This class comprises identifier for objects of interest, that were assigned for example in a research project.


Instances of this class describe reference parts of a site, such as "entrance" or "end" of a cave.


This class contains the textual (e.g. paragraph or keywords) description in a natural language of a class, an item or an issue for its better understanding.


This class comprises notes written in a natural language concerning details of an observation or other research activities.


This class comprises the sex of an individual, in most cases captured in the conventional differentiation between male and female.


This class comprises images that document reality.


This class specifies the activity of measurement of distance between two physical items with relative stability, e.g. two footprints.


Instances of this class refer to the preservation state of spoors. These states are typified via the subclass of crm:E55_Type cora:Taphonomy. The preservation state can result of both natural and anthropogenic factors.


This class comprises the types of licences specified e.g. for the (re-)use of instances of Image by third parties, e.g. Creative Commons Licences like CC BY-SA 4.0.


This class describes the event of assigning an ID to an object or to a concept in the context of a research project.


This class contains instances for describing the condition state of a spoor. The values range from 1 to 5.
The project "Tracking in Caves" explains: "Reliability of identification: Particularly important for the comprehensibility of the analysis is the judgement of its reliability on the basis of preservation and visibility. For this purpose, a subjective five-stage classification was applied by the indigenous ichnologists ranging from very good (1) to unsatisfactory (5). The intermediate stages are good (2), satisfactory (3) and sufficient (4); this allows to eliminate dubious identifications from analytical processes." (Pastoors et al. 2024, 105)


This class comprises the assignment of superimposition in an archaeological sense. In practice a case of superimposition could be a spoor that is superimposed by another spoor.


This class comprises interpretive activities that lead to the recognition of two or more instances of Stratigraphic Units (A8) or other Physical Thing (E18) (that simultaneously exist at the time of this activity, or at the time of an archaeological observation this activity refers to as source and) that are attributed to be the remains of one complete instance of Physical Thing (E18) that had existed at a time of reference in the past. In contrast to instances of the class crmarchaeo:A6_Group_Declaration_Event where the given examples are segments of a former wall or post-holes of a past wooden house, this class refers to single human or animal beings having declared to have left traces, brought into existence in a certain, limited time segment. An example for an instance of this class can be a trackway of footprints.


This class comprises statements about the physique or constitution of a body.


This class describes video files containing information about or related to the object of research. This class was built for data importing reasons.


This class describes the side ("left" or "right") of a spoor type "foot" or “hand”.


This class describes audio files containing information about or related to the object of research. This class was built for data importing reasons.


This property links an item (Observable Entity) to the activity of a distance measurement.


This class describes the age of a person.


Instances of this class make statements about Objects (E19 Physcial Objects) that constitute Additional Weight carried by an Individual in a Movement Activity of which traces (e.g. footsprints) are conveyed. The project "Tracking in Caves" defines furthermore: "The additional weight refers to tracks’ characteristic for movements of a subject that deviates from the normal gait or depth of imprint." (Pastoors et al. 2024, 105)


This class comprises the identifier URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to identify and locate a resource on the computer network.


Instances of this class indicate if it's a rather static or dynamic posture (for human activity instances could be "walking" or "standing").


This class comprises single identifiable parts of a spoor. These parts are determined by the type of spoor. E.g. if it's about a footprint, a part of it can be the toes.


was reference point of distance measurement


This class documents the direction of movement in a cave using the cardinal directions. Specific local information may be given by instances of the class Relative Direction.


This class comprises individuals/subjects that have become object of research because their actions/tracks have left traces in the past.


This class comprises files that document reality and were brought into existence e.g. by a research project.


"Under handicap, observations are recorded that relate to deviations from a well-balanced human being. No statements are made about the medical causes." (Pastoors et al. 2024, 104)


Instances of this class are defined as follows: "The substrate refers to the sediment or soil in which the track was formed." (Pastoors et al. 2024, 105)


This class describes the type or the aim of an activity movement, for instance "locomotion" or "keeping balance".


Instances of this class document a measurable physical distance between two items. A distance can be measured in a Distance Measurement.


This class comprises any kind of (written) documentation containing information and metainformation about the project, its circumstances or the data (set), for example also information about the data model and its development.


This class describes caves as a natural formation of rocks. Caves may have (be composed of) several Spatial Units.


This class comprises spatial units of a "whole" that were defined and determined by researchers or other (private) persons. E.g. the "whole" can be a cave. The decision to define a section of a cave as such is often driven by topological or geological conditions of the surrounding. An example is the "Paul Ambert Gallery" of the Aldène cave in France.


This class comprises the type of spoor found, e.g. if it was an impression caused by a foot, by a paw or by other things.


This class describes the measured parameter of the dimension. Examples are length, height, width, or in the example of a footprint measured sizes like "L-D2" or "Ball width". (Pastoors et al. in Quartär 70 (2023): 97-138, p. 106)


This class comprises spoors like footprints or other types of traces indicating that there were objects of whatever kind having left marks (impressions) on the ground or somewhere else in the surrounding.


This class describes activities in the sense of a coherent event carried out by one or more participants. It is understood as a "summary of traces of individual or several subjects in temporal, spatial and contentrelated connection with each other." (Pastoors et al. 2024, 105) Furthermore, in the project "Tracking in Caves II" an event "represent[s] exclusively passages, i.e., movements for the purpose of changing location from one point to another. (Pastoors et al. 2024, 114f.)


This class contains instances for describing the result measured in a measurement (E16 or S21). An example of an instance can be "unclear result" for documenting that the measurement result is some kind of ambiguous or inexact.


Instances of this class typify instances of the class cora:Preservation_State. According to the Volp/Tracking in Caves project "this aspect refers to the state of preservation of the various traces which can be influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors." (Pastoors et al. 2024, 105)


Instances of this class indicate the speed of a moving item, e.g. a person.


The application ontology with prefix ‘cora’ is designed to represent analyses of mesolithic human footprints found in caves. It was developed on the basis of exemplary material concerning the spoors of the Aldène cave in France, and was refined by adding more footprint data of the caves of Tuc d’Audoubert, Niaux and Pech Merle. Heterogenous descriptions, measuring and interpretations of indigenous track readers as well as contextual information concerning the topography of the cave, the research project, images and documents containing relevant information can be represented by its classes and properties. The research data derives from the research project “Tracking in Caves”, see www.tracking-in-caves-org . The ontology was developed during the project 'The Volp Caves: Contextualisation of Palaeolithic Rock Art', DFG-funded since 2023 at the FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg.


This class comprises internal comments written in a natural language which are supposed to be read only by a limited/selected number of persons and which concern an entry of the database or its context.


This class describes image files containing information about or related to the object of research. This class was built for data importing reasons.


This class comprises natural persons, mainly researchers, who are somehow involved in the project and the research process, for example by measuring traces or rendering figures.


This class groups different ages of a person in sections. The project “Tracking in CAves” explains furthermore that “...the data of the indigenous ichnologists are grouped together in age classes according to Martin (Martin 1928) – neonatus, infans I (0.5-6 years), infans II (7-13 years), juvenis (14-20 years), adultus (21-40 years), maturus (41-60 years) and senilis (>60 years).” (Pastoors et al. 2024, 104)


This class describes the parameter of the measured distance. Examples are the distance between two footprints with the parameter "step length" or "stride length".


This class comprises instances of individual animals that have left traces proving their (former) existence. (class not in use, 20251104)