Quantification: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space.

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900)
- The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who assumed or has assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an instance of E78 Curated Holding.
It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an event initiating a curator being responsible for a collection.

Examples:
- The Robert Opie Collection (E78) has current or former curator Robert Opie (E21). (https://www.robertopiecollection.com/)
- The Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78) has current or former curator Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E21). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P109(x,y) ⇒ E78(x)
- P109(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P109(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent.
For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait.
P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content.
This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).

Examples:
- My T-Shirt (E22) shows visual item Mona Lisa (E36). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E36(y)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ P128(x,y)


P75 принадлежит


P11 участвовал в


P53 βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε


P9 αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P112 εξαλείφθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P110 увеличил


P27 был исходной точкой для


P92 был создан посредством


P23 perdeu os direitos de propriedade por meio da


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P129 έχει ως θέμα


P54 έχει μόνιμη θέση


Scope note:
This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. These quantities may be abstract accounting units, the nominal value of a heap of coins or bank notes at the time of validity of the respective currency, the nominal value of a bill of exchange or other documents expressing monetary claims or obligations. It specifically excludes amounts expressed in terms of weights of valuable items, like gold and diamonds, and quantities of other non-currency items, like goats or stocks and bonds.

Examples:
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987

In First Order Logic:
- E97(x) ⇒ E54(x)


P20 ήταν σκοπός του/της


E3 Κατάσταση


E64 Конец Существования


P46 αποτελείται από


P49 имеет бывшего или текущего смотрителя


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


P72 является языком для


P53 ist früherer oder derzeitiger Standort von


P105 δικαίωμα κατέχεται από


P1 αναγνωρίζεται ως


P22 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε


P26 был пунктом назначения для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples:
- The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises types that stand as the models for instances of E22 Human-Made Object that are produced as the result of production activities using plans exact enough to result in one or more series of uniform, functionally and aesthetically identical and interchangeable items. The product type is the intended ideal form of the manufacture process. It is typical of instances of E22 Human-Made Object that conform to an instance of E99 Product Type that its component parts are interchangeable with component parts of other instances of E22 Human-Made Object made after the model of the same instance of E99 Product Type. Frequently, the uniform production according to a given instance of E99 Product Type is achieved by creating individual tools, such as moulds or print plates that are themselves carriers of the design of the product type. Modern tools may use the flexibility of electronically controlled devices to achieve such uniformity. The product type itself, i.e. the potentially unlimited series of aesthetically equivalent items, may be the target of artistic design, rather than the individual object. In extreme cases, only one instance of a product type may have been produced, such as in a “print on demand” process which was only triggered once. However, this should not be confused with industrial prototypes, such as car prototypes, which are produced prior to the production line being set up, or test the production line itself.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 [Beetle] (Rieger, 2013)
- Dragendorff 54 samian vessel
- 1937 Edward VIII brass threepenny bit
- Qin Crossbow trigger un-notched Part B (Bg2u) (Li, 2012)
- Nokia Cityman 1320 [The first Nokia mobile phone]

In First Order Logic:
- E99(x) ⇒ E55(x)


P93 αναιρέθηκε από


Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.
Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

Examples:
- the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990).
- the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991)
- the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921)
- the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011)
- the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005)
- the Rosetta Stone (E22)
- my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious)
- the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22)
- my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E24(x) ⇒ E18(x)
- E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)


P32 был техникой для


P86 содержится в


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This is a high-level property, which captures the relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and anything, that is, an instance of E1 CRM Entity, that may have had some bearing upon it.
The property has more specific subproperties.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The designing of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (E7) was influenced by the Tyne Bridge (E22). (Dorman Long, 1932)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


E13 Απόδοση Ιδιοτήτων


Scope note:
This class comprises activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being increased, enlarged, or augmented by the addition of a part.
Typical scenarios include the attachment of an accessory, the integration of a component, the addition of an element to an aggregate object, or the accessioning of an object into a curated instance of E78 Curated Holding. Both the E18 Physical Thing being augmented and the E18 Physical Thing that is being added are treated as separate identifiable wholes prior to the instance of E79 Part Addition. Following the addition of parts, the resulting assemblages are treated objectively as single identifiable wholes, made up of constituent or component parts bound together either physically (for example the engine becoming a part of the car), or by sharing a common purpose (such as the 32 chess pieces that make up a chess set). This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history and continuity of identity of objects that are integrated into other objects over time, such as precious gemstones being repeatedly incorporated into different items of jewellery, or cultural artefacts being added to different museum instances of E78 Curated Holding over their lifespan.

Examples:
- the setting of the Koh-I-Noor diamond into the crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (Dalrymple, 2017)
- the addition of the painting “Room in Brooklyn” by Edward Hopper to the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
- the attachment of the bronze hand on the tree forming the Alpi Marittime [ https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- E79(x) ⇒ E11(x)


P127 имеет нижестоящий термин


Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”.
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.

Examples:
- cm [centimetre]
- km [kilometre]
- m [metre]
- m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999)
- A [ampere]
- GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014)
- C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


P73 είναι μετάφραση του/της


P130 χαρακτηριστικά του βρίσκονται επίσης σε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.
This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.
The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22).
- The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24).

In First Order Logic:
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)]
- P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x)


P21 был целью для


E30 Δικαίωμα


P42 был присвоен посредством


E73 Информационный Объект


E18 Физическая Вещь


P101 был применением для


P136 υποστήριξε τη δημιουργία τύπου


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

Properties:
- P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


E31 Τεκμήριο


Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural.
Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land, etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by).
The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.

Examples:
- the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
- the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49)
- the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohen, 2006)

In First Order Logic:
- E18(x) ⇒ E72(x)


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Any instance of a CIDOC CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).

Examples:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) classified silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P129 είναι θέμα του/της


P52 είναι ιδιοκτήτης του


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.

Examples:
- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.
This property is transitive asymmetric.

Examples:
- This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33).
- ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90).

In First Order Logic:
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)


P107 est le membre actuel ou antérieur de


P101 ήταν χρήση του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.
It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.
The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples:
- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)
- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E32 Authority Document with an instance of E1 CRM Entity which it lists for reference purposes.

Examples:
- The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (E32) lists alcazars (E55). (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300006897)

In First Order Logic:
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E32(x)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P81b αρχή του τέλους


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.
The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”.
If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954)
- The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

Properties:
- P130.1 kind of similarity: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P130(x,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied.
This is generally true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM.

Examples:
- the Cullinan diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
- definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 (E73) (ISO 21127: 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- E72(x) ⇒ E70(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, during}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_15.png

Figure 22: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_16.png

Figure 23: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- Godstow Abbey, Oxfordshire as a working abbey (E4 Period) ends before the end of the reign of Henry VIII (E4 Period).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P185(x,y) ⇒ P184(x,y)
- [P185(x,y) ∧ P185(y,z)] ⇒ P185(x,z)P185(x,y) ⇒ ¬P185(y,x)


P43 είναι μέγεθος του


Scope note:
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which they can be held responsible.

Examples:
- London and Continental Railways (E74)
- the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
- Sir Ian McKellen (E21) (Gibson, 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- E39(x) ⇒ E77(x)


P15 находился под влиянием


Scope note:
This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An instance of E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when, and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment through the P2 has type (is type of) property.

Examples:
- replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17(th) century lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
- assigning the author and uniform title heading “Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.” to a work
- on 1(st) June 2001, assigning the personal name heading “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” to Guillaume de Machaut (Kelly, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- E15(x) ⇒ E13(x)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E29 Design or Procedure that completely determines the production of instances of E18 Physical Thing. The resulting instances of E18 Physical Thing are considered exemplars of this instance of E99 Product Type when the process specified is correctly executed. Note that the respective instance of E29 Design or Procedure may not necessarily be fixed in a written/graphical form, and may require the use of tools or models unique to the product type. The same instance of E99 Product Type may be associated with several variant plans.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) has production plan the production plans for Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E29). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


P82 κάποτε εντός


P91 έχει μονάδα μέτρησης


P72 έχει γλώσσα


P37 αποδόθηκε ως ιδιότητα από


P135 создал тип


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


E72 Объект Права


P8 υπήρξε τόπος του


E26 Физический Признак


P102 является заголовком для


P41 χαρακτήρισε


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice). Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.

Examples:
- The Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (E93) was a presence of The Roman Empire (E4). (Clare and Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ P10(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, whose temporal extent has been chosen in order to determine the spatial extent of a phenomenon over the chosen time-span. Respective phenomena may, for instance, be historical events or periods, but can also be the diachronic extent and existence of physical things. In other words, instances of this class fix a slice of another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in time.
The temporal extent of an instance of E93 Presence typically is predetermined by the researcher so as to focus the investigation particularly on finding the spatial extent of the phenomenon by testing for its characteristic features. There are at least two basic directions such investigations might take. The investigation may wish to determine where something was during some time or it may wish to reconstruct the total passage of a phenomenon’s spacetime volume through an examination of discrete presences. Observation and measurement of features indicating the presence or absence of a phenomenon in some space allows for the progressive approximation of spatial extents through argumentation typically based on inclusion, exclusion and various overlaps.

Examples:
- the Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (Clare and Edwards, 1992)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1775 (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- E93(x) ⇒ E92(x)


E19 Υλικό Αντικείμενο


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms, or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.

Examples:
- the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958)
- the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36)
- Domesday Book [a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror] (Hallam 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- E31(x) ⇒ E73(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type “A” with an instance of E55 Type “B”, when items of type “A” typically form part of items of type “B”, such as “car motors” and “cars”.
It allows types to be organised into hierarchies based on one type describing a typical part of another. This property is equivalent to “broader term partitive (BTP)” as defined in ISO 2788 and “broaderPartitive” in SKOS.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- car motors (E55) defines typical parts of cars (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P150(x,y) ⇒ ¬P150(y,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P32 ήταν τεχνική του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The property is not transitive.
This property is a directed relationship. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc.
Instances of this property are considered to be symmetric, in case no directed sense is provided for them by the property P69.1 has type.
The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures.

Examples:
- The procedure for glass blowing (E29) has association with the procedure for glass heating (E29). (Brooks, 1973)
- The set of instructions for performing Macbeth in Max Reinhardt's production in 1916 in Berlin at Deutsches Theater (E29) has association with the scene design drawing by Ernst Stern reproduced at http://www.glopad.org/pi/fr/record/digdoc/1003814 (E29) has type has part (E55).
- The preparation of parchment (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type has part (E55).
- Stretching of skin (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type follows (E55). (Poole and Reed, 1962)
- The plan for reassembling the temples at Abu Simbel (E29) has association with the plan for storing and transporting the blocks (E29) has type follows (E55). (Loubiere, 1995)

Properties:
- P69.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P69(x,y,z) ⇒ [P69(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P137 δειγματίζεται από


P51 ist früherer oder derzeitiger Besitzer von


P173 commence avant ou au moment de la fin de


Scope note:
This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e. a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group.
A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.

Examples:
- the Impressionists (Wilson, 1994)
- the Navajo (Correll, 1972)
- the Greeks (Williams, 1993)
- the peace protestors in New York City on 15(th) February 2003
- Exxon-Mobil (Raymond, 2006)
- King Solomon and his wives (Thieberger, 1947)
- the President of the Swiss Confederation
- Nicolas Bourbaki [the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure] (Aczel, 2007)
- Betty Crocker (Crocker, 2012)
- Ellery Queen [Ellery Queen is a pseudonym created in 1929 by American crime fiction writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee.] (Wheat, 2005)
- Greenpeace
- Paveprime Ltd
- the National Museum of Denmark

In First Order Logic:
- E74(x) ⇒ E39(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing.
The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc.
It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.

Examples:
- The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)

Properties:
- P102.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y)
- P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


P40 παρατήρησε


P74 est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A.
When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)


P22 transferiu os direitos de propriedade para


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan.

Examples:
- The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016)
- The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005)
- The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x)
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)


P28 опека отдана через


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.

Examples:
- The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the dimension that was observed in an E16 Measurement Event.
E54 Dimension can be any quantifiable aspect of E70 Thing. Weight, image colour depth and monetary value are dimensions in this sense. One measurement activity may determine more than one dimension of one object.
Dimensions may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the measured Thing does not need to be present or extant.
Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made.

Examples:
- The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) observed dimension silver cup 232 height (E54). [which has unit mm (E58), has value 224 (E60)] (fictitious)
- The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) observed dimension the carbon 14 based temporal distance from 1996 to the growth of the wood of the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E60). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niederachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also: E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

In First Order Logic:
- P40(x,y) ⇒ E16(x)
- P40(x,y)⇒ E54(y)
- P40(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


P94 δημιούργησε


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period.
The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations.
Any place where something happened includes the spatial projection of the happening given in the same geometric reference system. For instance, HMS Victory, as place of Lord Nelson's dying, includes the location of his body relative to the hull of HMS Victory at his time of death as the most precise location of his death. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection, an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections to respective reference systems, that is, instances of E53 Place. Therefore, this property implies the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place, where both places are defined in the same geometric reference system. The relation between an instance of E53 Place and its reference system can conveniently be documented via the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).
Something that has happened at a given place can also be considered to have happened at a smaller place within it: for example, it is reasonable to say Caesar’s murder took place in Rome, but also on the Forum Romanum, and more precisely in the Curia. It is characteristic for different historical sources to use varying precision in such statements, without being in contradiction with each other. This may be due to lack of knowledge or to the relevance of the precision for the purpose of the statement. In information integration, the more precise statement improves the overall knowledge.

Examples:
- The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P7(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P7(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P7(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u) [P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]
- [E4(x) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(v,u) ˄ P7(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,v) ˄ P89(v,y)] ⇒ P7(x,v)


E81 Μετατροπή


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type.

Examples:
- The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


P14 выполнял


E12 Παραγωγή


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing.
The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc.
It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y)
- P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition.
In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


P121 επικαλύπτεται με


P81b начать в конце


P59 имеет район


P13 уничтожил


P97 είχε πατέρα


P69 ассоциирован с


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with an instance of E61 Time Primitive specifying a minimum period of time covered by it. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s minimum temporal extent (i.e., its inner boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different minimum extents without contradicting each other, the smallest interval including all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration.

Examples:
- The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) ongoing throughout “1996-2003” (E61). (Doerr, 2003)
- The Time-Span of the Thirty Years War (E52) ongoing throughout “23(rd) May 1618 AD until 24(th) October 1648 AD” (E61). (Bonney, 2014)
- The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) ongoing throughout “2181 BC – 2160 BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993) [This is the minimal common agreement of two conflicting dates: James Henry Breasted dates the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) from 2475BC to 2160BC in his Ancient Records (first published in 1906), volume 1, sections 58–75 (Breasted, 1906). Ian Shaw dates it from 2181BC to 2125BC in his Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (published in 2000), pp. 479–483 (Shaw, 2000).]

In First Order Logic:
- P81(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P81(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]


P19 ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y)
- [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)


P44 имеет условие


P135 δημιουργήθηκε από


P68 vorgesehen für Gebrauch durch defined


E8 Событие Приобретения


P109 有当前或以往管理者


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act.
This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x)
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)]
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)]
- ¬P152(x,x)


P52 έχει ιδιοκτήτη


P69 σχετίζεται με


P89 содержится в


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated Greenland (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E32 Authority Document with an instance of E1 CRM Entity which it lists for reference purposes.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (E32) lists alcazars (E55). (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300006897)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E32(x)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E41 Appellation which a communication service uses to direct communications to this actor, such as an e-mail address, fax number, or postal address.

Examples:
- The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) (E74) has contact point “bl.ric@rlg.org” (E41)

In First Order Logic:
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.

Examples:
- The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55).
- The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55).

Properties:
- P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x)
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E41 Appellation with another instance of E41 Appellation that constitutes a derivative or variant of the former and that may also be used for identifying items identified by the former, in suitable contexts, independent from the particular item to be identified. This property should not be confused with additional variants of names used characteristically for a single, particular item, such as individual nicknames. It is a directed relationship, where the range expresses the derivative or variant and the domain the source of derivation or original form of variation, if such a direction can be established. Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric.
Multiple names assigned to an object, which do not apply to all things identified with the specific instance of E41 Appellation, should be modelled as repeated values of P1 is identified by (identifies) of this object.
P139.1 has type allows the type of derivation to be refined, for instance “transliteration from Latin 1 to ASCII”.

Examples:
- “Martin Doerr” (E41) has alternative form “Martin Dörr” (E41) has type alternate spelling (E55).
- “Гончарова, Наталья Сергеевна” (E41) has alternative form "Gončarova, Natal´â Sergeevna" (E41) has type ISO 9:1995 transliteration (E55).
- “Αθήνα” (E41) has alternative form “Athina” (E41) has type transcription (E55).

Properties:
- P139.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(x)
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P139(x,y,z) ⇒ [P139(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P139(x,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.
In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.
This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P4 имеет временной отрезок


P86 περιέχει


P13 καταστράφηκε από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”.

Examples:
- The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918)

Properties:
- P136.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


P23 a transféré le titre de propriété de


P39 был измерен посредством


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the maximum period of time within which an E52 Time-Span falls. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s maximum temporal extent (i.e. its outer boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different maximum extents without contradicting each other, the resulting intersection of all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration.

Examples:
- The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) at some time within “1992-infinity” (E61). (Doerr, 2003)
- The Time-Span of the Battle in the Teutoburg Forest (E52) at some time within “September 9 CE” (E61). (Andrews & Kesteven, 1977)
- The time-Span of the death of Tut Ankh Amun (E52) at some time within “December 1324 BC to February 1323 BC” (E61). (Murdoch, 2003)
- The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) at some time within “2475BC - 2125BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993)

In First Order Logic:
- P82(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P82(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)


E21 Личность


P55 είναι θέση του


P74 έχει ή είχε κατοικία


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


P184 se termine avant ou au moment de la fin de


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}
Typically, this property is a consequence of a known influence of some event on another event or activity, such as a novel written by someone being continued by someone else, or the knowledge of a defeat on a distant battlefield causing people to end their ongoing activities. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_03.png

Figure 10: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_04.png

Figure 11: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The settling activity of the city of Assur (Ashur) (E7) starts before the end of The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (E4). [There are some 200 - 300 years differences in the chronology of the First Intermediate Period, and Assur is dated to “about 2500 BC”.] (Pedersén, 1986)
- The building of the current St. Peters in Rome (E7) starts before the end of the demolition of the old 4(th) c. St. Peters (E6, E7) (Bosman, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ P173(x,y)
- ¬P174(x,x)


P51 有以往或当前所有者


P10 περιλαμβάνει


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive.

Examples:
- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has value 226 (E60). (fictitious)
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has value 24,750,000 (E60).

In First Order Logic:
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E54(x)
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


E72 Νομικό Αντικείμενο


P71 περιλαμβάνει


E2 Временная Сущность


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

Properties:
- P107.1 kind of member: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


P30 άλλαξε κατοχή μέσω


P104 применяется к


P111 προσέθεσε


Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type.
For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries.
This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about.
All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values.

Examples:
- the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E13(x) ⇒ E7(x)


P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure


P1 идентифицируется посредством


P71 перечисляет


P137 поясняет


P109 имеет действующего или бывшего хранителя


P24 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο του/της


P45 составлен из


P107 是当前或以往成员


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E61 Time Primitive with the instance of E52 Time-Span that constitutes the interpretation of the terms of the time primitive as an extent in absolute, real time.
The quantification allows several instances of E61 Time Primitive that are each expressed in different syntactic forms, to define the same instance of E52 Time-Span.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “1800/1/1 0:00:00 – 1899/31/12 23:59:59” (E61) defines time the 19(th) century (E52).
- “1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1” (E61) defines time 1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1 (E52). [an arbitrary time-span during which the Saint Titus reliquary was present in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P170(x,y) ⇒ E61(x)
- P170(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P170(x, y) ⇒ P81i(x, y) ∧ P82i(x, y)


P97 был отцом для


E10 Передача Опеки


Scope note:
This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object.
Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.

Examples:
- the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA (Wildfang, 2005)
- the movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019

In First Order Logic:
- E9(x) ⇒ E7(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)


P108 παρήχθη από


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)


P89 περιέχει


P65 показан посредством


P121 пересекается с


P24 передал право собственности на


P33 a été la technique spécifique mise en œuvre dans


P139 имеет альтернативную форму


P76 имеет контакт


P28 παρέδωσε κατοχή μέσω


P81 καθόλη τη διάρκεια του/της


P51 est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_09.png

Figure 16: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_10.png

Figure 17: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- Lerna III (E4) ends before or with the start of Lerna IV (E4). [“The site at Lerna probably was not left uninhabited for long after the destruction of the House of the Tiles and the raising of the tumulus. If there was a gap corresponding to the earliest stage of EH III in the Argolid, as has been suggested by some (see, e.g., Manning 1995: 55–60), it was a brief one. In Rutter’s view, the short life of the Fourth Settlement began ca. 2200/2150 b.c. and ended ca. 2050/2000 b.c.”] (Banks & Reese, 2013)
- The use of LH I graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4) ends before or with the start of LH III phase of reuse of the graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4). [“…a possible hiatus in the occupation of certain sites such as the settlement of Krisa in Phocis, which was well occupied in the MH and LHIII periods. LHIIB pottery from this settlement has already been identified, but no certain example of LHIIA pottery.”] (Phialon 2018)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P176(x,y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P185(x,y)
- [P182(x,y) ⋀ P182(y,z) ⇒ P182(x,z)]
- P182(x,y) ⇒ ¬P182(y,x)


P13 κατέστρεψε


P57 имеет число частей


P51 имеет бывшего или текущего владельца


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55).
- The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x)
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P81a конец начала


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples of the inverse property:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P99 распустил


P38 ακυρώθηκε από


P55 в данный момент находится в


P29 παρέλαβε κατοχή μέσω


P72 είναι γλώσσα του/της


P122 граничит с


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P49 a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


P25 μετεκίνησε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span.
This property supports the notion that the temporal extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span falls within the temporal extent of another instance of E52 Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of E52 Time-Span is implied. This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Apollo 11 moon mission (E52) falls within the time-span of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (E52). (Riley, 2009; Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- [P86(x,y) ∧ P86(y,z)] ⇒ P86(x,z)
- P86(x,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


P15 επηρέασε


P19 έγινε για


Scope note:
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite, and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.

Examples:
- the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993)
- the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010)
- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995
- the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020)
- the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006)
- the people of Iraq giving the name ‘Quyunjig’ to the place identified by the TGN as ‘7017998’
- Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993
- Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993

In First Order Logic:
- E7(x) ⇒ E5(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic:
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y)
- [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)


P104 υπόκειται σε


P175 commence après ou au moment du début de


Scope note:
This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives.
These include reproduction and property rights.

Examples:
- copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127
- ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France

In First Order Logic:
- E30(x) ⇒ E89(x)


P53 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Standort


P1 идентифицирует


P29 μετεβίβασε κατοχή σε


P70 документирован в


P108 был произведен посредством


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971)

In First Order Logic:
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(y)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ P10(y,x)
- [P9(x,y) ∧ P9(y,z)] ⇒ P9(x,z)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ ¬P9(y,x)


P136 поддержал создание типа


P48 является предпочтительным идентификатором для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples of the inverse property:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents the number of parts, an instance of E60 Number, of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention.
For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually.

Examples:
- Chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added during an instance of E79 Part Addition activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The insertion of the final nail (E79) added the last nail in George VI’s coffin (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


P71 перечислен в


E7 Деятельность


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an area, i.e., an instance of E53 Place to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found. This area may either be identified by a name, or by a geometry in terms of a coordinate system adapted to the shape of the respective instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typically, names identifying sections of physical objects are composed of the name of a kind of part and the name of the object itself, such as “The poop deck of H.M.S. Victory”, which is composed of “poop deck” and “H.M.S. Victory”.

Examples:
- HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53). (Goodwin, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


E25 Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain


Quantification: many to many (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity.

Examples:
- The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97).
- The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic:
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x)
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)


E81 Трансформация


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an instance of E39 Actor to the custody of another instance of E39 Actor. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10) transferred custody of paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E19).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)