Document de référence
Documento de Referência
Referenzdokument
Πηγή Καθιερωμένων Όρων
Официальный Документ
规范文档
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity. Examples of the inverse property: - The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97). - The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x) - P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)
P179i a été le prix de vente de
P179i was sales price of
a été le prix de vente de
was sales price of
Scope note: This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form, or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity. Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others. This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure. Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following: 1. A schema for the activities it describes 2. A schema of the products that result from their application 3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product. Examples: - the ISO standardisation procedure - the musical notation for Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” (Kershaw, 1999) - the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral) in Cologne, Germany (Wolff, 1999) - the drawing found on Folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486 to 1490, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan In First Order Logic: - E29(x) ⇒ E73(x)
E29 Conceptualisation ou procédure
E29 Design or Procedure
E29 Entwurf oder Verfahren
E29 Projeto ou Procedimento
E29 Σχέδιο
E29 Проект или Процедура
E29 设计或程序
Conceptualisation ou procédure
Design or Procedure
Entwurf oder Verfahren
Projeto ou Procedimento
Σχέδιο
Проект или Процедура
设计或程序
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This is a high-level property, which captures the relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and anything, that is, an instance of E1 CRM Entity, that may have had some bearing upon it. The property has more specific subproperties. Examples of the inverse property: - The designing of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (E7) was influenced by the Tyne Bridge (E22). (Dorman Long, 1932) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P15(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P15(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
P15i a influencé
P15i beeinflußte
P15i influenced
P15i influenciou
P15i επηρέασε
P15i оказал влияние на
P15i 影响
a influencé
beeinflußte
influenced
influenciou
επηρέασε
оказал влияние на
影响
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span. This property supports the notion that the temporal extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span falls within the temporal extent of another instance of E52 Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of E52 Time-Span is implied. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - The time-span of the Apollo 11 moon mission (E52) falls within the time-span of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (E52). (Riley, 2009; Robinson, 2000) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(y) - [P86(x,y) ∧ P86(y,z)] ⇒ P86(x,z) - P86(x,x)
P86i contains
P86i contient
P86i contém
P86i enthält
P86i περιέχει
P86i содержит
P86i 包含
contém
enthält
περιέχει
содержит
包含
Diese Klasse beschreibt das allgemeine Konzept der archäologischen Ausgrabung als koordinierte Reihe von Ausgrabungseinheiten (A1), die in einem Gebiet durchgeführt werden, das als Teil eines breiteren topografischen, ländlichen, städtischen oder monumentalen Kontextes betrachtet wird. Eine archäologische Ausgrabung findet typischerweise in einem vordefinierten geografischen Gebiet statt, das nach einer Untersuchungskampagne oder auf der Grundlage von Quelleninterpretationen festgelegt wurde oder das durch eine andere Aktivität belegt ist (wie z. B. vorbereitende Arbeiten für den Städtebau, Rettungsarchäologie und ähnliches), und wird mit spezifischen Genehmigungen einer zuständigen Behörde durchgeführt. Für jede archäologische Ausgrabung wird in der Regel von der gleichen Behörde eine spezifische Kennung vergeben. Die Tätigkeiten beschränken sich nicht nur auf die Entnahme von Material, sondern umfassen auch Geschwisteraktivitäten, die während des gesamten Prozesses stattfinden und der Beobachtung und/oder Konsolidierung der ausgegrabenen Schichten dienen. Die archäologische Ausgrabung steht in der Regel unter der Verantwortung eines offiziell benannten Koordinators, der rechtlich und wissenschaftlich für alle in den einzelnen Grabungseinheiten durchgeführten Tätigkeiten verantwortlich ist und auch für die Dokumentation des gesamten Prozesses zuständig ist.
This class describes the general concept of archaeological escavation intended as a coordinated set of excavation process units (A1) performed on an area considered as part of a broader topographical, rural, urban, or monumental context. An archaeological excavation typically takes place in a predefined geographic area specifically defined after an investigation campaign or based on interpretation of sources, or evidenced by a different activity (such as: preparatory works for urban construction, rescue archaeology and similar) and is carried out according with specific authorisations provided by a competent authority. A specific identifier for each archaeological excavation is usually assigned by the same authority. The set of activities is not limited to matter removals but also comprises siblings activities, happening throughout the whole process, intended for observation and/or consolidation of the excavated strata. The archaeological excavation is usually under the responsibility of a coordinator, officially designated, which is legally and scientifically responsible for all the activities carried out within each of the excavation process units and is also responsible for the documentation of the whole process.
Excavation
Grabung
Scope note: This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural. Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land, etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter. An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by). The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span. Examples: - the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49) - the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohen, 2006) In First Order Logic: - E18(x) ⇒ E72(x)
E18 Chose matérielle
E18 Coisa Material
E18 Materielles
E18 Physical Thing
E18 Υλικό Πράγμα
E18 Физическая Вещь
E18 实物
Chose matérielle
Coisa Material
Materielles
Physical Thing
Υλικό Πράγμα
Физическая Вещь
实物
Quantification: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space. Examples: - The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900) - The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005) In First Order Logic: - P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
P157 est à l’arrêt par rapport à
P157 is at rest relative to
est à l’arrêt par rapport à
is at rest relative to
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E97 Monetary Amount and the instance of E98 Currency that it is measured in. Examples: - Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has currency British Pounds (E98). In First Order Logic: - P180(x,y) ⇒ E97(x) - P180(x,y) ⇒ E98(y) - P180(x,y) ⇒ P91(x,y)
P180 a pour unité monétaire
P180 has currency
a pour unité monétaire
has currency
Scope note: This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type. For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries. This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about. All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values. Examples: - the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E13(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E13 Assignation d’attribut
E13 Atribuição de Característica
E13 Attribute Assignment
E13 Merkmalszuweisung
E13 Απόδοση Ιδιοτήτων
E13 Присвоение Атрибута
E13 属性赋值
Assignation d’attribut
Atribuição de Característica
Attribute Assignment
Merkmalszuweisung
Απόδοση Ιδιοτήτων
Присвоение Атрибута
属性赋值
Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring. Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. Examples: - The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic: - P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P98 a donné vie à
P98 brachte zur Welt
P98 brought into life
P98 trouxe à vida
P98 έφερε στη ζωή
P98 породил
P98 诞生了
a donné vie à
brachte zur Welt
brought into life
trouxe à vida
έφερε στη ζωή
породил
诞生了
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds. Examples: - Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013) In First Order Logic: - P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x) - P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)
P188 nécessite l'outil
P188 requires production tool
nécessite l'outil
requires production tool
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an area, i.e., an instance of E53 Place to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found. This area may either be identified by a name, or by a geometry in terms of a coordinate system adapted to the shape of the respective instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typically, names identifying sections of physical objects are composed of the name of a kind of part and the name of the object itself, such as “The poop deck of H.M.S. Victory”, which is composed of “poop deck” and “H.M.S. Victory”. Examples of the inverse property: - HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53). (Goodwin, 2015) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P59(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P59(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P59i befindet sich auf oder in
P59i está localizada sobre ou dentro de
P59i is located on or within
P59i se situe sur ou dans
P59i βρίσκεται σε ή εντός
P59i находится на или внутри
P59i 位于
befindet sich auf oder in
está localizada sobre ou dentro de
is located on or within
se situe sur ou dans
βρίσκεται σε ή εντός
находится на или внутри
位于
Scope note: This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions, and concepts. This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of “determination,” i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology. Examples: - the first classification of object GE34604 as Lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens - the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as Cereus hildmannianus K.Schum., July 2003 In First Order Logic: - E17(x) ⇒ E13(x)
E17 Assignation de type
E17 Atribuição de Tipo
E17 Type Assignment
E17 Typuszuweisung
E17 Απόδοση Τύπου
E17 Присвоение Типа
E17 类型赋值
Assignation de type
Atribuição de Tipo
Type Assignment
Typuszuweisung
Απόδοση Τύπου
Присвоение Типа
类型赋值
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property links an area, i.e., an instance of E53 Place to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found. This area may either be identified by a name, or by a geometry in terms of a coordinate system adapted to the shape of the respective instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typically, names identifying sections of physical objects are composed of the name of a kind of part and the name of the object itself, such as “The poop deck of H.M.S. Victory”, which is composed of “poop deck” and “H.M.S. Victory”. Examples: - HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53). (Goodwin, 2015) In First Order Logic: - P59(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P59(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P59 a pour section
P59 has section
P59 hat Bereich
P59 tem seção
P59 έχει τομέα
P59 имеет район
P59 有区域
a pour section
has section
hat Bereich
tem seção
έχει τομέα
имеет район
有区域
P81a Ende des Anfangs
P81a end of the begin
P81a fim do início
P81a fin du début
P81a τέλος της αρχής
P81a конец начала
Ende des Anfangs
end of the begin
fim do início
fin du début
τέλος της αρχής
конец начала
Scope note: This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being increased, enlarged, or augmented by the addition of a part. Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated instance of E78 Curated Holding. Both the E18 Physical Thing being augmented and the E18 Physical Thing that is being added are treated as separate identifiable wholes prior to the instance of E79 Part Addition. Following the addition of parts, the resulting assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artefacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Curated Holding over their lifespan. Examples: - the setting of the Koh-I-Noor diamond into the crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (Dalrymple, 2017) - the addition of the painting “Room in Brooklyn” by Edward Hopper to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston - the attachment of the bronze hand on the tree forming the Alpi Marittime [ https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010) In First Order Logic: - E79(x) ⇒ E11(x)
E79 Adição de Parte
E79 Ajout d'élément
E79 Part Addition
E79 Teilhinzufügung
E79 Προσθήκη Μερών
E79 Добавление Части
E79 部分增加
Adição de Parte
Ajout d'élément
Part Addition
Teilhinzufügung
Προσθήκη Μερών
Добавление Части
部分增加
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning. It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013). This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x) - P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z) - P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)
P127i a pour terme spécifique
P127i has narrower term
P127i hat den Unterbegriff
P127i tem termo específico
P127i έχει στενότερο όρο
P127i имеет нижестоящий термин
P127i 下位词
a pour terme spécifique
has narrower term
hat den Unterbegriff
tem termo específico
έχει στενότερο όρο
имеет нижестоящий термин
下位词
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place which shares a part of its border. This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that the phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P122 borders with have ever shared a respective border at the same time or even coexisted. In particular, this may be the case when the respective common border is formed by a natural feature. This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. Examples: - Scotland in its 1603 borders (E53) borders with England in its 1603 borders (E53). (Crofton, 2015) In First Order Logic: - P122(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P122(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P122(x,y) ⇒ P122(y,x)
P122 borders with
P122 est limitrophe de
P122 fronteira com
P122 grenzt an
P122 συνορεύει με
P122 граничит с
P122 接壤于
borders with
est limitrophe de
fronteira com
grenzt an
συνορεύει με
граничит с
接壤于
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the type that was assigned to an entity by an E17 Type Assignment activity. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of). For example, a fragment of an antique vessel could be assigned the type “attic red figured belly handled amphora” by expert A. The same fragment could be assigned the type “shoulder handled amphora” by expert B. A Type may be intellectually constructed independent from assigning an instance of it. Examples of the inverse property: - The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) assigned goblet (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P42(x,y) ⇒ E17(x) - P42(x,y)⇒ E55(y) - P42(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P42i a été assigné par
P42i foi atribuído por
P42i was assigned by
P42i wurde zugewiesen durch
P42i αποδόθηκε από
P42i был присвоен посредством
P42i 被分配类型
a été assigné par
foi atribuído por
was assigned by
wurde zugewiesen durch
αποδόθηκε από
был присвоен посредством
被分配类型
Scope note: This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects. The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy). In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects”, i.e. naturally defined objects (Smith & Varzi, 2000). The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be purely administrative or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired. Examples: - Aphrodite of Milos (E22) (Kousser, 2005) - the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - Apollo 13 at the time of launch (E22) (Lovell and Kluger, 1994) In First Order Logic: - E19(x) ⇒ E18(x)
E19 Materieller Gegenstand
E19 Objet matériel
E19 Objeto Material
E19 Physical Object
E19 Υλικό Αντικείμενο
E19 Физический Объект
E19 物质对象
Materieller Gegenstand
Objet matériel
Objeto Material
Physical Object
Υλικό Αντικείμενο
Физический Объект
物质对象
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The property is not transitive. This property is a directed relationship. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc. Instances of this property are considered to be symmetric, in case no directed sense is provided for them by the property P69.1 has type. The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures. Examples: - The procedure for glass blowing (E29) has association with the procedure for glass heating (E29). (Brooks, 1973) - The set of instructions for performing Macbeth in Max Reinhardt's production in 1916 in Berlin at Deutsches Theater (E29) has association with the scene design drawing by Ernst Stern reproduced at http://www.glopad.org/pi/fr/record/digdoc/1003814 (E29) has type has part (E55). - The preparation of parchment (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type has part (E55). - Stretching of skin (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type follows (E55). (Poole and Reed, 1962) - The plan for reassembling the temples at Abu Simbel (E29) has association with the plan for storing and transporting the blocks (E29) has type follows (E55). (Loubiere, 1995) Properties: - P69.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(x) - P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(y) - P69(x,y,z) ⇒ [P69(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P69 est associé à
P69 has association with
P69 ist verbunden mit
P69 é associado com
P69 σχετίζεται με
P69 ассоциирован с
P69 关联
has association with
ist verbunden mit
é associado com
σχετίζεται με
ассоциирован с
关联
Diese Klasse umfasst Texte oder Stichpunkte in einer oder mehreren natürlichen Sprachen. Eine Instanz dieser Klasse dient dem näheren Verständnis eines Sachverhalts und liefert vertiefende oder erläuternde Informationen.
This class comprises texts or keywords in one or more natural languages. An instance of this class is used for a closer understanding of a subject and provides in-depth or explanatory information.
Comment
Kommentar
Scope note: This class comprises all things in the universe of discourse of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. It is an abstract concept providing for three general properties: - Identification by name or appellation, and in particular by a preferred identifier - Classification by type, allowing further refinement of the specific subclass to which an instance belongs - Attachment of free text and other unstructured data for the expression of anything not captured by formal properties All other classes within the CIDOC CRM are directly or indirectly specialisations of E1 CRM Entity. Examples: - the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001) In First Order Logic: - E1(x)
E1 CRM Entity
E1 CRM Entität
E1 CRM Сущность
E1 CRM实体
E1 Entidade CRM
E1 Entité CRM
E1 Οντότητα CIDOC CRM
CRM Entity
CRM Entität
CRM Сущность
CRM实体
Entidade CRM
Entité CRM
Οντότητα CIDOC CRM
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E18 Physical Thing of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice) of the thing’s trajectory through spacetime. In other words, it describes where the instance of E18 Physical Thing was or moved around within a given time-span. Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P166 was a presence of (had presence) to E93 Presence. Examples of the inverse property: - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P195(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P195(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P195(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[E92(z) ∧ P166(z,x) ∧ P196i(z,y)]
P195i a eu pour présence
P195i had presence
Scope note: This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied. This is generally true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM. Examples: - the Cullinan diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006) - definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 (E73) (ISO 21127: 2014) In First Order Logic: - E72(x) ⇒ E70(x)
E72 Legal Object
E72 Objet juridique
E72 Objeto Jurídico
E72 Rechtsobjekt
E72 Νομικό Αντικείμενο
E72 Объект Права
E72 法律对象
Legal Object
Objet juridique
Objeto Jurídico
Rechtsobjekt
Νομικό Αντικείμενο
Объект Права
法律对象
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed. All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material. A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)
P45 besteht aus
P45 comprend
P45 consiste de
P45 consists of
P45 αποτελείται από
P45 составлен из
P45 包含
besteht aus
Diese Klasse bildet ein Teilereignis im Rahmen der Klasse E10 Übertragung des Gewahrsams. Dabei wird der Teilprozess beschrieben, bei dem Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur den Gewahrsam von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physischer Gegenstand abgeben, und damit im Rahmen der Erwerbskette zum Vorbesitzenden werden. Den zugehörigen Teilprozess, bei der Empfang des Gewahrsams durch den Nachbesitzende Akteur beschrieben wird, beschreiben Instanzen der Klasse "Empfang des Gewahrsams".
This class forms a sub-event within the context of class E10 Transfer of custody. It describes the sub-process in which instances of class E39 Actor transfer custody of instances of class E19 Physical object, thereby becoming the previous owner within the context of the acquisition chain. The associated sub-process, in which the receipt of custody by the subsequent owner is described, is described by instances of the class “Receivement of Custody”.
Abgabe des Gewahrsams
Surrender of Custody
Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die Arten von Standorten beschreiben, z.B. - ein Raum - ein Standort im Raum - ein Standort innerhalb eines Sammlungsmöbels
This class includes terms that describe types of locations, e.g. - a room - a location within a room - a location within a collection furniture
Art der Lokation/des Standorts
Location_Type
Scope note: This class comprises all signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context. Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e. other instances of E41 Appellation that are regarded as equivalent, regardless of the thing it denotes. Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41 Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language. Instances of E41 Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses of E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients. Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41 Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value. E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment. Examples: - “Martin” - “Aquae Sulis Minerva” - “the Merchant of Venice” (E35) (McCullough, 2005) - “Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.” [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Robacker and Jenkins, 2015) - “information science” [not the science itself, but the name used to refer to the subject matter in an English-speaking context] - “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”] - “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” [example of a spatial coordinate] - “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate, example of an identifier in a conceptual space (E89)] - “19-MAR-1922” [example of date] - “+41 22 418 5571” [example of contact point] - “weasel@paveprime.com” [example of contact point] - “CH-1211, Genève” [example of place appellation] - “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” [example of a postal address] - “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)] - “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)] In First Order Logic: - E41(x) ⇒ E90(x)
E41 Appellation
E41 Benennung
E41 Designação
E41 Ονομασία
E41 Обозначение
E41 称谓
Appellation
Benennung
Designação
Ονομασία
Обозначение
称谓
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(end) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by} Typically, this property is a consequence of a known influence of some event on another event or activity, such as a novel written by someone being continued by someone else, or the knowledge of a defeat on a distant battlefield causing people to end their ongoing activities. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_03.png Figure 10: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_04.png Figure 11: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - The settling activity of the city of Assur (Ashur) (E7) starts before the end of The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (E4). [There are some 200 - 300 years differences in the chronology of the First Intermediate Period, and Assur is dated to “about 2500 BC”.] (Pedersén, 1986) - The building of the current St. Peters in Rome (E7) starts before the end of the demolition of the old 4(th) c. St. Peters (E6, E7) (Bosman, 2004) In First Order Logic: - P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P174(x,y) ⇒ P173(x,y) - ¬P174(x,x)
P174 commence avant la fin de
P174 starts before the end of
commence avant la fin de
starts before the end of
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x) - P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y) - P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)] - ˄ ¬​ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]​
P55 a actuellement pour localisation
P55 has current location
P55 hat derzeitigen Standort
P55 é localizado em
P55 βρίσκεται σε
P55 в данный момент находится в
P55 有当前位置
a actuellement pour localisation
has current location
hat derzeitigen Standort
é localizado em
в данный момент находится в
有当前位置
Diese Klasse umfasst schöpferische Prozesse, bei denen Bilder entstehen, z.B. MRT, CT, Röntgen aber auch 3D Modelle oder reguläre Fotografien.
This class covers creative processes that generate images, e.g., MRI, CT, X-ray, but also 3D models or regular photographs.
Bildgebungsverfahren
Imaging Procedure
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject. The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by). Examples: - The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)
P104 Gegenstand von
P104 est soumis à
P104 está sujeito à
P104 is subject to
P104 υπόκειται σε
P104 является объектом для
P104 服从
Gegenstand von
est soumis à
está sujeito à
is subject to
υπόκειται σε
является объектом для
服从
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction. The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait. Examples: - Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018) - Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P11 a eu pour actant participant
P11 had participant
P11 hatte Teilnehmer
P11 tem participante
P11 είχε συμμέτοχο
P11 имел участника
P11 有参与者
a eu pour actant participant
had participant
hatte Teilnehmer
tem participante
είχε συμμέτοχο
имел участника
有参与者
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span. This property supports the notion that the temporal extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span falls within the temporal extent of another instance of E52 Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of E52 Time-Span is implied. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples: - The time-span of the Apollo 11 moon mission (E52) falls within the time-span of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (E52). (Riley, 2009; Robinson, 2000) In First Order Logic: - P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(y) - [P86(x,y) ∧ P86(y,z)] ⇒ P86(x,z) - P86(x,x)
P86 está contido em
P86 falls within
P86 fällt in
P86 s’insère dans
P86 περιέχεται σε
P86 содержится в
P86 属于
περιέχεται σε
содержится в
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document. Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement. Examples: - The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922) In First Order Logic: - P70(x,y) ⇒ E31(x) - P70(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P70(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P70 belegt
P70 documenta
P70 documente
P70 documents
P70 τεκμηριώνει
P70 документирует
P70 记录了
belegt
documenta
documente
documents
τεκμηριώνει
документирует
记录了
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim. Examples of the inverse property: - Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)
P75i est possédé par
P75i is possessed by
P75i sind im Besitz von
P75i são detidos por
P75i κατέχεται από
P75i принадлежит
P75i 被拥有
est possédé par
is possessed by
sind im Besitz von
são detidos por
κατέχεται από
принадлежит
被拥有
Diese Klasse umfasst quantifizierbare Eigenschaften eines Objekts, so z.B. - das Längenmaß - den materiellen Wert - den Durchmesser - das Gewicht
This class includes quantifiable properties of an object, e.g. - the length - the material value - the diameter - the weight
Art der Dimension
Dimension Type
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates the instance of E68 Dissolution with the instance of E74 Group that it disbanded. Examples of the inverse property: - The end of The Hole in the Wall Gang (E68) dissolved The Hole in the Wall Gang (E74). (Patterson, 1998) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P99(x,y) ⇒ E68(x) - P99(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P99(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y) - P99(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P99i a été dissous par
P99i foi dissolvido por
P99i was dissolved by
P99i wurde aufgelöst durch
P99i διαλύθηκε από
P99i был распущен посредством
P99i 被解散
a été dissous par
foi dissolvido por
was dissolved by
wurde aufgelöst durch
διαλύθηκε από
был распущен посредством
被解散
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E12 Production with the instance of E99 Production Type, that is, the type of the things it produces. Examples of the inverse property: - The production activity of the Volkswagen factory related to the “Standard limousine Type II” during 1949-1953 (E12) produced thing of product type Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99). (Rieger, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P186(x,y) ⇒ E12(x) - P186(x,y) ⇒ E99(y) - P186(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E24(z) ∧ P108(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]
P186i est produit par
P186i is produced by
est produit par
is produced by
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples of the inverse property: - The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P67i fait l'objet d'un renvoi par
P67i is referred to by
P67i wird angeführt von
P67i é referenciado por
P67i αναφέρεται από
P67i имеет ссылку на себя от
P67i 被涉及
fait l'objet d'un renvoi par
is referred to by
wird angeführt von
é referenciado por
αναφέρεται από
имеет ссылку на себя от
被涉及
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object. It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor. Examples of the inverse property: - The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x) - P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)]
P105i détient le droit sur
P105i has right on
P105i hat Rechte an
P105i possui direitos sobre
P105i έχει δικαίωμα σε
P105i владеет правом на
P105i 有权利
détient le droit sur
has right on
hat Rechte an
possui direitos sobre
έχει δικαίωμα σε
владеет правом на
有权利
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed. Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human languages. This property allows these languages to be documented. Examples of the inverse property: - The United States Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18(th) Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P72(x,y) ⇒ E33(x) - P72(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)
P72i est la langue de
P72i is language of
P72i ist Sprache von
P72i é a língua de
P72i είναι γλώσσα του/της
P72i является языком для
P72i 是语种
est la langue de
is language of
ist Sprache von
é a língua de
είναι γλώσσα του/της
является языком для
是语种
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring. Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. Examples of the inverse property: - The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P98i est né
P98i veio à vida pelo
P98i was born
P98i wurde geboren durch
P98i γεννήθηκε
P98i был рожден
P98i 被诞生
est né
veio à vida pelo
was born
wurde geboren durch
γεννήθηκε
был рожден
被诞生
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing. The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc. It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind. Examples: - The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020) Properties: - P102.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y) - P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)
P102 a pour titre
P102 has title
P102 tem título
P102 trägt den Titel
P102 έχει τίτλο
P102 имеет заголовок
P102 有题名
a pour titre
has title
tem título
trägt den Titel
έχει τίτλο
имеет заголовок
有题名
P90b has upper value limit
has upper value limit
Scope note: This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented. This notion includes complex, composite, and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door. Examples: - the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993) - the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010) - my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 - the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020) - the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006) - the people of Iraq giving the name ‘Quyunjig’ to the place identified by the TGN as ‘7017998’ - Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993 - Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993 In First Order Logic: - E7(x) ⇒ E5(x)
E7 Activity
E7 Activité
E7 Atividade
E7 Handlung
E7 Δράση
E7 Деятельность
E7 活动
Activity
Activité
Atividade
Handlung
Δράση
Деятельность
活动
Quantification: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing. An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence. Examples: - H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010) - The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
P196 defines
P196 définit
defines
définit
Diese Klasse umfasst Aktivitäten, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) dokumentiert werden. Die Objektdokumentation stellt ein wesentliches Ereignis innerhalb der Museums-/Sammlungszugehörigkeit (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) eines Objekts dar. Dabei umfasst die Objektdokumentation etwa die Inventarnummerzuweisung (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment), die Bezeichnungszuweisung (nfdi4objects:Appellation_Assignment), die Feststellung von Maßen (crm:E16_Measurement), bildgebende Verfahren (nfdi4objects:Imaging_Procedure). Beispiele: - die Zuweisung der Inventarnummer WI1826 zum Behaim Globus im Germanischen Nationalmuseum Nürnberg - die Anfertigung von 92 Schwarzweiß-Glasplattennegativen vom Behaim Globus 1939 durch den Fotografen Bruno Blum.
This class comprises activities in which instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) are documented. The object documentation represents an essential event within the museum/collection affiliation (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) of an object. The object documentation includes the assignment of inventory numbers (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment), the assignment of designations (nfdi4objects:Appellation_Assignment), the determination of measurements (crm:E16_Measurement), imaging procedures (nfdi4objects:Imaging_Procedure). Examples: - the assignment of the inventory number WI1826 to the Behaim Globe in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg - the production of 92 black and white glass plate negatives of the Behaim Globe in 1939 by the photographer Bruno Blum.
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification. Examples of the inverse property: - The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x) - P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P31i a été modifié par
P31i foi modificada por
P31i was modified by
P31i wurde verändert durch
P31i τροποποιήθηκε από
P31i был изменен посредством
P31i 被更改
a été modifié par
foi modificada por
was modified by
wurde verändert durch
τροποποιήθηκε από
был изменен посредством
被更改
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E41 Appellation which a communication service uses to direct communications to this actor, such as an e-mail address, fax number, or postal address. Examples: - The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) (E74) has contact point “bl.ric@rlg.org” (E41) In First Order Logic: - P76(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P76(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
P76 a pour coordonnées
P76 has contact point
P76 hat Kontaktpunkt
P76 possui ponto de contato
P76 έχει σημείο επικοινωνίας
P76 имеет контакт
P76 有联系方式
a pour coordonnées
has contact point
hat Kontaktpunkt
possui ponto de contato
έχει σημείο επικοινωνίας
имеет контакт
有联系方式
Instances of this class indicate whether the data record refers to a single object or a group of objects. This is required due to the compatibility of the minimum data record recommendation with the LIDO harvesting format. For single objects, the element value should be http://terminology.lido-schema.org/lido00141 (= single object).
Instanzen dieser Klasse gebent an, ob der Datensatz von einem Einzelobjekt oder einer Objektgruppe handelt. Es wird aufgrund der Kompatibilität der Minimaldatensatz-Empfehlung mit dem Harvestingformat LIDO benötigt. Für Einzelobjekte soll der Elementwert http://terminology.lido-schema.org/lido00141 (= Einzelobjekt) lauten.
Datensatzart
Type of Dataset
Datensatzart im Minimaldatensatz der DDB unter https://wiki.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/spaces/DFD/pages/120422725/Datensatzart+Pflicht
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded. Examples of the inverse property: - The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x) - P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P95i a été fondé par
P95i foi formado por
P95i was formed by
P95i wurde gebildet von
P95i σχηματίστηκε από
P95i была сформирована посредством
P95i 被组成
a été fondé par
foi formado por
was formed by
wurde gebildet von
σχηματίστηκε από
была сформирована посредством
被组成
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E32 Authority Document with an instance of E1 CRM Entity which it lists for reference purposes. Examples: - The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (E32) lists alcazars (E55). (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300006897) In First Order Logic: - P71(x,y) ⇒ E32(x) - P71(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P71(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P71 define
P71 listet
P71 lists
P71 énumère
P71 περιλαμβάνει
P71 перечисляет
P71 列出
define
listet
lists
énumère
περιλαμβάνει
перечисляет
列出
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples: - The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious) Properties: - P67.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P67 referencia
P67 refers to
P67 renvoie à
P67 verweist auf
P67 αναφέρεται σε
P67 ссылается на
P67 涉及
referencia
refers to
renvoie à
verweist auf
αναφέρεται σε
ссылается на
涉及
Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note: This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded. Examples: - The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74). In First Order Logic: - P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x) - P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P95 a fondé
P95 formou
P95 has formed
P95 hat gebildet
P95 σχημάτισε
P95 сформировал
P95 已经组成
a fondé
formou
has formed
hat gebildet
σχημάτισε
сформировал
已经组成
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer. Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use. Examples of the inverse property: - The writing of the scope note of the CIDOC CRM property “P16 used specific object” contained in the CIDOC CRM version 4.1 (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22) mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55). [the original scope note was later extended in the CIDOC CRM version 4.3] - The people of Iraq calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ (E7) used specific object “Quyunjig” (E41) mode of use current; vernacular (E55). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P16(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P16(x,y) ⇒ E70(y) - P16(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) - P16(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y) - P16(x,y,z) ⇒ [P16(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P16i a été mobilisé pour
P16i foi usado por
P16i was used for
P16i wurde benutzt für
P16i χρησιμοποιήθηκε για
P16i был использован для
P16i 用于
a été mobilisé pour
foi usado por
was used for
wurde benutzt für
был использован для
Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded. More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time. Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property. Examples: - The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)
P48 a pour identifiant préférentiel
P48 has preferred identifier
P48 hat bevorzugtes Kennzeichen
P48 tem identificador preferido
P48 έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό
P48 имеет предпочтительный идентификатор
P48 有优选标识符
a pour identifiant préférentiel
has preferred identifier
hat bevorzugtes Kennzeichen
tem identificador preferido
έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό
имеет предпочтительный идентификатор
有优选标识符
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former. This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(y) - P9(x,y) ⇒ P10(y,x) - [P9(x,y) ∧ P9(y,z)] ⇒ P9(x,z) - P9(x,y) ⇒ ¬P9(y,x)
P9i bildet Teil von
P9i fait partie de
P9i faz parte de
P9i forms part of
P9i αποτελεί μέρος του/της
P9i формирует часть
P9i 组成部分
Scope note: This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code, or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units. It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string. In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. “bit”, “Latin character”, RGB pixel). Examples: - ‘ecognizabl’ - the “no-smoking” sign (E36) - “BM000038850.JPG” (E41) [identifies a digital image] (Natural History Museum, 2021) - image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E36) [depicts specimen of Verbesina virginica] (Natural History Museum, 2021) - the distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named “Mona Lisa” in daylight (E36) - the Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition “La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi” (E33) (Petrocchi, 1967) In First Order Logic: - E90(x) ⇒ E28(x) - E90(x) ⇒ E72(x)
E90 Objet symbolique
E90 Symbolic Object
E90 Symbolisches Objekt
E90 符号对象
Objet symbolique
Symbolic Object
Symbolisches Objekt
符号对象
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole. Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies. This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property. The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples: - The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22). - The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24). In First Order Logic: - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z) - P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)] - P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x)
P46 est composé de
P46 is composed of
P46 ist zusammengesetzt aus
P46 é composto de
P46 αποτελείται από
P46 составлен из
P46 组成成分是
Instances of this class describe curatorial activities in which instances of the class “Object” are classified and organized within the event in the object history “Museum or collection affiliation”. Sub-events form the “Object Type Assignment” or the “Collection Systematics Assignment".
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben kuratorische Tätigkeiten, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Objekt" im Rahmen des Ereignisses in der Objektgeschichte "Museums- oder Sammlungskontext" klassifiziert und geordnet werden. Teilereignisse bilden die "Objekttypzuweisung" oder die "Zuweisung einer Sammlungssystematik".
Systematisierung/Ordnung
Systematization
Diese Klasse umfasst Dokumente, die eine Terminologie oder ein konzeptuelles System zur konsistenten Verwendung definieren. Beispiele: - Die Gemeinsame Normdatei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (GND) - Der Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
This class contains documents that define a terminology or conceptual system for consistent use. Examples: - The Joint Standards File of the German National Library (GND) - The Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
Authorityfile
Normdatei
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies a destination, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move. A move will be linked to a destination, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many terminal instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes a distribution of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s). Therefore, the described destination is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at. Examples: - The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved to the Saatchi Gallery London (E53). In First Order Logic: - P26(x,y) ⇒ E9(x) - P26(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P26(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]
P26 a déplacé vers
P26 bewegte bis zu
P26 locomoveu para
P26 moved to
P26 μετακινήθηκε προς
P26 перемещен в
P26 移至
a déplacé vers
bewegte bis zu
locomoveu para
moved to
μετακινήθηκε προς
перемещен в
移至
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof. Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor. The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group. Examples of the inverse property: - László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012) - National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971) - The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x) - P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]
P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de
P107i is current or former member of
P107i ist derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied von
P107i é ou foi membro de
P107i είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της
P107i является действующим или бывшим членом
P107i 是当前或以往成员
est le membre actuel ou antérieur de
is current or former member of
ist derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied von
é ou foi membro de
είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της
является действующим или бывшим членом
是当前或以往成员
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody. The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft. In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both. Examples of the inverse property: - Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x) - P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P29i a reçu la garde par
P29i erhielt Gewahrsam durch
P29i início da custódia por meio de
P29i received custody through
P29i παρέλαβε κατοχή μέσω
P29i получил опеку через
P29i 获得监护权
a reçu la garde par
erhielt Gewahrsam durch
início da custódia por meio de
received custody through
παρέλαβε κατοχή μέσω
получил опеку через
获得监护权
Diese Klasse umfasst die Identifikationsbezeichnung URL (Uniform Resource Locator), um eine Ressource im Computernetzwerk zu identifizieren und zu lokalisieren.
This class comprises the identifiers URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to identify and locate a resource on the computer network.
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(end) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to the disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, met-by, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}. This property is not transitive. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_01.png Figure 8: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_02.png Figure 9: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - The legendary run from Marathon to Athens 490BC (E7) starts before or with the end of The Battle of Marathon 490BC (E7). - LMIIB (E4) ends after or with the start of the Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C.E.) (E4). [Evidence for this is provided by the scarab seal found at Poros in a context of LMIIB. The scarab belongs to the type “nh.s n Jmn”. During the Akhenaten period he production of these scarab seals stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). So the scarab could not have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production.] (Karetsou, 2000) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
P173i ends after or with the start of
P173i se termine après ou au moment du début de
ends after or with the start of
se termine après ou au moment du début de
Scope note: This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse. This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples: - Maxwell’s Equations (Ball, 1962) - the ideational contents of Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Metaphysics’ as rendered in the Greek texts translated in Oxford edition - the underlying prototype of any “no-smoking” sign (E36) - the common ideas of the plots of the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa and the movie “The Magnificent Seven” by John Sturges (Mellen, 2002) - the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36) - the character “Little Red Riding Hood”, variants of which appear amongst others in Grimm brothers’ “Rotkäppchen”, other oral fairy tales and the film “Hoodwinked” - the place “Havnor” as invented by Ursula K. Le Guin for her “Earthsea” book series, the related maps and appearing in derivative works based on these novels In First Order Logic: - E89(x) ⇒ E28(x)
E89 Aussagenobjekt
E89 Objet propositionnel
E89 Propositional Object
E89 命题对象
Aussagenobjekt
Objet propositionnel
Propositional Object
命题对象
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states. It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay. This property is transitive and asymmetric. Examples: - The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941) In First Order Logic: - P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x) - P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z) - P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)
P5 besteht aus
P5 comprend
P5 consiste de
P5 consists of
P5 αποτελείται από
P5 состоит из
P5 包括
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving. Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well. Examples: - The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013) - George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015) - The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74). In First Order Logic: - P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x) - P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P146 a dissocié de
P146 entließ von
P146 separated from
P146 脱离
a dissocié de
entließ von
separated from
脱离
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act. This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015) - Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011) - Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x) - P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)] - P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)] - ¬P152(x,x)
P152i est le parent de
P152i is parent of
est le parent de
is parent of
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment. The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion. An identifier might be created prior to an assignment. Examples of the inverse property: - The identifier assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned “232” (E42) (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P37(x,y) ⇒ E15(x) - P37(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P37(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P37i a été assigné par
P37i foi atribuído por
P37i was assigned by
P37i wurde zugewiesen durch
P37i αποδόθηκε ως ιδιότητα από
P37i был присвоен посредством
P37i 被分配
αποδόθηκε ως ιδιότητα από
被分配
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity. These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Examples of the inverse property: - The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)
P32i a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans
P32i foi técnica da
P32i war Verfahren von
P32i was technique of
P32i ήταν τεχνική του/της
P32i был техникой для
P32i 是技术
a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans
foi técnica da
war Verfahren von
was technique of
ήταν τεχνική του/της
был техникой для
是技术
Scope note: This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures, or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques, often in order to indicate such things as creator, owner, dedications, purpose, or to communicate information generally. Instances of E37 Mark do not represent the actual image of a mark, but the abstract ideal (or archetype) as used for codification in reference documents forming cultural documentation. This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Human-Made Feature. Examples: - Minoan double axe mark (Lowe Fri, 2011) - © - ☺ In First Order Logic: - E37(x) ⇒ E36(x)
E37 Marca
E37 Mark
E37 Marke
E37 Marque
E37 Σήμανση
E37 Пометка
E37 标记
Marca
Mark
Marke
Marque
Σήμανση
Пометка
标记
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(end) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to the disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, met-by, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}. This property is not transitive. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_01.png Figure 8: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_02.png Figure 9: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - The legendary run from Marathon to Athens 490BC (E7) starts before or with the end of The Battle of Marathon 490BC (E7). - LMIIB (E4) ends after or with the start of the Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C.E.) (E4). [Evidence for this is provided by the scarab seal found at Poros in a context of LMIIB. The scarab belongs to the type “nh.s n Jmn”. During the Akhenaten period he production of these scarab seals stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). So the scarab could not have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production.] (Karetsou, 2000) In First Order Logic: - P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
P173 commence avant ou au moment de la fin de
P173 starts before or with the end of
commence avant ou au moment de la fin de
starts before or with the end of
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document. Examples of the inverse property: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious) - 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
P177i est le type de propriété assigné
P177i is type of property assigned
est le type de propriété assigné
is type of property assigned
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds. Examples of the inverse property: - Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x) - P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)
P188i est l'outil de production de
P188i is production tool for
est l'outil de production de
is production tool for
Scope note: This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object. Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event. Examples: - the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA (Wildfang, 2005) - the movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 In First Order Logic: - E9(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E9 Déplacement
E9 Locomoção
E9 Move
E9 Objektbewegung
E9 Μετακίνηση
E9 Перемещение
E9 移动
Déplacement
Locomoção
Move
Objektbewegung
Μετακίνηση
Перемещение
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing. In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension. It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54). [which has unit (P91) mm (E58), has value (P90) 224 (E60)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P43(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P43(x,y) ⇒ E54(y) - P43(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E16(z) ˄ P39i(x,z) ˄ P40(z,y)]
P43i est la dimension de
P43i is dimension of
P43i ist Dimension von
P43i é dimensão de
P43i είναι μέγεθος του
P43i является величиной для
P43i 是度量规格
est la dimension de
is dimension of
ist Dimension von
é dimensão de
είναι μέγεθος του
является величиной для
是度量规格
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer. Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use. Examples: - The writing of the scope note of the CIDOC CRM property “P16 used specific object” contained in the CIDOC CRM version 4.1 (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22) mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55). [the original scope note was later extended in the CIDOC CRM version 4.3] - The people of Iraq calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ (E7) used specific object “Quyunjig” (E41) mode of use current; vernacular (E55). Properties: - P16.1 mode of use: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P16(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P16(x,y) ⇒ E70(y) - P16(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) - P16(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y) - P16(x,y,z) ⇒ [P16(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P16 a mobilisé l’objet spécifique
P16 benutzte das bestimmte Objekt
P16 used specific object
P16 usou objeto específico
P16 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο
P16 использовал особый объект
P16 使用特定对象
a mobilisé l’objet spécifique
benutzte das bestimmte Objekt
used specific object
usou objeto específico
χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο
использовал особый объект
使用特定对象
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically overlaps with the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. A use case of this property is to state through which places an object or an instance of E21 Person has or was moved within a given time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P121 overlaps with, to E53 Place. Examples: - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) covered parts of Paestum, Italy (E53). (Wiencke, 1998) - The Byzantine Empire 1013 AD (E93) covered parts of The Italian Peninsula (E53). (Browning, 1980) In First Order Logic: - P197(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P197(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P197 a couvert des parties de
P197 covered parts of
a couvert des parties de
covered parts of
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}. This property is irreflexive https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7) In First Order Logic: - P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y) - ¬P184(x,x)
P184 ends before or with the end of
P184 se termine avant ou au moment de la fin de
ends before or with the end of
se termine avant ou au moment de la fin de
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces. This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place. In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds: It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place. It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span. If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. Examples of the inverse property: - The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010) - Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]
P156i est occupé par
P156i is occupied by
est occupé par
is occupied by
Scope note: This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items. It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one. This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not. Examples: - the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971) - the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003) - Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching “Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove”, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12, E65, E81) (Hind, 1923) In First Order Logic: - E12(x) ⇒ E11(x) - E12(x) ⇒ E63(x)
E12 Herstellung
E12 Production
E12 Produção
E12 Παραγωγή
E12 Событие Производства
E12 生产
Herstellung
Production
Produção
Παραγωγή
Событие Производства
生产
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have some of their extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must have some of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely. If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P133 is spatiotemporally separated from also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available. This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive. Examples: - The “Urnfield” period (E4) spatiotemporally overlaps with the “Hallstatt” period (E4). (Gimbutas, 1965) In First Order Logic: - P132(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P132(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P132(x,y) ⇒ P132(y,x) - P132(x,y) ⇒ P132 (x,y) - P132(x,x)
P132 recoupe spatio-temporellement
P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with
recoupe spatio-temporellement
spatiotemporally overlaps with
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A. When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source. This property is asymmetric. Examples: - “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854) In First Order Logic: - P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x) - P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y) - P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y) - P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)
P73 a pour traduction
P73 has translation
P73 hat Übersetzung
P73 tem tradução
P73 έχει μετάφραση
P73 имеет перевод
P73 有译文
a pour traduction
has translation
hat Übersetzung
tem tradução
έχει μετάφραση
имеет перевод
有译文
Diese Klasse umfasst die numerische Information, mit der eine bestimmte Instanz der Klasse E53_Place innerhalb räumlicher Schemata lokalisiert werden kann. Eine Instanz der Klasse Geo-Koordinaten beschreibt die Lage eines Punktes auf der Erde in Form von Kugelkoordinaten bzw. GPS-Koordinaten. Beispiel: Die Stadt Nürnberg hat die Koordinaten 49° 27′ N , 11° 5′ O.
This class contains the numeric information with which a particular instance of the class E53_Place can be located within spatial schemata. An instance of class Geo-Coordinates describes the position of a point on earth in the form of spherical coordinates or GPS coordinates. Example: The city of Nuremberg has the coordinates 49° 27' N, 11° 5' O.
Geo-Koordinaten
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E57 Material foreseen to be used by an instance of E29 Design or Procedure. E29 Designs and procedures commonly foresee the use of particular instances of E57 Material. The fabrication of adobe bricks, for example, requires straw, clay and water. This property enables this to be documented. This property is not intended for the documentation of instances of E57 Materials that were used on a particular occasion when an instance of E29 Design or Procedure was executed. Examples of the inverse property: - The procedure for soda glass manufacture (E29) foresees use of soda (E57). (Brooks, 1973) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P68(x,y) ⇒ E29(x) - P68(x,y) ⇒ E57(y) - P68(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P68i usage prévu de
P68i use foreseen by
P68i vorgesehen für Gebrauch durch defined
P68i é empregado por
P68i συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται από
P68i обычно используется посредством
P68i 被预知使用
usage prévu de
use foreseen by
vorgesehen für Gebrauch durch defined
é empregado por
συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται από
обычно используется посредством
被预知使用
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining. Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of). Examples: - The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013) - The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997) - The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74). In First Order Logic: - P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x) - P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P143 a fait adhérer
P143 joined
P143 verband
P143 加入
a fait adhérer
joined
verband
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother. Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of E21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. Examples of the inverse property: - The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P96(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P96(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P96(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P96i a donné naissance à
P96i deu nascimento
P96i gave birth
P96i gebar
P96i ήταν μητέρα του/της
P96i дал рождение
P96i 生育
a donné naissance à
deu nascimento
gave birth
gebar
ήταν μητέρα του/της
дал рождение
生育
Scope note: This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability. They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure. Examples: - my photograph collection (E78) (fictitious) - the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22) (fictitious) - the Riss A1 plan of the Straßburger Münster (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) (E29) (Liess, R., 1985) - the thing on the top of Otto Hahn’s desk (E19) - the form of the no-smoking sign (E36) - the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E26) (Psimenos, 2005) In First Order Logic: - E70(x) ⇒ E77(x)
E70 Chose
E70 Coisa
E70 Sache
E70 Thing
E70 Πράγμα
E70 Вещь
E70 事物
Chose
Coisa
Sache
Thing
Πράγμα
Вещь
事物
Instances of this class include types of corporate bodies (nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body), e.g. - university - museum - research institute
Instanzen dieser Klasse umfassen Arten der Klasse Körperschaft (nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body), z.B. - Universität - Museum - Forschungsinstitut
Art der Körperschaft
Corporate Body Type
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary(1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property relates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E52 Time-Span that defines the time-slice of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to via the property P166 was a presence of (had presence). There are two typical cases for the determination of the related instance of E52 Time-Span. In the first, it is the temporal extent of an instance of E2 Temporal Entity (documented with P4 has time-span (is time-span of)): this then documents the simultaneity of the instance of E93 Presence and the instance of E2 Temporal Entity, even if the absolute time-span is not known, and can be regarded as a phenomenal time-span. In the second, the instance of E52 Time-Span is a date range declared in or derived from historical sources or provided by dating methods: this is a declarative time-span. Examples of the inverse property: - 2016-02-09 (E52) temporally specifies the last day of the 2016 Carnival in Cologne (E93). - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) is temporally specified by December 1755 (E52.) (Leppmann, 1970) - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) is temporally specified by 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E52). (Leppmann, 1970) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P164(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P164(x,y) ⇒ E52(y) - P164(x,y) ⇒ P160(x,y)
P164i spécifie temporellement
P164i temporally specifies
spécifie temporellement
temporally specifies
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity. This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)). Examples of the inverse property: - Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y) - P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P19i a été élaboré pour
P19i foi feito para
P19i was made for
P19i wurde hergestellt für
P19i έγινε για
P19i был создан для
P19i 用于
a été élaboré pour
foi feito para
was made for
wurde hergestellt für
έγινε για
был создан для
Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with a note detailing the scholarly or scientific opinions and justifications about the end of this time-span concerning certainty, precision, sources etc. This property may also be used to describe arguments constraining possible dates and to distinguish reasons for alternative dates. Examples: - The time-span of the Holocene (E52) end is qualified by “still ongoing” (E62). (Walker et al., 2009) In First Order Logic: - P80(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P80(x,y) ⇒ E62(y) - P80(x,y) ⇒ P3(x,y)
P80 a sa fin qualifiée par
P80 end is qualified by
P80 final é qualificado por
P80 hat Begründung des Endes
P80 τέλος προσδιορίζεται από
P80 конец ограничен
P80 结束限定
a sa fin qualifiée par
end is qualified by
final é qualificado por
hat Begründung des Endes
τέλος προσδιορίζεται από
конец ограничен
结束限定
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document. Examples: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious) - 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
P177 a assigné le type de propriété
P177 assigned property of type
a assigné le type de propriété
assigned property of type
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E32 Authority Document with an instance of E1 CRM Entity which it lists for reference purposes. Examples of the inverse property: - The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (E32) lists alcazars (E55). (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300006897) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P71(x,y) ⇒ E32(x) - P71(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P71(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P71i est énuméré par
P71i is listed in
P71i wird aufgelistet in
P71i é definido por
P71i περιλαμβάνεται σε
P71i перечислен в
P71i 列于
est énuméré par
is listed in
wird aufgelistet in
é definido por
περιλαμβάνεται σε
перечислен в
列于
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody. The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft. In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both. Examples: - Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10). In First Order Logic: - P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x) - P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P29 a confié la garde par
P29 custody received by
P29 custódia recebida por
P29 übertrug Gewahrsam auf
P29 μετεβίβασε κατοχή σε
P29 опека получена
P29 监护权转至
a confié la garde par
custody received by
custódia recebida por
übertrug Gewahrsam auf
μετεβίβασε κατοχή σε
опека получена
监护权转至
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E3 Condition State that was observed in an instance of E14 Condition Assessment activity. Examples of the inverse property: - The condition assessment of silver cup 232 in 1997 (E14) has identified oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) with oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious) - The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type fine (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type broken (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P35(x,y) ⇒E14(x) - P35(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - P35(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P35i a été identifié par
P35i foi identificado por
P35i was identified by
P35i wurde identifiziert durch
P35i έχει διαπιστωθεί από
P35i идентифицирован посредством
P35i 被标识
a été identifié par
foi identificado por
was identified by
wurde identifiziert durch
έχει διαπιστωθεί από
идентифицирован посредством
被标识
Scope note: This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items. It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity modelled as an instance of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a “taxon,” the type description as a “protologue,” and the exemplary specimens as “original element” or “holotype”. Examples: - creation of the taxon Penicillium brefeldianum (Dodge, 1933) - addition of class E85 Joining to the CIDOC CRM In First Order Logic: - E83(x) ⇒ E65(x)
E83 Criação de Tipo
E83 Création de type
E83 Type Creation
E83 Typuserfindung
E83 Δημιουργία Τύπου
E83 Создание Типа
E83 类型创建
Criação de Tipo
Création de type
Type Creation
Typuserfindung
Δημιουργία Τύπου
Создание Типа
类型创建
Scope note: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice. In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing. Examples: - Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963) - the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001) - the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 to 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015) In First Order Logic: - E2(x) ⇒ E1(x)
E2 Entidade Temporal
E2 Entité temporelle
E2 Geschehendes
E2 Temporal Entity
E2 Έγχρονη Οντότητα
E2 Временная Сущность
E2 时序实体
Entidade Temporal
Entité temporelle
Geschehendes
Temporal Entity
Έγχρονη Οντότητα
Временная Сущность
时序实体
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died. An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster. This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. Examples of the inverse property: - Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x) - P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y) - P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P100i died in
P100i est mort par
P100i morreu em
P100i starb in
P100i πέθανε σε
P100i умер в
P100i 死于
died in
est mort par
morreu em
starb in
πέθανε σε
умер в
死于
Scope note: This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing, such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation. Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction can be documented by classifying the event as both an instance of E6 Destruction and of E7 Activity. The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed, or modified is context-sensitive: 1. If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as an instance of E6 Destruction. 2. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not. 3. When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as an instance of E11 Modification. Examples: - the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (Camardo, 2013) - the destruction of Nineveh (E6, E7) (River, 2016) - the breaking of a champagne glass yesterday by my dog (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E6(x) ⇒ E64(x)
E6 Destruction
E6 Destruição
E6 Zerstörung
E6 Καταστροφή
E6 Разрушение
E6 破坏
Destruction
Destruição
Zerstörung
Καταστροφή
Разрушение
破坏
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(start) is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_09.png Figure 16: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_10.png Figure 17: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples: - Lerna III (E4) ends before or with the start of Lerna IV (E4). [“The site at Lerna probably was not left uninhabited for long after the destruction of the House of the Tiles and the raising of the tumulus. If there was a gap corresponding to the earliest stage of EH III in the Argolid, as has been suggested by some (see, e.g., Manning 1995: 55–60), it was a brief one. In Rutter’s view, the short life of the Fourth Settlement began ca. 2200/2150 b.c. and ended ca. 2050/2000 b.c.”] (Banks & Reese, 2013) - The use of LH I graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4) ends before or with the start of LH III phase of reuse of the graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4). [“…a possible hiatus in the occupation of certain sites such as the settlement of Krisa in Phocis, which was well occupied in the MH and LHIII periods. LHIIB pottery from this settlement has already been identified, but no certain example of LHIIA pottery.”] (Phialon 2018) In First Order Logic: - P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P182(x,y) ⇒ P176(x,y) - P182(x,y) ⇒ P185(x,y) - [P182(x,y) ⋀ P182(y,z) ⇒ P182(x,z)] - P182(x,y) ⇒ ¬P182(y,x)
P182 ends before or with the start of
P182 se termine avant ou au moment du début de
ends before or with the start of
se termine avant ou au moment du début de
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support. This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples of the inverse property: - Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22). - [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default] - Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22). - [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266] - Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266] - Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z) - [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)] - P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)] - P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)
P198i est contenu ou soutenu par
P198i is held or supported by
est contenu ou soutenu par
is held or supported by
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
P141 a attribué
P141 assigned
P141 atribuiu
P141 wies zu
P141 απέδωσε
P141 присвоил
P141 分配
a attribué
απέδωσε
присвоил
分配
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added during an instance of E79 Part Addition activity. Examples of the inverse property: - The insertion of the final nail (E79) added the last nail in George VI’s coffin (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P111(x,y) ⇒ E79(x) - P111(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P111(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)
P111i a été ajouté par
P111i foi adicionado por
P111i was added by
P111i wurde hinzugefügt durch
P111i προστέθηκε από
P111i был добавлен посредством
P111i 被增加
a été ajouté par
foi adicionado por
was added by
wurde hinzugefügt durch
προστέθηκε από
был добавлен посредством
被增加
Scope note: This class comprises instances of E7 Activity that are undertaken to create, alter or change instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. This class includes the production of an item from raw materials and other so far undocumented objects. It also includes the conservation treatment of an object. Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in an instance of E11 Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities. An activity undertaken on an object which was designed to alter it, but which, in fact, it did not in any seemingly significant way (such as the application of a solvent during conservation which failed to dissolve any part of the object), is still considered as an instance of E11 Modification. Typically, any such activity will leave at least forensic traces of evidence on the object. If the instance of E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material. Examples: - the construction of the SS Great Britain (E12) (Gregor, 1971) - the impregnation of the Vasa warship in Stockholm for preservation after 1956 (Håfors, 2010) - the transformation of the Enola Gay into a museum exhibit by the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC between 1993 and 1995 (E12, E81) (Yakel, 2000) - the last renewal of the gold coating of the Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan (Cali and Dougil, 2012) In First Order Logic: - E11(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E11 Bearbeitung
E11 Modification
E11 Modificação
E11 Τροποποίηση
E11 Событие Изменения
E11 修改
Bearbeitung
Modification
Modificação
Τροποποίηση
Событие Изменения
修改
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it. The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition. Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building. Examples: - The ornamentation of silver cup 232 (E11) used specific technique ‘Instructions for golden chase work by A N Other’ (E29). (fictitious) - The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) used specific technique Architectural plans by Foster and Partners (E29). (Foster, 2000) In First Order Logic: - P33(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P33(x,y) ⇒ E29(y) - P33(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)
P33 a mobilisé comme technique spécifique
P33 benutzte das bestimmte Verfahren
P33 used specific technique
P33 usou técnica específica
P33 χρησιμοποίησε συγκεκριμένη τεχνική
P33 использовал особую технику
P33 使用特定技术
a mobilisé comme technique spécifique
benutzte das bestimmte Verfahren
used specific technique
usou técnica específica
χρησιμοποίησε συγκεκριμένη τεχνική
использовал особую технику
使用特定技术
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
P140 a assigné l’attribut à
P140 assigned attribute to
P140 atribuiu atributo para
P140 wies Merkmal zu
P140 απέδωσε ιδιότητα σε
P140 присвоил атрибут для
P140 分配属性于
a assigné l’attribut à
assigned attribute to
atribuiu atributo para
wies Merkmal zu
απέδωσε ιδιότητα σε
присвоил атрибут для
分配属性于
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E57 Material foreseen to be used by an instance of E29 Design or Procedure. E29 Designs and procedures commonly foresee the use of particular instances of E57 Material. The fabrication of adobe bricks, for example, requires straw, clay and water. This property enables this to be documented. This property is not intended for the documentation of instances of E57 Materials that were used on a particular occasion when an instance of E29 Design or Procedure was executed. Examples: - The procedure for soda glass manufacture (E29) foresees use of soda (E57). (Brooks, 1973) In First Order Logic: - P68(x,y) ⇒ E29(x) - P68(x,y) ⇒ E57(y) - P68(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P68 foresees use of
P68 normalmente emprega
P68 prévoit l'usage de
P68 sieht den Gebrauch vor von
P68 συνήθως χρησιμοποιεί
P68 обычно применяет
P68 预知使用
foresees use of
normalmente emprega
prévoit l'usage de
sieht den Gebrauch vor von
συνήθως χρησιμοποιεί
обычно применяет
预知使用
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving. Examples of the inverse property: - The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013) - George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015) - The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated Greenland (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P145(x,y) ⇒ E86(x) - P145(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P145(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P145i est dissocié par
P145i left by
P145i wurde entlassen durch
P145i 留下
est dissocié par
left by
wurde entlassen durch
留下
Instances of this class describe the types of roles played by instances of the E39 Actor class in the context of instances of the “Actor Assignment” class. They serve to further contextualize the actor in complex events, e.g. the physical production of the Behaim Globe and the assignment of Hans Glockengießer with the role “Manufacturer of the Clay Sphere.”
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von Rollen von Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur im Kontext von Instanzen der Klasse "Akteurzuweisung". Sie dienen dazu, den Akteur weiter zu Kontextualisieren bei komplexen Ereignissen, z.B. die physische Herstellung des Behaim Globus und die Zuweisung von Hans Glockengießer mit der Rolle "Hersteller der Lehmkugel".
Role
Rolle
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity. For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre. Examples of the inverse property: - The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68). - The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
P17i a motivé
P17i motivated
P17i motivou
P17i regte an
P17i ήταν αφορμή
P17i обусловил
P17i 促动
a motivé
motivated
motivou
regte an
ήταν αφορμή
обусловил
促动
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric. Examples: - Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956) In First Order Logic: - P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y) - [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z) - P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)
P148 a pour composant
P148 has component
P148 hat Bestandteil
P148 有组件
a pour composant
has component
hat Bestandteil
有组件
Diese Klasse dient dazu, über Instanzen der Klasse Object getätigte Aussagen oder ihnen zugewiesene Eigenschaften bezüglich der Art ihrer Bezeichnung E41 Appellation aus Instanzen der Klasse Source Content zu dokumentieren. Beispiel: Ereignis der Zuweisung der Bezeichnung "Ain grosser Krokodil. Mangeln die beiden Vorderen Füsse" für das Objekt Präparat eines großen Krokodils ohne Vorderfüße in Quelle Anonymus B.
This class is used to document statements made about instances of the class Object or properties assigned to them regarding the nature of their E41 Appellation from instances of the class Source Content. Example: Event of the attribution of the designation "Ain big crocodile. Lack the two front feet" for Object specimen of a large crocodile without front feet in source Anonymus B.
Bezeichnungszuweisung
Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n) Scope note: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place. It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples: - The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016) In First Order Logic: - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - [P89(x,y) ∧ P89(y,z)] ⇒ P89(x,z) - P89(x,x)
P89 está contido em
P89 falls within
P89 fällt in
P89 s'insère dans
P89 περιέχεται σε
P89 содержится в
P89 位于
s'insère dans
Instances of this class describe the documented traces, layers, constructions, and materials found on the building or object. It forms the scientific basis (actual condition) for restoration concepts by identifying historical components, damage, alterations, and materials. Findings include visible and hidden aspects.
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die am Bauwerk oder Objekt vorgefundenen, dokumentierten Spuren, Schichten, Konstruktionen und Materialien. Er bildet die wissenschaftliche Basis (Ist-Zustand) für Restaurierungskonzepte, indem er historische Bauteile, Schäden, Veränderungen und Materialien identifiziert. Befunde umfassen sichtbare und verdeckte Aspekte.
Befund
Finding
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object. Examples: - The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001) In First Order Logic: - P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x) - P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P129 a pour sujet
P129 handelt über
P129 is about
P129 é sobre
P129 έχει ως θέμα
P129 касается
P129 有关
a pour sujet
handelt über
is about
é sobre
έχει ως θέμα
касается
有关
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor. The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind. Examples: - Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000) In First Order Logic: - P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P74 a pour résidence actuelle ou antérieure
P74 has current or former residence
P74 hat derzeitigen oder früheren Sitz
P74 reside ou residiu em
P74 έχει ή είχε κατοικία
P74 имеет текущее или бывшее местожительства
P74 有当前或曾经居住地
a pour résidence actuelle ou antérieure
has current or former residence
hat derzeitigen oder früheren Sitz
reside ou residiu em
έχει ή είχε κατοικία
имеет текущее или бывшее местожительства
有当前或曾经居住地
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events. Examples: - The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
P4 a pour intervalle temporel
P4 has time-span
P4 hat Zeitspanne
P4 tem período de tempo
P4 βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη
P4 имеет временной отрезок
P4 发生时段是
a pour intervalle temporel
has time-span
hat Zeitspanne
tem período de tempo
βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη
имеет временной отрезок
发生时段是
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E3 Condition State that was observed in an instance of E14 Condition Assessment activity. Examples: - The condition assessment of silver cup 232 in 1997 (E14) has identified oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) with oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious) - The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type fine (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type broken (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P35(x,y) ⇒E14(x) - P35(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - P35(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P35 a identifié
P35 has identified
P35 hat identifiziert
P35 identificou
P35 έχει διαπιστώσει
P35 идентифицировал
P35 有标识
a identifié
has identified
hat identifiziert
identificou
έχει διαπιστώσει
идентифицировал
有标识
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor. Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]]
P51i est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de
P51i is former or current owner of
P51i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Besitzer von
P51i é ou foi proprietário de
P51i είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της
P51i является бывшим или текущим владельцем для
P51i 是以往或当前所有者
est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de
is former or current owner of
ist früherer oder derzeitiger Besitzer von
é ou foi proprietário de
είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της
является бывшим или текущим владельцем для
是以往或当前所有者
Art_der_Datei
File_Type
Diese Klasse umfasst die kuratierte öffentliche Ausstellungen von Instanzen der Klasse Object, wobei es hier nicht um die zeitliche Dimension im Sinne eines Ereignisses geht, sondern vielmehr um die Konstellation physischer Gegenstände, wie Raum, Ausstellungsmobiliar und Objekte z.B. die Ausstellung der Berliner Kunstkammer 1930 in den Funkturmhallen bestehend aus drei Räumen.
This class comprises the curated public exhibitions of instances of the class Object, whereby the temporal dimension in the sense of an event is not the issue here, but rather the constellation of physical objects, such as space, exhibition furniture and objects e.g. the exhibition of the Berlin Kunstkammer 1930 in the Funkturmhallen consisting of three rooms.
Ausstellung
Exhibition
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition. Examples: - The formation of the House of Bourbon-Conti in 1581 (E66) was formed from House of Condé (E74). (Collectif & Musée d'art et d'histoire Louis-Senlecq, 1900) In First Order Logic: - P151(x,y) ⇒ E66(x) - P151(x,y) ⇒ E74(y) - P151(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P151 a été formé à partir de
P151 was formed from
a été formé à partir de
was formed from
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor. Examples of the inverse property: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]]
P49i est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de
P49i is former or current keeper of
P49i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von
P49i é ou foi guardador de
P49i κατέχει ή κατείχε
P49i является бывшим или текущим смотрителем для
P49i 是以往或当前保管者
est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de
is former or current keeper of
ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von
é ou foi guardador de
κατέχει ή κατείχε
является бывшим или текущим смотрителем для
是以往或当前保管者
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor. The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind. Examples of the inverse property: - Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x) - P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P74i est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de
P74i is current or former residence of
P74i ist derzeitiger oder früherer Sitz von
P74i é ou foi residência de
P74i είναι ή ήταν κατοικία του/της
P74i является текущим или бывшим местом жительства для
P74i 是当前或曾经居住地
est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de
is current or former residence of
ist derzeitiger oder früherer Sitz von
é ou foi residência de
είναι ή ήταν κατοικία του/της
является текущим или бывшим местом жительства для
是当前或曾经居住地
Scope note: This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration. Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning. Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies. Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span. When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known. Examples: - 1961 - From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996 - 14h30 to 16h22 4(th) July 1945 - 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999 - the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011) In First Order Logic: - E52(x) ⇒ E1(x)
E52 Intervalle temporel
E52 Período de Tempo
E52 Time-Span
E52 Zeitspanne
E52 Χρονικό Διάστημα
E52 Интервал Времени
E52 时段
Intervalle temporel
Período de Tempo
Time-Span
Zeitspanne
Χρονικό Διάστημα
Интервал Времени
时段
Scope note: This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality. These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms, or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object. Examples: - the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958) - the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36) - Domesday Book [a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror] (Hallam 1986) In First Order Logic: - E31(x) ⇒ E73(x)
E31 Document
E31 Documento
E31 Dokument
E31 Τεκμήριο
E31 Документ
E31 文献
Document
Documento
Dokument
Τεκμήριο
Документ
文献
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing. The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc. It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind. Examples of the inverse property: - The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020) - Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x) - P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y) - P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)
P102i est le titre de
P102i is title of
P102i ist der Titel von
P102i é título de
P102i είναι τίτλος του/της
P102i является заголовком для
P102i 题名是
est le titre de
is title of
ist der Titel von
é título de
είναι τίτλος του/της
является заголовком для
题名是
Diese Klasse dient dazu, Aussagen zum Werkstoff von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt anhand Instanzen der Klasse Quelleninhalt zu zu dokumentieren. Beispiel: Die Zuweisung des E57 Werkstoffs "Pflanzliches Material" im Kontext der Materialzuweisung für Object Fächer aus Palmblättern in Quelle Inventar 1694.
This class is used to document statements about the material of instances of the class Object based on instances of the class Source Content. Example: Assignment of the E57 material “Plant Material” in the context of material assignment for object fans made of palm leaves in source inventory 1694.
Material Assignment
Materialzuweisung
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples of the inverse property: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
P140i a reçu l’attribut par
P140i bekam Merkmal zugewiesen durch
P140i foi atribuído por
P140i was attributed by
P140i χαρακτηρίστηκε από
P140i получил атрибут посредством
P140i 接受属性
a reçu l’attribut par
bekam Merkmal zugewiesen durch
was attributed by
χαρακτηρίστηκε από
получил атрибут посредством
接受属性
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E70 Thing with an instance of E55 Type that describes the type of use that it was actually employed for. It allows the relationship between particular things, both physical and immaterial, and the general methods and techniques of real use to be documented. This may well be different from the intended functional purpose of the instance of E70 Thing (which can be documented with P103 was intended for (was intention of)). For example, it could be recorded that a particular wooden crate had a general use as a shelf support on a market stall even though it had been originally intended for carrying vegetables. The use of this property is intended to allow the documentation of usage patterns attested in historical records or through scientific investigation (for instance ceramic residue analysis). It should not be used to document the intended, and thus assumed, use of an object. Examples: - Tony Gill’s Ford Mustang (E22) had as general use transportation (E55). - The Egyptian unglazed vessel used in the 2003 study reported by Barnard et al. (E22) had as general use camel milk preparation (E55). (Barnard et al., 2007) In First Order Logic: - P101(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P101(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P101(x,y) ⇒ (∃z)[E7(z) ∧ P16i(,x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]
P101 a eu pour usage général
P101 had as general use
P101 hatte die allgemeine Verwendung
P101 tem como uso geral
P101 είχε ως γενική χρήση
P101 имел основное применение
P101 有一般用途
a eu pour usage général
had as general use
hatte die allgemeine Verwendung
tem como uso geral
είχε ως γενική χρήση
имел основное применение
有一般用途
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the relationship between a preparatory activity, an instance of E7 Activity and the instance of E5 Event that it is intended as a preparation for. This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events. P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that the activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, the unrealized intention should be documented using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure. Examples of the inverse property: - Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of the Ghent altar piece (E12). (Borchert, 2008) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P20(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P20(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)
P20i a été la finalité de
P20i era o propósito de
P20i war Zweck von
P20i was purpose of
P20i ήταν σκοπός του/της
P20i был целью для
P20i 是为了
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space. In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique. The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volume which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property and are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes. The spatial projection is unique with respect to the reference system. For instance, there is exactly one spatial projection of Lord Nelson’s dying relative to the ship HMS Victory, i.e. the location of his body relative to the ship HMS Victory at the time of his death. In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire. This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by). Examples: - The Roman Empire (E4) has spatial projection all areas ever claimed by Rome (E53). (Clare & Edwards, 1992) In First Order Logic: - P161(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P161(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - (∃y,z,u) [E92(x) ˄ E53(y) ˄ E53(z) ˄ E18(u) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ] ⇒ (x = y) - P161(x,y) ˄ E4(x) ⇒ P7(x,y)
P161 a pour projection spatiale
P161 has spatial projection
a pour projection spatiale
has spatial projection
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E57 Material employed in an instance of E11 Modification. The instance of E57 Material used during the instance of E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that forms the subject of the instance of E11 Modification. Examples: - The repairing of the Queen Mary (E11) employed Steel (E57). [Beginning October 1942] (Britton, 2012) - Distilled water (E57) was employed in the restoration of the Sistine Chapel (E11). (Pietrangeli, 1986) In First Order Logic: - P126(x,y) ⇒ E11(x) - P126(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)
P126 a employé
P126 employed
P126 empregou
P126 verwendete
P126 χρησιμοποίησε
P126 использовал
P126 使用
a employé
employed
empregou
verwendete
χρησιμοποίησε
использовал
使用
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody. The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft. In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both. Examples of the inverse property: - The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x) - P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)
P28i a cédé la garde par
P28i final da custódia por meio de
P28i surrendered custody through
P28i wurde Gewahrsam übergeben durch
P28i παρέδωσε κατοχή μέσω
P28i опека отдана через
P28i 出让监护权
a cédé la garde par
final da custódia por meio de
surrendered custody through
wurde Gewahrsam übergeben durch
παρέδωσε κατοχή μέσω
опека отдана через
出让监护权
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E61 Time Primitive with the instance of E52 Time-Span that constitutes the interpretation of the terms of the time primitive as an extent in absolute, real time. The quantification allows several instances of E61 Time Primitive that are each expressed in different syntactic forms, to define the same instance of E52 Time-Span. Examples of the inverse property: - “1800/1/1 0:00:00 – 1899/31/12 23:59:59” (E61) defines time the 19(th) century (E52). - “1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1” (E61) defines time 1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1 (E52). [an arbitrary time-span during which the Saint Titus reliquary was present in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P170(x,y) ⇒ E61(x) - P170(x,y) ⇒ E52(y) - P170(x, y) ⇒ P81i(x, y) ∧ P82i(x, y)
P170i temps défini par
P170i time is defined by
temps défini par
time is defined by
P81b Anfang vom Ende
P81b begin of the end
P81b começar do fim
P81b début de la fin
P81b αρχή του τέλους
P81b начать в конце
Anfang vom Ende
begin of the end
começar do fim
début de la fin
αρχή του τέλους
начать в конце
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of biological father. Note that biological fathers are not seen as necessary participants in the birth, whereas birth-giving mothers are (see P96 by mother (gave birth)). The Person being born is linked to the Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions. An instance of E67 Birth is normally (but not always) associated with one biological father. Examples: - King George VI (E21) was father for the birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67). (Parker, 2002) In First Order Logic: - P97(x,y) ⇒ E67(x) - P97(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
P97 de père
P97 from father
P97 gab Vaterschaft
P97 pelo pai
P97 είχε πατέρα
P97 от отца
P97 来自父亲
de père
from father
gab Vaterschaft
pelo pai
είχε πατέρα
от отца
来自父亲
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type. Examples of the inverse property: - The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]
P125i Objekt des Typus ... wurde benutzt in
P125i a été le type d’objet employé pour
P125i foi tipo do objeto usado em
P125i was type of object used in
P125i ήταν o τύπος αντικείμενου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε
P125i был типом объекта использованного в
P125i 是使用的对象类型
Objekt des Typus ... wurde benutzt in
a été le type d’objet employé pour
foi tipo do objeto usado em
was type of object used in
ήταν o τύπος αντικείμενου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε
был типом объекта использованного в
是使用的对象类型
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the identifier that was deassigned from an instance of E1 CRM Entity. De-assignment of an identifier may be necessary when an item is taken out of an inventory, a new numbering system is introduced or items are merged or split up. The same identifier may be deassigned on more than one occasion. Examples of the inverse property: - The identifier assignment on 31(st) July 2001 of the silver cup OXCMS:2001.1.32 (E15) deassigned “232” (E42). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P38(x,y) ⇒ E15(x) - P38(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P38(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P38i a été retiré par
P38i foi retirada a atribuição por
P38i was deassigned by
P38i wurde aufgehoben durch
P38i ακυρώθηκε από
P38i был отменен посредством
P38i 被取消
foi retirada a atribuição por
was deassigned by
wurde aufgehoben durch
ακυρώθηκε από
был отменен посредством
被取消
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time Examples: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975) In First Order Logic: - P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y) - P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ] - ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]
P50 a pour actant détenteur actuel
P50 has current keeper
P50 hat derzeitigen Betreuer
P50 é guardada por
P50 είναι στην κατοχή του
P50 имеет текущего смотрителя
P50 有当前保管者
a pour actant détenteur actuel
has current keeper
hat derzeitigen Betreuer
é guardada por
είναι στην κατοχή του
имеет текущего смотрителя
有当前保管者
Scope note: This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more different instances of E39 Actor, where the transferring party is completely compensated by the payment of a monetary amount. In more detail, a purchase agreement establishes a fixed monetary obligation at its initialization on the receiving party, to the giving party. An instance of E96 Purchase begins with the contract or equivalent agreement and ends with the fulfilment of all contractual obligations. In the case that the activity is abandoned before both parties have fulfilled these obligations, the activity is not regarded as an instance of E96 Purchase. This class is a very specific case of the much more complex social business practices of exchange of goods and the creation and satisfaction of related social obligations. Purchase activities which define individual sales prices per object can be modelled by instantiating E96 Purchase for each object individually and as part of an overall instance of E96 Purchase transaction. Examples: - the purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 in Thessaloniki (Syrmas, 1896) In First Order Logic: - E96(x) ⇒ E8(x)
E96 Achat
E96 Purchase
Achat
Purchase
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity. This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)). Examples: - Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981) Properties: - P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y) - P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P19 a été l’usage prévu de
P19 era prevista a utilização de
P19 war beabsichtigteter Gebrauch von
P19 was intended use of
P19 ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του
P19 был предполагаемым использованием для
P19 特定用途是
a été l’usage prévu de
era prevista a utilização de
war beabsichtigteter Gebrauch von
was intended use of
ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του
был предполагаемым использованием для
特定用途是
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution. The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned). Examples of the inverse property: - The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious) - The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious) - The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x) - P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
P141i a été attribué par
P141i foi atribuído por
P141i was assigned by
P141i wurde zugewiesen durch
P141i αποδόθηκε από
P141i был присвоен посредством
P141i 被分配
a été attribué par
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance or instances of E18 Physical Thing that are the result of an instance of E81 Transformation. New items replace the transformed item or items, which cease to exist as units of documentation. The physical continuity between the old and the new is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation. Examples: - The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) resulted in the City Hall of Heraklion (E24). [AND: has produced (P108) the City Hall of Heraklion (E22)] (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021) - The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) resulted in the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22,E20). [also: has produced (P108) the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22, E20).] (Carter & Mace 1977) - The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) resulted in petrified bodies (E20). [Some of these bodies could later be preserved in plaster.] In First Order Logic: - P123(x,y) ⇒ E81(x) - P123(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P123(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P123 a eu pour résultat
P123 ergab
P123 resulted in
P123 resultou em
P123 είχε ως αποτέλεσμα
P123 повлек появление
P123 结果造成
a eu pour résultat
ergab
resulted in
resultou em
είχε ως αποτέλεσμα
повлек появление
结果造成
Scope note: This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units. These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures. Examples: - Beethoven’s 5(th) Symphony (E73) (Lockwood, 2015) - Michelangelo’s David (E22) (Paoletti and Bagemihl, 2015) - Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (E89) (Hartle, 2003) - the taxon ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus,1758’ (E55) (Sinkevicius and Narusevicius, 2002) In First Order Logic: - E71(x) ⇒ E70(x)
E71 Chose élaborée par l’humain
E71 Human-Made Thing
Chose élaborée par l’humain
Human-Made Thing
Scope note: This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless of their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place, and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time. Examples: - the extent in space and time of the Event of Caesar’s murder (Irwin, 1935) - where and when the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 took place (Kouwenhoven, 1997) - the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location (Goodwin, 2015) - the extent in space and time defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6(th) and 9(th) August 2002 In First Order Logic: - E92(x) ⇒ E1(x)
E92 Spacetime Volume
E92 Volume spatio-temporel
Spacetime Volume
Volume spatio-temporel
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the dimension that was observed in an E16 Measurement Event. E54 Dimension can be any quantifiable aspect of E70 Thing. Weight, image colour depth and monetary value are dimensions in this sense. One measurement activity may determine more than one dimension of one object. Dimensions may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the measured Thing does not need to be present or extant. Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made. Examples of the inverse property: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) observed dimension silver cup 232 height (E54). [which has unit mm (E58), has value 224 (E60)] (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) observed dimension the carbon 14 based temporal distance from 1996 to the growth of the wood of the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E60). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niederachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also: E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P40(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P40(x,y)⇒ E54(y) - P40(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P40i a été relevé par
P40i foi verificada durante
P40i was observed in
P40i wurde beobachtet in
P40i παρατηρήθηκε από
P40i наблюдался в
P40i 被观测
a été relevé par
foi verificada durante
was observed in
wurde beobachtet in
παρατηρήθηκε από
наблюдался в
被观测
Instances of this class describe events in the object history in which instances of the “Object” class are the subject of a research project, such as projects funded by third-party funds from the German Research Foundation, but also projects financed from the research institutions' own funds in which specific questions are answered using scientific methods. The results often take the form of publications in the form of texts or data, 3D models, or even exhibitions. E.g., Focus Behaim Globe at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Behaim Globe E.g., the DFG project “The Window to Nature and Art,” which researched, among other things, the sculpture “The Great Elector as Saint George” from the Berlin State Museums, formerly part of the Berlin Kunstkammer collection.
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben Ereignisse in der Objektgeschichte, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Objekt" Gegenstand eines Forschungsprojektes sind, etwa drittmittelgeförderte Projekte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, aber auch aus Eigenmitteln von Forschungseinrichtungen finanzierte Vorhaben, bei denen bestimmte Fragestellungen mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden beantwortet werden. Als Ergebnis entstehen oft Publikationen in Form von Texten oder Daten, 3D Modelle oder auch Ausstellungen. Z.B. Focus Behaim Globus am Germanischen Nationalmuseum, anlässlich des 500 jährigen Jubiläums des Behaim Globus Z.B. Das DFG-Projekt "Das Fenster zur Natur und Kunst", bei dem u.a. die Skulptur "Der Große Kurfürst als Heiliger Georg" der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin und ehemals aus den Beständen der Berliner Kunstkammer erforscht wurde.
Forschungsaktivität
Research Activity
Scope note: This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives. These include reproduction and property rights. Examples: - copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127 - ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France In First Order Logic: - E30(x) ⇒ E89(x)
E30 Direitos
E30 Droit
E30 Recht
E30 Right
E30 Δικαίωμα
E30 Право
E30 权限
Direitos
Droit
Recht
Right
Δικαίωμα
Право
权限
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining. Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of). Examples of the inverse property: - The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013) - The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997) - The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x) - P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P143i a adhéré par
P143i was joined by
P143i wurde verbunden durch
P143i 被加入
a adhéré par
was joined by
wurde verbunden durch
被加入
P82b Ende vom Ende
P82b end of the end
P82b fim do fim
P82b fin de la fin
P82b τέλος του τέλους
P82b конец конец
Ende vom Ende
end of the end
fim do fim
fin de la fin
τέλος του τέλους
конец конец
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing. The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current. This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor. Examples: - The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74). In First Order Logic: - P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]]
P49 a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur
P49 has former or current keeper
P49 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Betreuer
P49 é ou foi guardada por
P49 είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του
P49 имеет бывшего или текущего смотрителя
P49 有以往或当前保管者
a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur
has former or current keeper
hat früheren oder derzeitigen Betreuer
é ou foi guardada por
είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του
имеет бывшего или текущего смотрителя
有以往或当前保管者
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance or instances of E18 Physical Thing that are the result of an instance of E81 Transformation. New items replace the transformed item or items, which cease to exist as units of documentation. The physical continuity between the old and the new is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation. Examples of the inverse property: - The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) resulted in the City Hall of Heraklion (E24). [AND: has produced (P108) the City Hall of Heraklion (E22)] (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021) - The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) resulted in the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22,E20). [also: has produced (P108) the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22, E20).] (Carter & Mace 1977) - The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) resulted in petrified bodies (E20). [Some of these bodies could later be preserved in plaster.] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P123(x,y) ⇒ E81(x) - P123(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P123(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P123i a résulté de
P123i ergab sich aus
P123i resultado de
P123i resulted from
P123i προέκυψε από
P123i был результатом
P123i 起因于
a résulté de
ergab sich aus
resultado de
resulted from
προέκυψε από
был результатом
起因于
Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E16 Measurement with the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it acted. The instance of E16 Measurement is specific to the measured object. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be measured more than once with different results, constituting different instances of E16 Measurement. Examples: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) measured silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) measured the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E22). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also, E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic: - P39(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P39(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)
P39 a mesuré
P39 measured
P39 mediu
P39 vermaß
P39 μέτρησε
P39 измерил
P39 测量了
a mesuré
measured
mediu
vermaß
μέτρησε
измерил
测量了
Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,1) Scope note: This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CIDOC CRM constructs. In particular, it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance, etc. Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CIDOC CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CIDOC CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. “construction”, “decoration”, etc. An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item. Examples: - Coffee mug – OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note “chipped at edge of handle” (E62) has type Condition (E55). (fictitious) Properties: - P3.1 has type: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P3(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P3(x,y) ⇒ E62(y) - P3(x,y,z) ⇒ [P3(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
P3 a pour note
P3 has note
P3 hat Anmerkung
P3 tem nota
P3 έχει επεξήγηση
P3 имеет примечание
P3 有注释
a pour note
has note
hat Anmerkung
tem nota
έχει επεξήγηση
имеет примечание
有注释
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x) - P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y) - P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z) - P10(x,x)
P10i contains
P10i contient
P10i contém
P10i enthält
P10i περιλαμβάνει
P10i содержит
P10i 包含
Scope note: This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor. The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of rights. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe: 1. the beginning of ownership 2. the end of ownership 3. the transfer of ownership 4. the acquisition from an unknown source 5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example, by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of “accession” differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these. Examples: - the collection of a hammerhead shark, genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes), by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on 25(th) March 1940. (Steinbeck, 2000) - the acquisition of El Greco’s “The Apostles Peter and Paul” by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. (https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/32730) - the loss of my stuffed Fringilla coelebs due to insect damage last year (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - E8(x) ⇒ E7(x)
E8 Acquisition
E8 Aquisição
E8 Erwerb
E8 Απόκτηση
E8 Событие Приобретения
E8 采访
Acquisition
Aquisição
Erwerb
Απόκτηση
Событие Приобретения
采访
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining. Although a joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well. Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of). The property P144.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group. Examples of the inverse property: - The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined with the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013) - The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined with the office of Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (E74) kind of member President (E55). (Galeotti, 1997) - The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined with EU (E74). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P144(x,y) ⇒ E85(x) - P144(x,y)⇒ E74(y) - P144(x,y,z) ⇒ [P144(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P144(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
P144i a accueilli le membre par
P144i erwarb Mitglied durch
P144i gained member by
P144i 获得成员
a accueilli le membre par
erwarb Mitglied durch
gained member by
获得成员
Diese Klasse dient dazu, über Instanzen der Klasse Object getätigte Aussagen über ihre Lokalisierung zu dokumentieren, etwa ihre Lokalisierung im Sammlungsraum, der Ort ihrer Entstehung, der Ort ihres Auffindens oder der Ort ihres Erwerbs.
This class is used to document statements made about the location of instances of the Object class, such as their location in the collection space, the place of their creation, the place where they were found, or the place where they were acquired.
Ortszuweisung
Place Assignment
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type. The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”. Examples of the inverse property: - The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x) - P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
P136i a fondé la création du type
P136i belegte
P136i suportou a criação de tipo
P136i supported type creation
P136i υποστήριξε τη δημιουργία τύπου
P136i поддержал создание типа
P136i 支持类型创建
a fondé la création du type
belegte
suportou a criação de tipo
supported type creation
υποστήριξε τη δημιουργία τύπου
поддержал создание типа
支持类型创建
Diese Klasse umfasst alle Arten von Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und Verwendungszwecken einer Instanz der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object), insb. bevor sie dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entzogen und in eine Sammlung oder einen Museumskontext eingingen. Beispiele: - Die Nutzung des Behaim Globus als Repräsentationsobjekt im Nürnberger Rathaus - Die Nutzung des Idia-Elfenbeinanhängers als Schutzobjekt bei Zeremonien im Königreich Benin
This class comprises all types of possible uses and purposes of an instance of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object), in particular before they were removed from the economic cycle and entered a collection or museum context. Examples: - The use of the Behaim globe as a representative object in Nuremberg City Hall - The use of the Idia ivory pendant as a protective object in ceremonies in the Kingdom of Benin
Nutzungsart
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E29 Design or Procedure that completely determines the production of instances of E18 Physical Thing. The resulting instances of E18 Physical Thing are considered exemplars of this instance of E99 Product Type when the process specified is correctly executed. Note that the respective instance of E29 Design or Procedure may not necessarily be fixed in a written/graphical form, and may require the use of tools or models unique to the product type. The same instance of E99 Product Type may be associated with several variant plans. Examples of the inverse property: - Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) has production plan the production plans for Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E29). (Rieger, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P187(x,y) ⇒ E99(x) - P187(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
P187i est le plan de production de
P187i is production plan for
est le plan de production de
is production plan for
This class describes the process of moving instances of the class E19 Physical Object to the destination point of instances of the class E53 Place, whereby the latter are assigned via instances of the class “Place Assignment.” In combination with instances of the class “Movement from,” this results in a detailed overall representation of the assignment of object movements.
Bewegung nach
Diese Klasse beschreibt den Prozess der Bewegung von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physisches Objekt hin zum Zielpunkt von Instanzen der Klasse E53 Place, wobei letztere über Instanzen der Klasse "Ortszuweisung" zugewiesen werden. In Kombination mit Instanzen der Klasse "Bewegung von" ergibt sich eine detaillierte Gesamtdarstellung der Zuweisung von Objektbewegungen.
Movement to
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody. The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an instance of E39 Actor to the custody of another instance of E39 Actor. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft. Examples: - The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10) transferred custody of paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E19). In First Order Logic: - P30(x,y) ⇒ E10(x) - P30(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
P30 a transféré la garde de
P30 transferida custódia de
P30 transferred custody of
P30 übertrug Gewahrsam über
P30 μετεβίβασε κατοχή του/της/των
P30 передало опеку на
P30 转移监护权的是
a transféré la garde de
transferida custódia de
transferred custody of
übertrug Gewahrsam über
μετεβίβασε κατοχή του/της/των
передало опеку на
转移监护权的是
Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note: This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it. It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type. Examples: - The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic: - P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x) - P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P92 a fait exister
P92 brachte in Existenz
P92 brought into existence
P92 trouxe à existência
P92 γέννησε
P92 создал
P92 导致存在的是
a fait exister
brachte in Existenz
brought into existence
trouxe à existência
γέννησε
导致存在的是
Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production. The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Examples: - The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011) In First Order Logic: - P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x) - P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)
P108 a produit
P108 has produced
P108 hat hergestellt
P108 produziu
P108 παρήγαγε
P108 произвел
P108 已产生了
a produit
has produced
hat hergestellt
produziu
παρήγαγε
произвел
已产生了
Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces. This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place. In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds: It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place. It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span. If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. Examples: - The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010) - Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.] In First Order Logic: - P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]
P156 occupe
P156 occupies
occupe
occupies
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed. Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human languages. This property allows these languages to be documented. Examples: - The United States Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18(th) Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017) In First Order Logic: - P72(x,y) ⇒ E33(x) - P72(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)
P72 a pour langue
P72 has language
P72 hat Sprache
P72 é da língua
P72 έχει γλώσσα
P72 имеет язык
P72 有语种
a pour langue
has language
hat Sprache
é da língua
έχει γλώσσα
имеет язык
有语种
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document. Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement. Examples of the inverse property: - The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P70(x,y) ⇒ E31(x) - P70(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P70(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)
P70i est documenté dans
P70i is documented in
P70i wird belegt in
P70i é documentado em
P70i τεκμηριώνεται σε
P70i документирован в
P70i 记录在
est documenté dans
is documented in
wird belegt in
é documentado em
τεκμηριώνεται σε
документирован в
记录在
Diese Klasse umfasst Zeichenketten oder Kodierungen, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) zugewiesen werden, um sie eindeutig und dauerhaft innerhalb des Sammlungskontexts zu identifizieren. Inventarnummern werden im Kontext von Instanzen der Klasse Identifikatorzuweisung (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment) zugewiesen. Identifikatorzuweisungen wiederum finden innerhalb von Objektdokumentationen (nfdi4objects:Object_Documenttion) statt, die ein wesentliches Ereignis innerhalb der Museums-/Sammlungszugehörigkeit (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) darstellen. Beispiele: - GNM WI1826 - GNG 02560
This class comprises character strings or encodings that are assigned to instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the collection context. Inventory numbers are assigned in the context of instances of the class Identifier Assignment (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment). Identifier assignments in turn take place within object documentations (nfdi4objects:Object_Documenttion), which represent an essential event within the museum/collection affiliation (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation). Examples: - GNM WI1826 - GNG 02560
Inventarnummer
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was diminished by an instance of E80 Part Removal. Although an instance of E80 Part removal activity normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single instance of E80 Part Removal activity. Examples of the inverse property: - The coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22) was diminished by the opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80). (Carter, 2014) - The coral of the Cocos Islands (E20) was diminished by the removal of the Porite coral specimen by Charles Darwin (E80). (Natural History Museum, 2010, b) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P112(x,y) ⇒ E80(x) - P112(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P112(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
P112i a été diminué par
P112i foi diminuído por
P112i was diminished by
P112i wurde vermindert durch
P112i εξαλείφθηκε από
P112i был уменьшен посредством
P112i 被减少
a été diminué par
foi diminuído por
was diminished by
wurde vermindert durch
εξαλείφθηκε από
был уменьшен посредством
被减少
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period. The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations. Any place where something happened includes the spatial projection of the happening given in the same geometric reference system. For instance, HMS Victory, as place of Lord Nelson's dying, includes the location of his body relative to the hull of HMS Victory at his time of death as the most precise location of his death. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection, an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections to respective reference systems, that is, instances of E53 Place. Therefore, this property implies the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place, where both places are defined in the same geometric reference system. The relation between an instance of E53 Place and its reference system can conveniently be documented via the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for). Something that has happened at a given place can also be considered to have happened at a smaller place within it: for example, it is reasonable to say Caesar’s murder took place in Rome, but also on the Forum Romanum, and more precisely in the Curia. It is characteristic for different historical sources to use varying precision in such statements, without being in contradiction with each other. This may be due to lack of knowledge or to the relevance of the precision for the purpose of the statement. In information integration, the more precise statement improves the overall knowledge. Examples: - The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004) In First Order Logic: - P7(x,y) ⇒ E4(x) - P7(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P7(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u) [P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)] - [E4(x) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(v,u) ˄ P7(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,v) ˄ P89(v,y)] ⇒ P7(x,v)
P7 a eu lieu dans
P7 fand statt in
P7 ocorreu em
P7 took place at
P7 έλαβε χώρα σε
P7 совершался на
P7 发生地在
a eu lieu dans
fand statt in
ocorreu em
took place at
έλαβε χώρα σε
совершался на
发生地在
Diese Klasse beschreibt das Ereignis der Beauftragung der ideellen und physischen Erschaffung von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt durch einen Akteur. Die Beauftragung wird im Kontext der Entstehungsgeschichte des Objekts als Teilereignis modelliert. Z.B. die Beauftragung des Behaim Globus durch den Rat der Stadt Nürnberg und seine Ratsmitglieder.
This class describes the event of commissioning the conceptual and physical creation of instances of the Object class by an actor. The commissioning is modeled as a sub-event in the context of the object's history. For example, the commissioning of the Behaim Globe by the City Council of Nuremberg and its council members.
Beauftragung
Commissioning
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier. This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment. This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier. It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation. Examples: - The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017) - Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013) In First Order Logic: - P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y) - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)] - P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]
P1 est identifié par
P1 is identified by
P1 wird bezeichnet als
P1 é identificado por
P1 αναγνωρίζεται ως
P1 идентифицируется посредством
P1 被标识为
est identifié par
is identified by
wird bezeichnet als
é identificado por
αναγνωρίζεται ως
идентифицируется посредством
被标识为
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E16 Measurement with the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it acted. The instance of E16 Measurement is specific to the measured object. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be measured more than once with different results, constituting different instances of E16 Measurement. Examples of the inverse property: - The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) measured silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) measured the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E22). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also, E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P39(x,y) ⇒ E16(x) - P39(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)
P39i a été mesuré par
P39i foi medida por
P39i was measured by
P39i wurde vermessen durch
P39i μετρήθηκε από
P39i был измерен посредством
P39i 被测量
a été mesuré par
foi medida por
was measured by
wurde vermessen durch
μετρήθηκε από
был измерен посредством
被测量
Scope note: This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts, in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes. E55 Type provides an interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties. Examples: - weight, length, depth [types for instances of E54 Dimension] - portrait, sketch, animation [types for instances of E36 Visual Item] - French, English, German [types for instances of E56 Language] - excellent, good, poor [types for instances of E3 Condition State] - Ford Model T, chop stick [types for instances of E22 Human-Made Object] - cave, doline, scratch [types for instances of E26 Physical Feature] - poem, short story [types for instances of E33 Linguistic Object] - wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types for instances of E5 Event] In First Order Logic: - E55(x) ⇒ E28(x)
E55 Tipo
E55 Type
E55 Typus
E55 Τύπος
E55 Тип
E55 类型
Tipo
Type
Typus
Τύπος
Тип
类型
Scope note: This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group. If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity. Examples: - the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964) - the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001) In First Order Logic: - E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)
E68 Dissolution
E68 Dissolução
E68 Gruppenauflösung
E68 Διάλυση Ομάδας
E68 Роспуск
E68 解散
Dissolution
Dissolução
Gruppenauflösung
Διάλυση Ομάδας
Роспуск
解散
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E41 Appellation with another instance of E41 Appellation that constitutes a derivative or variant of the former and that may also be used for identifying items identified by the former, in suitable contexts, independent from the particular item to be identified. This property should not be confused with additional variants of names used characteristically for a single, particular item, such as individual nicknames. It is a directed relationship, where the range expresses the derivative or variant and the domain the source of derivation or original form of variation, if such a direction can be established. Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric. Multiple names assigned to an object, which do not apply to all things identified with the specific instance of E41 Appellation, should be modelled as repeated values of P1 is identified by (identifies) of this object. P139.1 has type allows the type of derivation to be refined, for instance “transliteration from Latin 1 to ASCII”. Examples of the inverse property: - “Martin Doerr” (E41) has alternative form “Martin Dörr” (E41) has type alternate spelling (E55). - “Гончарова, Наталья Сергеевна” (E41) has alternative form "Gončarova, Natal´â Sergeevna" (E41) has type ISO 9:1995 transliteration (E55). - “Αθήνα” (E41) has alternative form “Athina” (E41) has type transcription (E55). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(x) - P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(y) - P139(x,y,z) ⇒ [P139(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - ¬P139(x,x)
P139i est la forme alternative de
P139i is alternative form of
est la forme alternative de
is alternative form of
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it. It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type. Examples of the inverse property: - The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x) - P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P92i a commencé à exister par
P92i passou a existir por
P92i was brought into existence by
P92i wurde in Existenz gebracht durch
P92i γεννήθηκε από
P92i был создан посредством
P92i 使导致存在
a commencé à exister par
passou a existir por
was brought into existence by
wurde in Existenz gebracht durch
γεννήθηκε από
使导致存在
P82a Anfang des Anfangs
P82a begin of the begin
P82a começar do início
P82a début du début
P82a αρχή της αρχής
P82a начать с начала
Anfang des Anfangs
begin of the begin
começar do início
début du début
αρχή της αρχής
начать с начала
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E70 Thing with an instance of E55 Type that describes the type of use that it was actually employed for. It allows the relationship between particular things, both physical and immaterial, and the general methods and techniques of real use to be documented. This may well be different from the intended functional purpose of the instance of E70 Thing (which can be documented with P103 was intended for (was intention of)). For example, it could be recorded that a particular wooden crate had a general use as a shelf support on a market stall even though it had been originally intended for carrying vegetables. The use of this property is intended to allow the documentation of usage patterns attested in historical records or through scientific investigation (for instance ceramic residue analysis). It should not be used to document the intended, and thus assumed, use of an object. Examples of the inverse property: - Tony Gill’s Ford Mustang (E22) had as general use transportation (E55). - The Egyptian unglazed vessel used in the 2003 study reported by Barnard et al. (E22) had as general use camel milk preparation (E55). (Barnard et al., 2007) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P101(x,y) ⇒ E70(x) - P101(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P101(x,y) ⇒ (∃z)[E7(z) ∧ P16i(,x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]
P101i a été l'usage général de
P101i foi uso de
P101i war die Verwendung von
P101i was use of
P101i ήταν χρήση του/της
P101i был применением для
P101i 被用于
a été l'usage général de
foi uso de
war die Verwendung von
was use of
ήταν χρήση του/της
был применением для
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically overlaps with the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. A use case of this property is to state through which places an object or an instance of E21 Person has or was moved within a given time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P121 overlaps with, to E53 Place. Examples of the inverse property: - Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) covered parts of Paestum, Italy (E53). (Wiencke, 1998) - The Byzantine Empire 1013 AD (E93) covered parts of The Italian Peninsula (E53). (Browning, 1980) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P197(x,y) ⇒ E93(x) - P197(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
P197i a été partiellement couvert par
P197i was partially covered by
a été partiellement couvert par
was partially covered by
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an instance of E14 Condition Assessment. Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the instance of E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant at the time of assessment. Examples: - The condition assessment of the silver collection in 1997 (E14) concerned silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious) - The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) - The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - P34(x,y) ⇒ E14(x) - P34(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P34(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)
P34 a porté sur
P34 betraf
P34 concerned
P34 interessada
P34 αφορούσε σε
P34 имел дело с
P34 已评估
a porté sur
betraf
concerned
interessada
αφορούσε σε
имел дело с
已评估
Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move. A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s). Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at. Examples: - The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53). In First Order Logic: - P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x) - P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]
P27 a déplacé depuis
P27 bewegte weg von
P27 locomoveu de
P27 moved from
P27 μετακινήθηκε από
P27 перемещен из
P27 移自
a déplacé depuis
bewegte weg von
locomoveu de
moved from
перемещен из
移自
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity. These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Examples: - The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y) - P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)
P32 a mobilisé comme technique générale
P32 benutzte das allgemeine Verfahren
P32 used general technique
P32 usou técnica geral
P32 χρησιμοποίησε γενική τεχνική
P32 использовал общую технику
P32 使用通用技术
a mobilisé comme technique générale
benutzte das allgemeine Verfahren
used general technique
usou técnica geral
χρησιμοποίησε γενική τεχνική
использовал общую технику
使用通用技术
Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Quellen bzw. ihrer Inhalte Source Content, die aus der Funktion der Quelle bzw. der Intention, aus der sie angelegt wurden, abgeleitet sind, z.B. - Inventar - Verzeichnis - Katalog - Reisejournal - Museumsführer - Fotografie
This class includes the types of sources or their contents Source Content derived from the function of the source or the intention from which they were created, e.g. - Inventory - Directory - Catalogue - Travel Journal - Museum guide - Photograph
Art_des_Quelleninhalts
Source Content Type
Scope note: This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived. Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity. In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae. Examples: - Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979) - Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006) In First Order Logic: - E21(x) ⇒ E20(x) - E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)
E21 Person
E21 Personne
E21 Pessoa
E21 Πρόσωπο
E21 Личность
E21 人物
Person
Personne
Pessoa
Πρόσωπο
Личность
人物
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof. Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor. The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group. Examples: - László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012) - National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971) - The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004) Properties: - P107.1 kind of member: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x) - P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]
P107 a pour membre actuel ou antérieur
P107 has current or former member
P107 hat derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied
P107 tem ou teve membro
P107 έχει ή είχε μέλος
P107 имеет действующего или бывшего члена
P107 有当前或以往成员
a pour membre actuel ou antérieur
has current or former member
hat derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied
tem ou teve membro
έχει ή είχε μέλος
имеет действующего или бывшего члена
有当前或以往成员
Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E53 Place with an instance of E94 Space Primitive that defines it. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of E94 Space Primitive defining exactly the same place. Transformations between different reference systems always result in new definitions of places approximating each other and not in alternative definitions. Examples: - The centroid from https://sws.geonames.org/735927 (E53) place is defined by 40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E (E94). [A single point for approximating the centre of the city of Kastoria, Greece] - Martin’s coordinates for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°30'23"N 21°14'53"E, 40°31'40"N 21°16'43"E (E94). [A square covering the built settlement structure of Kastoria, Greece] - Martin’s centroid for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°31'01.5"N 21°15'48"E (E94). [A point in the lake of Kastoria in the centre of the area covered by the city] - The position measured by Alexander von Humboldt for the Plaza Mayor in Cumaná, Sucre, Venezuela 1799-1800AD (E53) place is defined by 10°27'52"N 66°30'02"W (E94). [West of the Observatory of Paris = 64°09'51"W of Greenwich, actually 1.1km east of today’s Plaza Andrés Eloy Blanco of Cumaná] (Humboldt, 1859) In First Order Logic: - P168(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P168(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)
P168 lieu défini par
P168 place is defined by
lieu défini par
place is defined by
Diese Klasse umfasst Abschnitte von Instanzen der Klasse Source Content, z.B. - "Zwey Waßer Saphyr Körner" aus Eingangsbuch 1688/1692b, fol. 4v - "Ein Baum, worinnen ein Hirsch-Geweih stecket, welches in Preußisch Litthauen in einem Walde gefunden worden, davon man aber nicht eigentlich urtheilen kan, wie es dahin gekommen." aus Küster 1756, S. 20
This class comprises sections of Instances of K5 Source Content, e.g. - "Zwey Waßer Saphyr Körner" aus Eingangsbuch 1688/1692b, fol. 4v - "Ein Baum, worinnen ein Hirsch-Geweih stecket, welches in Preußisch Litthauen in einem Walde gefunden worden, davon man aber nicht eigentlich urtheilen kan, wie es dahin gekommen." aus Küster 1756, S. 20
Sektion des Quelleninhalts
Source Content Section
Diese Klasse umfasst Ereignisse, die die Deakzession von Instanzen der Klasse E22 Human made Object aus Instanzen der Klasse Collection beschreiben, z.B. die Abgabe des Narwalzahns aus der Berliner Kunstkammer an die Franckeschen Stiftungen Halle.
This class includes events describing the deacession of instances of the class E22 Han made Object from instances of the class Collection, e.g. the transfer of the narwhal's tooth from the Berlin Kunstkammer to the Francke Foundations Halle.
Deaccession
Deakzession
Quantification of the inverse property: one to one (1,1:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension. Examples of the inverse property: - The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)
P191i was duration of
P191i était la durée de
was duration of
était la durée de
Scope note: This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects. Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not. Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature. This definition coincides with the definition of “fiat objects”, with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000). Examples: - the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (Psimenos. 2005) - the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock (E25) (Hawass, 2000) - Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great (E25) (Strauss, 1974) - the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza (Temple, 2009) - Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery In First Order Logic: - E26(x) ⇒ E18(x)
E26 Característica Material
E26 Caractéristique physique
E26 Materielles Merkmal
E26 Physical Feature
E26 Υλικό Μόρφωμα
E26 Физический Признак
E26 物理特征
Característica Material
Caractéristique physique
Materielles Merkmal
Physical Feature
Υλικό Μόρφωμα
Физический Признак
物理特征
Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded. More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time. Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance. The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property. Examples of the inverse property: - The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x) - P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)
P48i est l’identifiant préférentiel de
P48i is preferred identifier of
P48i ist bevorzugtes Kennzeichen für
P48i é o identificador preferido de
P48i είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό
P48i является предпочтительным идентификатором для
P48i 是优选标识符
est l’identifiant préférentiel de
is preferred identifier of
ist bevorzugtes Kennzeichen für
é o identificador preferido de
είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό
является предпочтительным идентификатором для
是优选标识符
Diese Klasse umfasst die Aktionen der Dokumentation, Zeitpunkt der Vergabe einer Inventarnummer oder die Erarbeitung eines Zustandsprotokolls zu einem Objekt durch den Kurator oder einen Sammlungsmitarbeiter. Beispiel: Eingabe eines Objektdatensatzes in die Datenbank der Sammlung durch Mitarbeiter XY.
This class comprises the documentation actions, the time at which an inventory number is assigned or the creation of a status log for an object by the curator or a collection employee. Example: Entry of an object data record in the collection database by employee XY.
Diese Klasse bildet ein Teilereignis im Rahmen der Klasse E10 Übertragung des Gewahrsams. Dabei wird der Teilprozess beschrieben, bei dem Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur den Gewahrsam von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physischer Gegenstand empfangen, und damit im Rahmen der Erwerbskette zum Nachbesitzenden werden. Den zugehörigen Teilprozess, bei dem die Abgabe des Gewahrsams durch den Vorbesitzende Akteur beschrieben wird, beschreiben Instanzen der Klasse "Abgabe des Gewahrsams".
This class forms a sub-event within the context of class E10 Transfer of Custody. It describes the sub-process in which instances of class E39 Actor receive custody of instances of class E19 Physical Object, thereby becoming the subsequent owner within the context of the acquisition chain. The associated sub-process, which describes the transfer of custody by the previous owner actor, is described by instances of the class “Surrender of Custody”.
Empfang des Gewahrsams
Receivement of Custody
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it. In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier. This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation. Examples of the inverse property: - The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x) - P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y) - P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P93i a cessé d’exister par
P93i deixou de existir
P93i was taken out of existence by
P93i wurde seiner Existenz beraubt durch
P93i αναιρέθηκε από
P93i прекратил существование посредством
P93i 被结束存在
a cessé d’exister par
deixou de existir
was taken out of existence by
wurde seiner Existenz beraubt durch
αναιρέθηκε από
прекратил существование посредством
被结束存在
Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property links an instance of E6 Destruction to an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been destroyed by it. Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. An instance of E6 Destruction may be contiguous with an instance of E12 Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object. Examples of the inverse property: - The Tay Bridge Disaster (E6) destroyed the Tay Bridge (E22). (Thomas, 1972) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P13(x,y) ⇒ E6 (x) - P13(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P13(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)
P13i a été détruit par
P13i foi destruído por
P13i was destroyed by
P13i wurde zerstört durch
P13i καταστράφηκε από
P13i был уничтожен посредством
P13i 被破坏
a été détruit par
foi destruído por
was destroyed by
wurde zerstört durch
καταστράφηκε από
был уничтожен посредством
被破坏
Scope note: This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor. In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings, and maps. Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location. Examples: - the Amazon river basin (Hegen, 1966) - Knossos (Evans, 1921) - the Apollo 11 landing site (Siegler and Smrekar, 2014) - Heathrow Airport (Wicks, 2014) - the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete (Watrous, 2012) - the island of Crete In First Order Logic: - E27(x) ⇒ E26(x)
E27 Gelände
E27 Lugar
E27 Site
E27 Φυσικός Χώρος
E27 Участок
E27 场地
Gelände
Lugar
Site
Φυσικός Χώρος
Участок
场地
An instance of the Image class visually represents instances of other classes, such as Object (nfdi4objects:Object) or E21 Person, which are usually digital photographs or scans with the file extensions TIFF or PNG. Example: The digital image represents the "Behaim globe" (object) and can be found at the URL https://... (URL).
Eine Instanz der Klasse Bild repräsentiert visuell Instanzen anderer Klassen, wie beispielsweise Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) oder E21 Person. Dabei handelt es sich üblicherweise um digitale Fotografien oder Scans mit den Dateiendungen TIFF oder PNG. Beispiel: Die digitale Aufnahme (Image) stellt den "Behaim Globus" (Objekt) dar und ist unter der URL https://… (URL) zu finden.
Bild
Instances of the Iconographic Motif class include motifs or symbols that are attached to instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) and are assigned or interpreted in the context of iconographic assignments (nfdi4objects:Iconography_Assignment). The iconographic description or the assignment of iconographic motifs is a method of art history. Iconographic motifs are usually assigned in the context of research projects (nfdi4objects:Research_Activity) or object documentation (nfdi4objects:Object_Documentation). Iconclass or Getty Iconography Authority is generally used as the Authorityfile (nfdi4objects:Authorityfile) for the standardized referencing of the respective iconographic motifs. Example: The motive of St. George, on which the statue "The Great Elector Frederick William as St. George" is based, which is now in the Sculpture Collection and Museum of Byzantine Art of the National Museums in Berlin under inventory number 856.
Instanzen der Klasse Ikonografisches Motiv umfassen Motive oder Symbole, die auf Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) angebracht sind, und im Kontext von ikonografischen Zuweisungen (nfdi4objects:Iconography_Assignment) zugewiesen oder gedeutet werden. Die ikonografische Beschreibung bzw. die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive ist eine Methode der Kunstgeschichte. Die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive erfolgt in der Regel im Kontext von Forschungsprojekten (nfdi4objects:Research_Activity) oder bei der Objektdokumentation (nfdi4objects:Object_Documentation). Als Normdatei (nfdi4objects:Authorityfile) zur standardisierten Referenzierung der jeweiligen ikonografischen Motive wird in der Regel Iconclass oder Getty Iconography Authority verwendet. Beispiel: Das Motiv des Heiligen Georg, das der Statue "Der Große Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm als heiliger Georg" zugrunde liegt, die sich heute unter der Inventarnummer 856 in der Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin befindet.
Ikonografisches Motiv
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place geometrically overlapping it. It does not specify anything about the shared area. This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P121 overlaps with have ever covered a common area at the same time or even coexisted. In contrast, spatiotemporal overlaps described by P132 spatiotemporally overlaps are the total of areas simultaneously covered by the related spacetime volumes. This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive. Examples: - The territory of the United States as in 2020 (E53) overlaps with the Arctic (E53). (Gannett et al., 1904) - The maximal extent of the Kingdom of Greece (1832-1973) (E53) overlaps with the maximal extent of the Republic of Turkey (29(th) October 1923 to now) (E53). In First Order Logic: - P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P121(x,y) ⇒ P121(y,x) - P121(x,x)
P121 overlaps with
P121 se superpose partiellement à
P121 sobrepõe com
P121 überlappt mit
P121 επικαλύπτεται με
P121 пересекается с
P121 重叠于
overlaps with
se superpose partiellement à
sobrepõe com
überlappt mit
επικαλύπτεται με
пересекается с
重叠于
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity. In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true. This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185. This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}. This property is irreflexive https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B Examples of the inverse property: - The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x) - P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y) - P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y) - ¬P184(x,x)
P184i ends with or after the end of
P184i se termine au moment de ou après la fin de
ends with or after the end of
se termine au moment de ou après la fin de
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location. In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation. This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place. Examples of the inverse property: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]]
P53i est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de
P53i is former or current location of
P53i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Standort von
P53i é ou foi localização de
P53i είναι ή ήταν θέση του
P53i является текущим или бывшим местоположением для
P53i 是之前或当前位置
est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de
is former or current location of
ist früherer oder derzeitiger Standort von
é ou foi localização de
είναι ή ήταν θέση του
является текущим или бывшим местоположением для
是之前或当前位置
Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with a note detailing the scholarly or scientific opinions and justifications about the certainty, precision, sources etc. of its beginning. Such notes may also be used to elaborate arguments about constraints or to give explanations of alternatives. Examples: - The time-span of the Holocene (E52) beginning is qualified by “The formal definition and dating of the GSSP (GlobalStratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records” (E62). (Walker et al., 2009) In First Order Logic: - P79(x,y) ⇒ E52(x) - P79(x,y) ⇒ E62(y) - P79(x,y) ⇒ P3(x,y)
P79 a son début qualifié par
P79 beginning is qualified by
P79 hat Anfangsbegründung
P79 início é qualificado por
P79 αρχή προσδιορίζεται από
P79 начало ограничено
P79 起始限定
a son début qualifié par
beginning is qualified by
hat Anfangsbegründung
início é qualificado por
αρχή προσδιορίζεται από
начало ограничено
起始限定
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event. It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction. The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait. Examples of the inverse property: - Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018) - Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y) - P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
P11i a participé à
P11i nahm Teil an
P11i participa em
P11i participated in
P11i συμμετείχε σε
P11i участвовал в
P11i 参与
nahm Teil an
participa em
συμμετείχε σε
участвовал в
参与
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place. It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places. This property is transitive and reflexive. Examples of the inverse property: - The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(x) - P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - [P89(x,y) ∧ P89(y,z)] ⇒ P89(x,z) - P89(x,x)
P89i contains
P89i contient
P89i contém
P89i enthält
P89i περιέχει
P89i содержит
P89i 包括
Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition. Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses. Examples of the inverse property: - The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state) - The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x) - P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
P110i a été augmenté par
P110i foi aumentada por
P110i was augmented by
P110i wurde erweitert durch
P110i επαυξήθηκε από
P110i был увеличен посредством
P110i 被增强
a été augmenté par
foi aumentada por
was augmented by
wurde erweitert durch
επαυξήθηκε από
был увеличен посредством
被增强
Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben menschliche Gruppen oder Gemeinschaften, die ein gemeinsames Ziel verfolgen oder gemeinsame Werte oder Kultur teilen. Im Gegensatz zu Körperschaften sind sie nicht im modernen Sinn institutionell verankert. Beispiele: Herkunftsgesellschaften Ethnische Gruppen der historische Rat der Stadt Nürnberg die Werkstatt Lucas Cranach
Gruppe_Gesellschaft
Society of Origin
Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1) Scope note: This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing. This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom. An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples: - Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x) - P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y) - P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]
P44 a pour état matériel
P44 has condition
P44 hat Zustand
P44 tem estado material
P44 έχει κατάσταση
P44 имеет условие
P44 有状况
a pour état matériel
has condition
hat Zustand
tem estado material
έχει κατάσταση
имеет условие
有状况
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type. The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”. Examples: - The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918) Properties: - P136.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type In First Order Logic: - P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x) - P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)] - P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
P136 a été fondé sur
P136 foi baseado em
P136 stützte sich auf
P136 was based on
P136 βασίστηκε σε
P136 был основан на
P136 基于
a été fondé sur
foi baseado em
stützte sich auf
was based on
βασίστηκε σε
был основан на
基于
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This is a high-level property, which captures the relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and anything, that is, an instance of E1 CRM Entity, that may have had some bearing upon it. The property has more specific subproperties. Examples: - The designing of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (E7) was influenced by the Tyne Bridge (E22). (Dorman Long, 1932) In First Order Logic: - P15(x,y) ⇒ E7(x) - P15(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
P15 a été influencé par
P15 foi influenciado por
P15 was influenced by
P15 wurde beeinflußt durch
P15 επηρεάστηκε από
P15 находился под влиянием
P15 被影响
a été influencé par
foi influenciado por
was influenced by
wurde beeinflußt durch
επηρεάστηκε από
находился под влиянием
被影响
Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment. The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion. An identifier might be created prior to an assignment. Examples: - The identifier assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned “232” (E42) (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - P37(x,y) ⇒ E15(x) - P37(x,y) ⇒ E42(y) - P37(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)
P37 a assigné
P37 assigned
P37 atribuiu
P37 wies zu
P37 απέδωσε
P37 назначил
P37 分配了
分配了
Diese Klasse dient dazu, über Instanzen der Klasse Object getätigte Aussagen oder ihnen zugewiesene Eigenschaften bezüglich der Art ihrer Herstellungstechnik aus Instanzen der Klasse Source Content zu dokumentieren. Beispiel: die Zuweisung der Technik "geschnitten" für das Objekt "Der Große Kurfürst als Heiliger Georg" laut dem Reisebericht von Silbermann "[...] die aus hartem Eißen geschnittene kleine Statua [...]".
This class serves to document statements made about instances of the Object class or properties assigned to them regarding the type of production technique used, based on instances of the Source Content class. Example: the assignment of the technique “cut” for the object “The Great Elector as Saint George” according to Silbermann's travelogue “[...] the small statue cut from hard iron [...]”.
Design- oder Technikzuweisung
Design- or Procedure Assignment
Scope note: This class comprises types that stand as the models for instances of E22 Human-Made Object that are produced as the result of production activities using plans exact enough to result in one or more series of uniform, functionally and aesthetically identical and interchangeable items. The product type is the intended ideal form of the manufacture process. It is typical of instances of E22 Human-Made Object that conform to an instance of E99 Product Type that its component parts are interchangeable with component parts of other instances of E22 Human-Made Object made after the model of the same instance of E99 Product Type. Frequently, the uniform production according to a given instance of E99 Product Type is achieved by creating individual tools, such as moulds or print plates that are themselves carriers of the design of the product type. Modern tools may use the flexibility of electronically controlled devices to achieve such uniformity. The product type itself, i.e. the potentially unlimited series of aesthetically equivalent items, may be the target of artistic design, rather than the individual object. In extreme cases, only one instance of a product type may have been produced, such as in a “print on demand” process which was only triggered once. However, this should not be confused with industrial prototypes, such as car prototypes, which are produced prior to the production line being set up, or test the production line itself. Examples: - Volkswagen Type 11 [Beetle] (Rieger, 2013) - Dragendorff 54 samian vessel - 1937 Edward VIII brass threepenny bit - Qin Crossbow trigger un-notched Part B (Bg2u) (Li, 2012) - Nokia Cityman 1320 [The first Nokia mobile phone] In First Order Logic: - E99(x) ⇒ E55(x)
E99 Modèle de produit
E99 Product Type
Modèle de produit
Product Type