Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


P7 был местом совершения


P11 имел участника


E18 Υλικό Πράγμα


P17 ήταν αφορμή


P25 переместил


P68 обычно используется посредством


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was diminished by an instance of E80 Part Removal.
Although an instance of E80 Part removal activity normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples:
- The coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22) was diminished by the opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80). (Carter, 2014)
- The coral of the Cocos Islands (E20) was diminished by the removal of the Porite coral specimen by Charles Darwin (E80). (Natural History Museum, 2010, b)

In First Order Logic:
- P112(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P112(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P112(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


P126 χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


P34 εκτιμήθηκε από


P113 был удален посредством


P26 перемещен в


E80 Удаление Части


P134 был продолжен


E10 Μεταβίβαση Κατοχής


P56 несет признак


P122 συνορεύει με


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically includes the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Besides others, this property may be used to state in which space an object has been for some known time, such as a room of a castle or in a drawer. It may also be used to describe a confinement of the spatial extent of some realm during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place.

Examples:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was within Rome (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was within Italy (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P167(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]


P8 έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός


E6 Καταστροφή


P130 a les caractéristiques aussi présentes sur


P108 произвел


P99 διαλύθηκε από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have no extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must not have any of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely.
If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available.
This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- The “Hallstatt” period (E4) is spatiotemporally separated from the “La Tène” era (E4). (Marion, 2004)
- Kingdom of Greece (1831-1924) (E92) is spatiotemporally separated from Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) (E92).
- The path of the army of Alexander the Great (335-323 B.C.) (E7) is spatiotemporally separated from the Mauryan Empire (E4). (Lane Fox, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ P133(y,x)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ ¬P133 (x,y)
- ¬P133(x,x)


P23 право собственности отдано через


P74 имеет текущее или бывшее местожительства


P126 использовал


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it.
The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition.
Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building.

Examples:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 232 (E11) used specific technique ‘Instructions for golden chase work by A N Other’ (E29). (fictitious)
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) used specific technique Architectural plans by Foster and Partners (E29). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P33(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P33(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P33(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


P54 είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της


E17 Присвоение Типа


P135 δημιούργησε τύπο


Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CIDOC CRM constructs.
In particular, it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance, etc.
Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CIDOC CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CIDOC CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. “construction”, “decoration”, etc.
An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.

Examples:
- Coffee mug – OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note “chipped at edge of handle” (E62) has type Condition (E55). (fictitious)

Properties:
- P3.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P3(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P3(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)
- P3(x,y,z) ⇒ [P3(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


E28 Νοητικό Αντικείμενο


P65 показывает визуальный предмет


P113 αφαίρεσε


P71 περιλαμβάνεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P24 a transféré le titre de propriété de


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y)
- P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


E77 Постоянная Сущность


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.
Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.
In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base.
In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.

Examples:
- the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019)
- the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008)
- the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)
- the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909)
- the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020)

In First Order Logic:
- E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an instance of E39 Actor to the custody of another instance of E39 Actor. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.

Examples:
- The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10) transferred custody of paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E19).

In First Order Logic:
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died.
An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.
This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people.

Examples:
- Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017)

In First Order Logic:
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P22 απέκτησε τον τίτλο μέσω


P91 αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E6 Destruction to an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been destroyed by it.
Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. An instance of E6 Destruction may be contiguous with an instance of E12 Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Tay Bridge Disaster (E6) destroyed the Tay Bridge (E22). (Thomas, 1972)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E6 (x)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition.

Examples:
- The formation of the House of Bourbon-Conti in 1581 (E66) was formed from House of Condé (E74). (Collectif & Musée d'art et d'histoire Louis-Senlecq, 1900)

In First Order Logic:
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P55 в данный момент содержит


E1 CRM Сущность


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment.
The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion.
An identifier might be created prior to an assignment.

Examples:
- The identifier assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned “232” (E42) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


P126 χρησιμοποίησε


P65 εμφανίζει οπτικό στοιχείο


P5 формирует часть


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E41 Appellation with another instance of E41 Appellation that constitutes a derivative or variant of the former and that may also be used for identifying items identified by the former, in suitable contexts, independent from the particular item to be identified. This property should not be confused with additional variants of names used characteristically for a single, particular item, such as individual nicknames. It is a directed relationship, where the range expresses the derivative or variant and the domain the source of derivation or original form of variation, if such a direction can be established. Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric.
Multiple names assigned to an object, which do not apply to all things identified with the specific instance of E41 Appellation, should be modelled as repeated values of P1 is identified by (identifies) of this object.
P139.1 has type allows the type of derivation to be refined, for instance “transliteration from Latin 1 to ASCII”.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “Martin Doerr” (E41) has alternative form “Martin Dörr” (E41) has type alternate spelling (E55).
- “Гончарова, Наталья Сергеевна” (E41) has alternative form "Gončarova, Natal´â Sergeevna" (E41) has type ISO 9:1995 transliteration (E55).
- “Αθήνα” (E41) has alternative form “Athina” (E41) has type transcription (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(x)
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P139(x,y,z) ⇒ [P139(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P139(x,x)


P27 μετακινήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P51 является бывшим или текущим владельцем для


E9 Перемещение


P12 ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity.
For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68).
- The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


E66 Событие Формирования


P49 κατέχει ή κατείχε


P112 εξάλειψε


Scope note:
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.
In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963)
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
- the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 to 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- E2(x) ⇒ E1(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)


P92 γεννήθηκε από


P16 использовал особый объект


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).

Examples:
- Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981)

Properties:
- P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y)
- P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P33 a mobilisé comme technique spécifique


P67 ссылается на


Scope note:
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.

Examples:
- Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999)
- the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989)
- the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020)
- [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.]
- “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962)
- The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]

In First Order Logic:
- E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)


E12 Событие Производства


P23 передал право собственности от


P49 είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του


P46 формирует часть


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates the instance of E68 Dissolution with the instance of E74 Group that it disbanded.

Examples:
- The end of The Hole in the Wall Gang (E68) dissolved The Hole in the Wall Gang (E74). (Patterson, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E68(x)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


E79 Добавление Части


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.
The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”.
If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954)
- The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P130(x,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (“curated” and “preserved,” in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. Typical instances of curated holdings are museum collections, archives, library holdings and digital libraries. A digital library is regarded as an instance of E18 Physical Thing because it requires keeping physical carriers of the electronic content.
Items may be added or removed from an E78 Curated Holding in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Curated Holding who is often referred to using the name of the E78 Curated Holding (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”).
Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Curated Holding. This is because they form wholes, either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality.

Examples:
- the John Clayton Herbarium (Blake, 1918), (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- the Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990)
- Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005)
- the Digital Collections of the Munich DigitiZation Center (MDZ) accessible via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ at least in January 2018.

In First Order Logic:
- E78(x) ⇒ E24(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was diminished by an instance of E80 Part Removal.
Although an instance of E80 Part removal activity normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22) was diminished by the opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80). (Carter, 2014)
- The coral of the Cocos Islands (E20) was diminished by the removal of the Porite coral specimen by Charles Darwin (E80). (Natural History Museum, 2010, b)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P112(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P112(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P112(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E18 Physical Thing of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice) of the thing’s trajectory through spacetime. In other words, it describes where the instance of E18 Physical Thing was or moved around within a given time-span. Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P166 was a presence of (had presence) to E93 Presence.

Examples:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P195(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[E92(z) ∧ P166(z,x) ∧ P196i(z,y)]


P9 формирует часть


P73 является переводом


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_09.png

Figure 16: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_10.png

Figure 17: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- Lerna III (E4) ends before or with the start of Lerna IV (E4). [“The site at Lerna probably was not left uninhabited for long after the destruction of the House of the Tiles and the raising of the tumulus. If there was a gap corresponding to the earliest stage of EH III in the Argolid, as has been suggested by some (see, e.g., Manning 1995: 55–60), it was a brief one. In Rutter’s view, the short life of the Fourth Settlement began ca. 2200/2150 b.c. and ended ca. 2050/2000 b.c.”] (Banks & Reese, 2013)
- The use of LH I graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4) ends before or with the start of LH III phase of reuse of the graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4). [“…a possible hiatus in the occupation of certain sites such as the settlement of Krisa in Phocis, which was well occupied in the MH and LHIII periods. LHIIB pottery from this settlement has already been identified, but no certain example of LHIIA pottery.”] (Phialon 2018)

In First Order Logic:
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P176(x,y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P185(x,y)
- [P182(x,y) ⋀ P182(y,z) ⇒ P182(x,z)]
- P182(x,y) ⇒ ¬P182(y,x)


P134 продолжил


P27 ήταν αφετηρία του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance or instances of E18 Physical Thing that are the result of an instance of E81 Transformation. New items replace the transformed item or items, which cease to exist as units of documentation. The physical continuity between the old and the new is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) resulted in the City Hall of Heraklion (E24). [AND: has produced (P108) the City Hall of Heraklion (E22)] (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) resulted in the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22,E20). [also: has produced (P108) the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22, E20).] (Carter & Mace 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) resulted in petrified bodies (E20). [Some of these bodies could later be preserved in plaster.]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


P129 касается


E20 Биологический Объект


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an instance of E14 Condition Assessment.
Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the instance of E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant at the time of assessment.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The condition assessment of the silver collection in 1997 (E14) concerned silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E14(x)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P14 выполнялся


E34 Επιγραφή


P51 είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


E33 Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο


P184 se termine au moment de ou après la fin de


P20 имел конкретную цель


Quantification: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act.
This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x)
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)]
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)]
- ¬P152(x,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes an intentional relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and some general goal or purpose, described as an instance of E55 Type.
This may involve activities intended as preparation for some type of activity or event. P21 had general purpose (was purpose of) differs from P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of in that no specific event is implied as the purpose.

Examples:
- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding (E7) had general purpose painting (E55). (Borchert, 2008)
- The setting of trap 2742 on 17(th) May 1874 (E7) had general purpose catching moose (E55). [activity type] (fictitious)
- The construction of the Berlin Wall starting 13(th) August 1961 (E12) had general purpose preventing emigration (E55). (History.com Editors, 2020)
- The reinforcement of the Mexico-United States barrier between the United States of America and Mexico in Fall 2019 (E11) had general purpose preventing immigration (E55).
- The rebuilding of the city walls of Heraklion by the Venetian rulers starting in 1462 (E12) had general purpose preventing conquest by enemy (E55). (YouIngGreece.com, 2020)
- The building of the seawall in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan between 2014 and 2020 (E12) had general purpose preventing inland flooding by tsunami (E55).

In First Order Logic:
- P21(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P21(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P107 имеет действующего или бывшего члена


Scope note:
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.

Examples:
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)

In First Order Logic:
- E21(x) ⇒ E20(x)
- E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles.
While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations.
The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event.
While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience.
Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event.

Examples:
- the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984)
- the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013)
- World War II (E7) (Barber, 1994)
- the Battle of Stalingrad (E7) (Hoyt, 1993)
- the Yalta Conference (E7) (Harbutt, 2010)
- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7)
- the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday (fictitious)
- the CIDOC conference 2003 (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- E5(x) ⇒ E4(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to one (1,1:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)


P110 επαύξησε


Scope note:
This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period.
The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement, or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that is relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents.

Examples:
- last year’s inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village (fictitious)
- the condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- the condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- E14(x) ⇒ E13(x)


P136 был основан на


P140 απέδωσε ιδιότητα σε


P5 αποτελείται από


P30 опека передана через


Scope note:
This class comprises 4-dimensional point sets (volumes) in physical spacetime (in contrast to mathematical models of it) regardless of their true geometric forms. They may derive their identity from being the extent of a material phenomenon or from being the interpretation of an expression defining an extent in spacetime. Intersections of instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, E53 Place, and E52 Time-Span are also regarded as instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. An instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is either contiguous or composed of a finite number of contiguous subsets. Its boundaries may be fuzzy due to the properties of the phenomena it derives from or due to the limited precision up to which defining expression can be identified with a real extent in spacetime. The duration of existence of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is its projection on time.

Examples:
- the extent in space and time of the Event of Caesar’s murder (Irwin, 1935)
- where and when the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 took place (Kouwenhoven, 1997)
- the spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Victory from its building to its actual location (Goodwin, 2015)
- the extent in space and time defined by a polygon approximating the Danube river flood in Austria between 6(th) and 9(th) August 2002

In First Order Logic:
- E92(x) ⇒ E1(x)


P97 ήταν πατέρας του/της


P31 τροποποίησε


P96 είχε μητέρα


P45 входит в состав


E33 Линвистический Объект


E66 Συγκρότηση Ομάδας


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E3 Condition State that was observed in an instance of E14 Condition Assessment activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The condition assessment of silver cup 232 in 1997 (E14) has identified oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) with oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type fine (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type broken (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P35(x,y) ⇒E14(x)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.

Examples:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic:
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


P4 είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place geometrically overlapping it.
It does not specify anything about the shared area. This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P121 overlaps with have ever covered a common area at the same time or even coexisted. In contrast, spatiotemporal overlaps described by P132 spatiotemporally overlaps are the total of areas simultaneously covered by the related spacetime volumes.
This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive.

Examples:
- The territory of the United States as in 2020 (E53) overlaps with the Arctic (E53). (Gannett et al., 1904)
- The maximal extent of the Kingdom of Greece (1832-1973) (E53) overlaps with the maximal extent of the Republic of Turkey (29(th) October 1923 to now) (E53).

In First Order Logic:
- P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P121(x,y) ⇒ P121(y,x)
- P121(x,x)


P32 использовал общую технику


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location.
In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed.
Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human languages. This property allows these languages to be documented.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The United States Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18(th) Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)


P14 πραγματοποιήθηκε από


P22 передал право собственности


P51 έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.
This definition coincides with the definition of “fiat objects”, with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000).

Examples:
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (Psimenos. 2005)
- the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock (E25) (Hawass, 2000)
- Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great (E25) (Strauss, 1974)
- the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza (Temple, 2009)
- Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery

In First Order Logic:
- E26(x) ⇒ E18(x)


P141 απέδωσε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


P182 se termine avant ou au moment du début de


P72 имеет язык


P7 υπήρξε τόπος του


P141 αποδόθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to the following Allen temporal relation (Allen, 1983) : {before}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_11.png

Figure 18: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_12.png

Figure 19: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- Gisle taking office as Bishop of Linköping 1139 AD (E7) ends before the start of The Guta saga composition (E65). (Peel, 1999)
- Troy VII (E4) ends before the start of Troy VIII (E4). [uninhabited for some 200 years]
- The use of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in Nihoria in the MHIII-LHI period (E4) ends before the start of the period of reuse of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in LHIIIA (E4). [“Of the six tombs excavated in the Nikitopoulou group […] the finds in Tomb Four are of MH II or MH III-LH I date, with the exception of the finds with the Northern group of material, which is uniformly dated to LHIIA2, end the ewer in the middle of the floor, dated LHIIIA1. […] The preserved evidence seems clearly to indicate use in the MHIII-LHI use in the MHIII-LHI period followed by a period of reuse in LHIIIA, a pattern matched at architecturally similar sites such as 13:Kaminia and 10:Gouvalári.”] (Boyd, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ P182(x,y)
- [P183(x,y) ∧ P183(y,z)] ⇒ P183(x,z)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ ¬P183(y,x)


P133 est distinct spatio-temporellement de


P29 получил опеку через


P2 имеет тип


P57 έχει αριθμό μερών


P35 идентифицирован посредством


P94 δημιουργήθηκε από


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.

Examples:
- the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964)
- the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)


P53 είναι ή ήταν θέση του


Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009)

In First Order Logic:
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z)
- P10(x,x)


P54 имеет текущее постоянное местоположение


P10 содержит


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the relationship between a preparatory activity, an instance of E7 Activity and the instance of E5 Event that it is intended as a preparation for.
This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events.
P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that the activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, the unrealized intention should be documented using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples:
- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of the Ghent altar piece (E12). (Borchert, 2008)

In First Order Logic:
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)


P123 προέκυψε από


P73 έχει μετάφραση


P73 имеет перевод


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items.
A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious)
- 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P124 трансформировал


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E29 Design or Procedure that completely determines the production of instances of E18 Physical Thing. The resulting instances of E18 Physical Thing are considered exemplars of this instance of E99 Product Type when the process specified is correctly executed. Note that the respective instance of E29 Design or Procedure may not necessarily be fixed in a written/graphical form, and may require the use of tools or models unique to the product type. The same instance of E99 Product Type may be associated with several variant plans.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) has production plan the production plans for Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E29). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed.
All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material.
A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


P51 是以往或当前所有者


P7 έλαβε χώρα σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Temeraire from its building in 1798 to its destruction in 1838 (E92) has temporal projection the time-span of the existence of H.M.S. Temeraire (E52) [at some time within (P82) “1798-1838” (E61).] (Willis, 2010)
- The Battle of Waterloo 1815 (E7) has temporal projection the time-span of the Battle of Waterloo (E52) [at some time within (P82) “Sunday, 18(th) June 1815” (E61).] (Black, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P160(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P160(x,y)⇒ E52(y)


P29 опека получена


P2 έχει τύπο


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


Scope note:
This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries.
The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame.
It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.
Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).

Examples:
- the extent of the UK in the year 2003
- the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious)
- the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone”
- here -> <- [the place between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different place of this spot.]

In First Order Logic:
- E53(x) ⇒ E1(x)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity.

Examples:
- The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892)

In First Order Logic:
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)


P93 прекратил существование посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.
It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.
The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)
- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration.
Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning.
Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies.
Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span.
When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.

Examples:
- 1961
- From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996
- 14h30 to 16h22 4(th) July 1945
- 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999
- the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- E52(x) ⇒ E1(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items.
A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.

Examples:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious)
- 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P49 est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de


P21 είχε γενικό σκοπό


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E12 Production with the instance of E99 Production Type, that is, the type of the things it produces.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The production activity of the Volkswagen factory related to the “Standard limousine Type II” during 1949-1953 (E12) produced thing of product type Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E99(y)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E24(z) ∧ P108(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


P125 是使用的对象类型


P4 βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη


P109 是当前或以往管理者


P62 απεικονίζεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E57 Material employed in an instance of E11 Modification.
The instance of E57 Material used during the instance of E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that forms the subject of the instance of E11 Modification.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The repairing of the Queen Mary (E11) employed Steel (E57). [Beginning October 1942] (Britton, 2012)
- Distilled water (E57) was employed in the restoration of the Sistine Chapel (E11). (Pietrangeli, 1986)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


P128 переносится посредством


E58 Единица Измерения


P182 commence après ou au moment de la fin de


Scope note:
This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures, or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques, often in order to indicate such things as creator, owner, dedications, purpose, or to communicate information generally. Instances of E37 Mark do not represent the actual image of a mark, but the abstract ideal (or archetype) as used for codification in reference documents forming cultural documentation.
This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Human-Made Feature.

Examples:
- Minoan double axe mark (Lowe Fri, 2011)
- ©
- ☺

In First Order Logic:
- E37(x) ⇒ E36(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem.

Examples:
- the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious)
- the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious)
- the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic
- the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889)

In First Order Logic:
- E63(x) ⇒ E5(x)


P67 αναφέρεται σε


P141 был присвоен посредством


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document.
Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement.

Examples:
- The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922)

In First Order Logic:
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E31(x)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.
Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e. an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e. an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
E4 Period is a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, it is possible to discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume.
Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

Examples:
- Jurassic (Hallam, 1975)
- Populated Period of Nineveh
- Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius
- European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004)
- Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992)
- Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991)
- Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013)
- Cubism (Cox, 2000)
- The Capital of Russia (E4) [the capital of Russia in the sense of an administrative unit moved in historical times from Moscow to St Petersburg and then back to Moscow. This exemplifies an administrative unit changing place over time without temporal discontinuity]
- The settling activity of the community of Helsinki (a.k.a. Helsingfors) (E7) [the original settlement called Helsinki was located in the area of the modern airport. The community moved later to settle on the coast. This exemplifies a continued activity changing place over time without temporal discontinuity]
- Bronze Age (E4) [Bronze Age, in the sense of technological adoption, spread over disjoint areas including islands such as the British Isles without temporal discontinuity]
- Japan, the state (E4) [In 2021, the Japanese state as a political unit comprised in 6852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia]

In First Order Logic:
- E4(x) ⇒ E2(x)
- E4(x) ⇒ E92(x)


P33 использовал особую технику


E31 Документ


P17 είχε ως αφορμή


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it.

Examples:
- The spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Temeraire from its building in 1798 to its destruction in 1838 (E92) has temporal projection the time-span of the existence of H.M.S. Temeraire (E52) [at some time within (P82) “1798-1838” (E61).] (Willis, 2010)
- The Battle of Waterloo 1815 (E7) has temporal projection the time-span of the Battle of Waterloo (E52) [at some time within (P82) “Sunday, 18(th) June 1815” (E61).] (Black, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P160(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P160(x,y)⇒ E52(y)


P125 ήταν o τύπος αντικείμενου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


P74 有当前或曾经居住地


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it.
It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the type that was assigned to an entity by an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).
For example, a fragment of an antique vessel could be assigned the type “attic red figured belly handled amphora” by expert A. The same fragment could be assigned the type “shoulder handled amphora” by expert B.
A Type may be intellectually constructed independent from assigning an instance of it.

Examples:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) assigned goblet (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P42(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P42(x,y)⇒ E55(y)
- P42(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse.
This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- Maxwell’s Equations (Ball, 1962)
- the ideational contents of Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Metaphysics’ as rendered in the Greek texts translated in Oxford edition
- the underlying prototype of any “no-smoking” sign (E36)
- the common ideas of the plots of the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa and the movie “The Magnificent Seven” by John Sturges (Mellen, 2002)
- the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36)
- the character “Little Red Riding Hood”, variants of which appear amongst others in Grimm brothers’ “Rotkäppchen”, other oral fairy tales and the film “Hoodwinked”
- the place “Havnor” as invented by Ursula K. Le Guin for her “Earthsea” book series, the related maps and appearing in derivative works based on these novels

In First Order Logic:
- E89(x) ⇒ E28(x)


P35 έχει διαπιστώσει


P106 αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P48 έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain


P24 transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o


P38 отменил назначение


Quantification: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013).
Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence.

Examples:
- H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010)
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)


P100 ήταν θάνατος του/της


P96 дал рождение


E6 Разрушение


E68 Διάλυση Ομάδας


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.
The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of rights. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of ownership
2. the end of ownership
3. the transfer of ownership
4. the acquisition from an unknown source
5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item
It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example, by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of “accession” differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.

Examples:
- the collection of a hammerhead shark, genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes), by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on 25(th) March 1940. (Steinbeck, 2000)
- the acquisition of El Greco’s “The Apostles Peter and Paul” by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. (https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/32730)
- the loss of my stuffed Fringilla coelebs due to insect damage last year (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E8(x) ⇒ E7(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates the instance of E68 Dissolution with the instance of E74 Group that it disbanded.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The end of The Hole in the Wall Gang (E68) dissolved The Hole in the Wall Gang (E74). (Patterson, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E68(x)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P91 имеет единицу


P44 έχει κατάσταση


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.
This property is transitive asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33).
- ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)


P48 είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


P34 был оценен посредством


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.
The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.

Examples:
- Monet´s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9).

In First Order Logic:
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Quantification: many to one, necessary(1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E52 Time-Span that defines the time-slice of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to via the property P166 was a presence of (had presence).
There are two typical cases for the determination of the related instance of E52 Time-Span. In the first, it is the temporal extent of an instance of E2 Temporal Entity (documented with P4 has time-span (is time-span of)): this then documents the simultaneity of the instance of E93 Presence and the instance of E2 Temporal Entity, even if the absolute time-span is not known, and can be regarded as a phenomenal time-span. In the second, the instance of E52 Time-Span is a date range declared in or derived from historical sources or provided by dating methods: this is a declarative time-span.

Examples:
- 2016-02-09 (E52) temporally specifies the last day of the 2016 Carnival in Cologne (E93).
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) is temporally specified by December 1755 (E52.) (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) is temporally specified by 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E52). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ P160(x,y)


Erlangen CRM / OWL - An OWL DL 1.0 implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, based on: Nick Crofts, Martin Doerr, Tony Gill, Stephen Stead, Matthew Stiff (eds.): Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (http://cidoc-crm.org/).
This implementation has been originally created by Bernhard Schiemann, Martin Oischinger and Günther Görz at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Computer Science, Chair of Computer Science 8 (Artificial Intelligence) in cooperation with the Department of Museum Informatics of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg and the Department of Biodiversity Informatics of the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn.
The Erlangen CRM / OWL implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.


Scope note:
This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

Examples:
- “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)
- “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006)
- “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E35(x) ⇒ E33(x)
- E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)