Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.
Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

Examples:
- the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990).
- the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991)
- the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921)
- the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011)
- the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005)
- the Rosetta Stone (E22)
- my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious)
- the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22)
- my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E24(x) ⇒ E18(x)
- E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)


P135 был создан посредством


P92 γεννήθηκε από


P5 αποτελείται από


P141 απέδωσε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items.
A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious)
- 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P42 назначил


P55 βρίσκεται σε


P49 是以往或当前保管者


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining.
Although a joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well.
Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).
The property P144.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined with the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined with the office of Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (E74) kind of member President (E55). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined with EU (E74).

Properties:
- P144.1 kind of member: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P144(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P144(x,y)⇒ E74(y)
- P144(x,y,z) ⇒ [P144(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P144(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity.
This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.
Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The writing of the scope note of the CIDOC CRM property “P16 used specific object” contained in the CIDOC CRM version 4.1 (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22) mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55). [the original scope note was later extended in the CIDOC CRM version 4.3]
- The people of Iraq calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ (E7) used specific object “Quyunjig” (E41) mode of use current; vernacular (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P16(x,y,z) ⇒ [P16(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P25 переместил


Scope note:
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms.
Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object.

Examples:
- me (fictitious)
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
- petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

In First Order Logic:
- E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)


P46 αποτελείται από


P71 перечисляет


P39 μετρήθηκε από


P111 был добавлен посредством


P30 передало опеку на


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of the physical custody or the legal responsibility for the physical custody of objects. The recording of the donor or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient.
Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of custody (there is no previous custodian)
2. the end of custody (there is no subsequent custodian)
3. the transfer of custody (transfer from one custodian to the next)
4. the receipt of custody from an unknown source (the previous custodian is unknown)
5. the declared loss of an object (the current or subsequent custodian is unknown)
In the event that only a single kind of transfer of custody occurs, either the legal responsibility for the custody or the actual physical possession of the object but not both, this difference should be expressed using the property
P2 has type (is type of).
The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody be in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Theft is a specific case of illegal transfer of custody.

Examples:
- the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery
- the return of Picasso’s “Guernica” to Madrid’s Prado in 1981 (Chipp, 1988)
- the transfer of custody of the work described as “Von der Velden ein Ufer an der See” from Johann Matthäus von Merian to the Auction House Heldevier (Jacob) for the purpose of sale, ca. 1716
- the transfer of custody of the painting ‘Mrs. Fitzherbert’ to the art dealer Knoedler from Parke-Bernet Galleries (New York, NY, USA) ca. March 1941

In First Order Logic:
- E10(x) ⇒ E7(x)


P23 transferiu os direitos de propriedade de


E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain


P26 μετακινήθηκε προς


P135 создал тип


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P56 несет признак


Scope note:
This class comprises events that end the existence of any instance of E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. In cases where substance from an instance of E77 Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented as instances of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- the death of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious)
- the melting of the snowman (E6)
- the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356 BC (E7, E6) (Trell, 1945)

In First Order Logic:
- E64(x) ⇒ E5(x)


P56 φέρει μόρφωμα


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items.
A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.

Examples:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious)
- 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P139 имеет альтернативную форму


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.

Examples:
- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)

In First Order Logic:
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P32 χρησιμοποίησε γενική τεχνική


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P12 присутствовал при


P13 κατέστρεψε


E29 Проект или Процедура


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added during an instance of E79 Part Addition activity.

Examples:
- The insertion of the final nail (E79) added the last nail in George VI’s coffin (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)

In First Order Logic:
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


E33 Линвистический Объект


E64 Конец Существования


Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation, or nation.
E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective.
The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining.

Examples:
- the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group in 2000
- the formation of the Soviet Union (Pipes, 1964)
- the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar (Irwin, 1935)

In First Order Logic:
- E66(x) ⇒ E7(x)
- E66(x) ⇒ E63(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code, or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.
It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.
In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. “bit”, “Latin character”, RGB pixel).

Examples:
- ‘ecognizabl’
- the “no-smoking” sign (E36)
- “BM000038850.JPG” (E41) [identifies a digital image] (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E36) [depicts specimen of Verbesina virginica] (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- the distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named “Mona Lisa” in daylight (E36)
- the Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition “La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi” (E33) (Petrocchi, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E90(x) ⇒ E28(x)
- E90(x) ⇒ E72(x)


P129 касается


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive.

Examples:
- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has value 226 (E60). (fictitious)
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has value 24,750,000 (E60).

In First Order Logic:
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E54(x)
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.

Examples:
- The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953)

Properties:
- P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y)
- P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P19 έγινε για


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed.
Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human languages. This property allows these languages to be documented.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The United States Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18(th) Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)


P126 использовал


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity.
For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre.

Examples:
- The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68).
- The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


P8 имел место на или в


Scope note:
This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use.

Examples:
- Webster's Dictionary (Herbert, 1994)
- Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty Trust, 1990)
- the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (Gergatsoulis et al., 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- E32(x) ⇒ E31(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object.
It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor.

Examples:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)]


P76 имеет контакт


P34 αφορούσε σε


P138 παριστάνεται από


P23 παρέδωσε τον τίτλο μέσω


P67 ссылается на


E2 Временная Сущность


P15 επηρεάστηκε από


P42 был присвоен посредством


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E41 Appellation with another instance of E41 Appellation that constitutes a derivative or variant of the former and that may also be used for identifying items identified by the former, in suitable contexts, independent from the particular item to be identified. This property should not be confused with additional variants of names used characteristically for a single, particular item, such as individual nicknames. It is a directed relationship, where the range expresses the derivative or variant and the domain the source of derivation or original form of variation, if such a direction can be established. Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric.
Multiple names assigned to an object, which do not apply to all things identified with the specific instance of E41 Appellation, should be modelled as repeated values of P1 is identified by (identifies) of this object.
P139.1 has type allows the type of derivation to be refined, for instance “transliteration from Latin 1 to ASCII”.

Examples:
- “Martin Doerr” (E41) has alternative form “Martin Dörr” (E41) has type alternate spelling (E55).
- “Гончарова, Наталья Сергеевна” (E41) has alternative form "Gončarova, Natal´â Sergeevna" (E41) has type ISO 9:1995 transliteration (E55).
- “Αθήνα” (E41) has alternative form “Athina” (E41) has type transcription (E55).

Properties:
- P139.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(x)
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P139(x,y,z) ⇒ [P139(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P139(x,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P2 является типом для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.

Examples:
- the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964)
- the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)


P59 έχει τομέα


P69 ассоциирован с


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P68 обычно используется посредством


P81b αρχή του τέλους


P16 χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


P125 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο τύπου


P80 τέλος προσδιορίζεται από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic, objective procedure of direct observation of particular states of physical reality.
An instance of E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as P33 used specific technique: E29 Design or Procedure, P125 used object of type: E55 Type, P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon-14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate sub-activities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query.
Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information without any other documented information object in between within the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, determining properties of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is regarded as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment, which may be inferred from observing and measuring representative carriers. In the case that the carrier can be named, the property P16 used specific object (was used for) should be used to indicate the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing that was used as the empirical basis for the attribute assignment. For instance, inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement, but as a subsequent instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. Rather, only the production of the images, understood as arrays of radiation intensities, is regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data.

Examples:
- measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (fictitious)
- the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

In First Order Logic:
- E16(x) ⇒ E13(x)


E6 Καταστροφή


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic:
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.

Examples:
- The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55).
- The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55).

Properties:
- P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x)
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P21 είχε γενικό σκοπό


P109 ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


P45 είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε


P109 έχει ή είχε επιμελητή


P74 ist derzeitiger oder früherer Sitz von


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E41 Appellation which a communication service uses to direct communications to this actor, such as an e-mail address, fax number, or postal address.

Examples:
- The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) (E74) has contact point “bl.ric@rlg.org” (E41)

In First Order Logic:
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a “named graph” also falls under this class, so that each “named graph” is an instance of E73 Information Object.
An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.

Examples:
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- E. A. Poe's “The Raven” (Poe, 1869)
- the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002)
- the text of Huray describing the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010)
- the Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014

In First Order Logic:
- E73(x) ⇒ E89(x)
- E73(x) ⇒ E90(x)


P25 μετακινήθηκε από


P48 имеет предпочтительный идентификатор


E66 Συγκρότηση Ομάδας


Scope note:
This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

Examples:
- “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)
- “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006)
- “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E35(x) ⇒ E33(x)
- E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)


P112 εξάλειψε


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]


P49 est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de


P128 переносится посредством


P51 est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de


P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E32 Authority Document with an instance of E1 CRM Entity which it lists for reference purposes.

Examples:
- The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (E32) lists alcazars (E55). (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300006897)

In First Order Logic:
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E32(x)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P32 a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans


P107 имеет действующего или бывшего члена


Scope note:
This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem.

Examples:
- the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious)
- the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious)
- the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic
- the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889)

In First Order Logic:
- E63(x) ⇒ E5(x)


P65 εμφανίζεται σε


P109 是当前或以往管理者


P54 hat derzeitigen permanenten Standort


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning.
It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013).
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989)

In First Order Logic:
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)


P95 σχηματίστηκε από


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P33 χρησιμοποίησε συγκεκριμένη τεχνική


E13 Присвоение Атрибута


P121 пересекается с


Scope note:
This class comprises the units in which a monetary system, supported by an administrative authority or other community, quantifies and arithmetically compares all monetary amounts declared in the unit. The unit of a monetary system must describe a nominal value which is kept constant by its administrative authority and an associated banking system if it exists, and not by market value. For instance, one may pay with grams of gold, but the respective monetary amount would have been agreed as the gold price in US dollars on the day of the payment. Under this definition, British Pounds, U.S. Dollars, and European Euros are examples of currency, but “grams of gold” is not. One monetary system has one and only one currency. Instances of this class must not be confused with coin denominations, such as “Dime” or “Sestertius”. Non-monetary exchange of value in terms of quantities of a particular type of goods, such as cows, do not constitute a currency.

Examples:
- “As” [Roman mid republic]
- “Euro” (Temperton, 1997)
- “US Dollar” (Rose, 1978)

In First Order Logic:
- E98(x) ⇒ E58(x)


P184 se termine avant ou au moment de la fin de


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.

Examples:
- Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999)
- the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989)
- the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020)
- [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.]
- “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962)
- The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]

In First Order Logic:
- E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)


P45 αποτελείται από


Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”.
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.

Examples:
- cm [centimetre]
- km [kilometre]
- m [metre]
- m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999)
- A [ampere]
- GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014)
- C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)


P96 είχε μητέρα


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finished-by, equals}
In a model with fuzzy borders, this property will not be transitive.
This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_05.png

Figure 12: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_06.png

Figure 13: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The production of the scarab seal found in Poros in a context of LMIIIB (E12) starts after or with the start of Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C) (E4). [The scarab stamp seal found in Poros was associated with finds dated to the LMIIIB period. The seal is dated to the Tutankhamun period or later because it belongs to the scarabs of type “nh.s n Jmn”: During Akhenaten period, the production of this type of scarab seal stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). Therefore, the scarab cannot have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production] (Karetsou, 2000)
- The production of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in Tholos B in Platanos (E12) starts after or with the start of the Hammurabi period of the kingdom (E4). [Of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in tholos B in Platanos believed to connect king Hammurabi with the MM I period. Specifically, although the finding is believed to have been found in a MM I layer, it contained material from the MM III/YM I period. Therefore, the seal may be from the Hammurabi period or, it may be from a later period.] (Walberg, 1992.)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P175(x,x)


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears.
An instance of E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An instance of E27 Site should be considered as an instance of E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth.
An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i is found on the same E19 Physical Object as A.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path E19 Physical Object, through, P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of to E26 Physical Feature.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) bears feature 32 mm scratch on silver cup 232 (E26). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P56(x,y) ⇒E19(x)
- P56(x,y) ⇒ E26(y)
- P56(x,y) ⇒ P46(x,y)
- P56(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]


E73 Информационный Объект


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}
Typically, this property is a consequence of a known influence of some event on another event or activity, such as a novel written by someone being continued by someone else, or the knowledge of a defeat on a distant battlefield causing people to end their ongoing activities. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_03.png

Figure 10: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_04.png

Figure 11: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The settling activity of the city of Assur (Ashur) (E7) starts before the end of The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (E4). [There are some 200 - 300 years differences in the chronology of the First Intermediate Period, and Assur is dated to “about 2500 BC”.] (Pedersén, 1986)
- The building of the current St. Peters in Rome (E7) starts before the end of the demolition of the old 4(th) c. St. Peters (E6, E7) (Bosman, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ P173(x,y)
- ¬P174(x,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z)
- P10(x,x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated Greenland (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P53 является текущим или бывшим местоположением для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance or instances of E18 Physical Thing that are the result of an instance of E81 Transformation. New items replace the transformed item or items, which cease to exist as units of documentation. The physical continuity between the old and the new is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) resulted in the City Hall of Heraklion (E24). [AND: has produced (P108) the City Hall of Heraklion (E22)] (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) resulted in the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22,E20). [also: has produced (P108) the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22, E20).] (Carter & Mace 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) resulted in petrified bodies (E20). [Some of these bodies could later be preserved in plaster.]

In First Order Logic:
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


P8 έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός


P106 αποτελεί μέρος του/της


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with an instance of E61 Time Primitive specifying a minimum period of time covered by it. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s minimum temporal extent (i.e., its inner boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different minimum extents without contradicting each other, the smallest interval including all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration.

Examples:
- The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) ongoing throughout “1996-2003” (E61). (Doerr, 2003)
- The Time-Span of the Thirty Years War (E52) ongoing throughout “23(rd) May 1618 AD until 24(th) October 1648 AD” (E61). (Bonney, 2014)
- The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) ongoing throughout “2181 BC – 2160 BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993) [This is the minimal common agreement of two conflicting dates: James Henry Breasted dates the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) from 2475BC to 2160BC in his Ancient Records (first published in 1906), volume 1, sections 58–75 (Breasted, 1906). Ian Shaw dates it from 2181BC to 2125BC in his Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (published in 2000), pp. 479–483 (Shaw, 2000).]

In First Order Logic:
- P81(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P81(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This is a high-level property, which captures the relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and anything, that is, an instance of E1 CRM Entity, that may have had some bearing upon it.
The property has more specific subproperties.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The designing of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (E7) was influenced by the Tyne Bridge (E22). (Dorman Long, 1932)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes a minimum spatial extent which is contained within an instance of E53 Place. Since instances of E53 Place may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about minimum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s minimum spatial extent (i.e., its inner boundary or a point being within a Place) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89i contains, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive.

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) contains POINT (37.971431 23.725947) (E94).

In First Order Logic:
- P172(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P172(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)
- P172(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89i(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]


P182 se termine avant ou au moment du début de


Scope note:
This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period.
The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement, or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that is relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents.

Examples:
- last year’s inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village (fictitious)
- the condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- the condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- E14(x) ⇒ E13(x)


P80 конец ограничен


P16 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97).
- The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x)
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)


Scope note:
This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. In particular, it includes the information encoding features on mechanical or digital carriers.

Examples:
- the Manchester Ship Canal (Farnie, 1980)
- Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery
- the laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf
- the carved letters on the Rosetta Stone

In First Order Logic:
- E25(x) ⇒ E24(x)
- E25(x) ⇒ E26(x)


P109 有当前或以往管理者


P54 имеет текущее постоянное местоположение


P182 commence après ou au moment de la fin de


P135 δημιούργησε τύπο


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property allows sub-typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub-entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL”, etc., none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.

Examples:
- “enquiries@cidoc-crm.org” (E41) has type e-mail address (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P2(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P2(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P2(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E17(z)] ˄ P41i(x,z) ˄ P42(z,y)]


E32 Официальный Документ


P104 ισχύει για


P57 έχει αριθμό μερών


P124 μετέτρεψε


P134 συνέχισε


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.
This definition coincides with the definition of “fiat objects”, with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000).

Examples:
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (Psimenos. 2005)
- the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock (E25) (Hawass, 2000)
- Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great (E25) (Strauss, 1974)
- the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza (Temple, 2009)
- Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery

In First Order Logic:
- E26(x) ⇒ E18(x)


P23 право собственности отдано через


Scope note:
This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items.
It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity modelled as an instance of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a “taxon,” the type description as a “protologue,” and the exemplary specimens as “original element” or “holotype”.

Examples:
- creation of the taxon Penicillium brefeldianum (Dodge, 1933)
- addition of class E85 Joining to the CIDOC CRM

In First Order Logic:
- E83(x) ⇒ E65(x)


P140 χαρακτηρίστηκε από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.
This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.
The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22).
- The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24).

In First Order Logic:
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)]
- P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x)


P75 принадлежит


E30 Δικαίωμα


P12 появился в присутствии


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”.

Examples:
- The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918)

Properties:
- P136.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


P97 был отцом для


P44 είναι κατάσταση του


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E61 Time Primitive with the instance of E52 Time-Span that constitutes the interpretation of the terms of the time primitive as an extent in absolute, real time.
The quantification allows several instances of E61 Time Primitive that are each expressed in different syntactic forms, to define the same instance of E52 Time-Span.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “1800/1/1 0:00:00 – 1899/31/12 23:59:59” (E61) defines time the 19(th) century (E52).
- “1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1” (E61) defines time 1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1 (E52). [an arbitrary time-span during which the Saint Titus reliquary was present in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P170(x,y) ⇒ E61(x)
- P170(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P170(x, y) ⇒ P81i(x, y) ∧ P82i(x, y)


P5 формирует часть


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900)
- The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


P2 είναι ο τύπος του/της


P51 έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing intentionally shows, through its optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. Photographs are by default regarded as being intentional in this sense. Anything that is designed to change the properties of the depiction, such as an e-book reader, is specifically excluded. The property does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined.

Examples:
- The painting “La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts the French “July Revolution” of 1830 (E7). (Delacroix, 1982)
- The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E22) depicts Queen Elizabeth II (E21) mode of depiction Profile (E55).

Properties:
- P62.1 mode of depiction: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P62(x,y,z) ⇒ [P62(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P62(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E36(z) ˄ P65(x,z) ˄ P138(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim.

Examples:
- Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the identifier that was deassigned from an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
De-assignment of an identifier may be necessary when an item is taken out of an inventory, a new numbering system is introduced or items are merged or split up.
The same identifier may be deassigned on more than one occasion.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The identifier assignment on 31(st) July 2001 of the silver cup OXCMS:2001.1.32 (E15) deassigned “232” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P38(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P38(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P38(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


E6 Разрушение


Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions, and concepts.
This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of “determination,” i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

Examples:
- the first classification of object GE34604 as Lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
- the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as Cereus hildmannianus K.Schum., July 2003

In First Order Logic:
- E17(x) ⇒ E13(x)


P25 перемещен посредством


P9 состоит из


E2 Έγχρονη Οντότητα


P82 некоторое время в течение


P10 содержит


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition.
In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78).

In First Order Logic:
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


P108 παρήγαγε


P5 состоит из


P1 είναι αναγνωριστικό


P20 ήταν σκοπός του/της


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more different instances of E39 Actor, where the transferring party is completely compensated by the payment of a monetary amount. In more detail, a purchase agreement establishes a fixed monetary obligation at its initialization on the receiving party, to the giving party. An instance of E96 Purchase begins with the contract or equivalent agreement and ends with the fulfilment of all contractual obligations. In the case that the activity is abandoned before both parties have fulfilled these obligations, the activity is not regarded as an instance of E96 Purchase.
This class is a very specific case of the much more complex social business practices of exchange of goods and the creation and satisfaction of related social obligations. Purchase activities which define individual sales prices per object can be modelled by instantiating E96 Purchase for each object individually and as part of an overall instance of E96 Purchase transaction.

Examples:
- the purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 in Thessaloniki (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic:
- E96(x) ⇒ E8(x)


P27 μετακινήθηκε από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y)
- P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


P86 содержится в


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


P55 в данный момент находится в


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded.
More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time.
Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


P71 περιλαμβάνει


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act.
This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x)
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)]
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)]
- ¬P152(x,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.
This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation, and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.
The E36 Visual Item class provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks, or images, etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and the depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

Examples:
- the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
- the Chi-Rho (E37)
- the communist red star (E37)
- the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [There exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model.]

In First Order Logic:
- E36(x) ⇒ E73(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples:
- The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P23 perdeu os direitos de propriedade por meio da


P112 был уменьшен посредством


Quantification: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space.

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900)
- The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


P19 был создан для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


P106 формирует часть


P51 является бывшим или текущим владельцем для


P53 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Standort


P136 βασίστηκε σε


P68 συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται από


P65 показан посредством


P91 έχει μονάδα μέτρησης


P99 был распущен посредством


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents the number of parts, an instance of E60 Number, of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention.
For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually.

Examples:
- Chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


Scope note:
This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An instance of E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when, and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment through the P2 has type (is type of) property.

Examples:
- replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17(th) century lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
- assigning the author and uniform title heading “Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.” to a work
- on 1(st) June 2001, assigning the personal name heading “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” to Guillaume de Machaut (Kelly, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- E15(x) ⇒ E13(x)


P59 βρίσκεται σε ή εντός


P32 был техникой для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed.
All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material.
A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


P89 содержит


P49 ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von


E67 Рождение


P49 κατέχει ή κατείχε


P29 μετεβίβασε κατοχή σε


P125 Objekt des Typus ... wurde benutzt in


P38 был отменен посредством