Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.
This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.
The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22).
- The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24).

In First Order Logic:
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)]
- P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x)


P81a τέλος της αρχής


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E70 Thing with an instance of E55 Type that describes the type of use that it was actually employed for.
It allows the relationship between particular things, both physical and immaterial, and the general methods and techniques of real use to be documented. This may well be different from the intended functional purpose of the instance of E70 Thing (which can be documented with P103 was intended for (was intention of)). For example, it could be recorded that a particular wooden crate had a general use as a shelf support on a market stall even though it had been originally intended for carrying vegetables.
The use of this property is intended to allow the documentation of usage patterns attested in historical records or through scientific investigation (for instance ceramic residue analysis). It should not be used to document the intended, and thus assumed, use of an object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Tony Gill’s Ford Mustang (E22) had as general use transportation (E55).
- The Egyptian unglazed vessel used in the 2003 study reported by Barnard et al. (E22) had as general use camel milk preparation (E55). (Barnard et al., 2007)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P101(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P101(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P101(x,y) ⇒ (∃z)[E7(z) ∧ P16i(,x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


P31 τροποποίησε


P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection


έχει ευρύτερο όρο


E79 Добавление Части


P82a начать с начала


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The formation of the House of Bourbon-Conti in 1581 (E66) was formed from House of Condé (E74). (Collectif & Musée d'art et d'histoire Louis-Senlecq, 1900)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


идентифицирует


αποτελείται από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the relationship between a preparatory activity, an instance of E7 Activity and the instance of E5 Event that it is intended as a preparation for.
This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events.
P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that the activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, the unrealized intention should be documented using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples:
- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of the Ghent altar piece (E12). (Borchert, 2008)

In First Order Logic:
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)


P113i был удален посредством


является текущим или бывшим местом жительства для


P93i αναιρέθηκε από


E27 Φυσικός Χώρος


P43 έχει μέγεθος


P22i απέκτησε τον τίτλο μέσω


CRM Сущность


P51i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Besitzer von


E66 Συγκρότηση Ομάδας


ist früherer oder derzeitiger Standort von


Diese Klasse umfasst schöpferische Prozesse, bei denen Bilder entstehen, z.B. MRT, CT, Röntgen aber auch 3D Modelle oder reguläre Fotografien.


P12 συνέβη παρουσία του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated Greenland (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


документирован в


perdeu os direitos de propriedade por meio da


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance or instances of E18 Physical Thing that are the result of an instance of E81 Transformation. New items replace the transformed item or items, which cease to exist as units of documentation. The physical continuity between the old and the new is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) resulted in the City Hall of Heraklion (E24). [AND: has produced (P108) the City Hall of Heraklion (E22)] (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) resulted in the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22,E20). [also: has produced (P108) the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22, E20).] (Carter & Mace 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) resulted in petrified bodies (E20). [Some of these bodies could later be preserved in plaster.]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


право принадлежит


был типом объекта использованного в


απέκτησε τον τίτλο μέσω


идентифицировал


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples of the inverse property:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P175 commence avant ou au moment du début de


δημιούργησε τύπο


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an instance of E14 Condition Assessment.
Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the instance of E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant at the time of assessment.

Examples:
- The condition assessment of the silver collection in 1997 (E14) concerned silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E14(x)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P16i χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


P134 продолжил


P32i был техникой для


έχει σημείο επικοινωνίας


был добавлен посредством


P8 имел место на или в


Scope note:
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.

Examples:
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)

In First Order Logic:
- E21(x) ⇒ E20(x)
- E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


E9 Μετακίνηση


прекратил существование посредством


χρησιμοποίησε


P56 несет признак


P134i был продолжен


Diese Klasse dient dazu, über Instanzen der Klasse Object getätigte Aussagen oder ihnen zugewiesene Eigenschaften bezüglich der Art ihrer Herstellungstechnik aus Instanzen der Klasse Source Content zu dokumentieren.

Beispiel: die Zuweisung der Technik "geschnitten" für das Objekt "Der Große Kurfürst als Heiliger Georg" laut dem Reisebericht von Silbermann "[...] die aus hartem Eißen geschnittene kleine Statua [...]".


Scope note:
This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (“curated” and “preserved,” in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. Typical instances of curated holdings are museum collections, archives, library holdings and digital libraries. A digital library is regarded as an instance of E18 Physical Thing because it requires keeping physical carriers of the electronic content.
Items may be added or removed from an E78 Curated Holding in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Curated Holding who is often referred to using the name of the E78 Curated Holding (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”).
Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Curated Holding. This is because they form wholes, either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality.

Examples:
- the John Clayton Herbarium (Blake, 1918), (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- the Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990)
- Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005)
- the Digital Collections of the Munich DigitiZation Center (MDZ) accessible via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ at least in January 2018.

In First Order Logic:
- E78(x) ⇒ E24(x)


Diese Klasse umfasst materielle Hinterlassenschaften der Menschheits- und Umweltgeschichte, die von menschlicher Aktivität bewusst zum Bestand einer Sammlung (E78 Curated Holding) hinzugefügt wurden und von einem oder mehreren Akteuren (E39 Actor) kuratorisch betreut werden.

Beispiele:

Der Behaim Globus von 1492/94, der sich heute im Germanischen Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg befindet
Der Stein von Rosette, der in der hellenistischen Zeit gemeißelt wurde, 1799 im Kontext napoleonischer Feldzüge geraubt und sich seit 1802 in der Sammlung des British Museum in London befindet


This class describes the event of commissioning the conceptual and physical creation of instances of the Object class by an actor. The commissioning is modeled as a sub-event in the context of the object's history.

For example, the commissioning of the Behaim Globe by the City Council of Nuremberg and its council members.


P34 αφορούσε σε


Diese Klasse umfasst Zeichenketten oder Kodierungen, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) zugewiesen werden, um sie eindeutig und dauerhaft innerhalb des Sammlungskontexts zu identifizieren. Inventarnummern werden im Kontext von Instanzen der Klasse Identifikatorzuweisung (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment) zugewiesen. Identifikatorzuweisungen wiederum finden innerhalb von Objektdokumentationen (nfdi4objects:Object_Documenttion) statt, die ein wesentliches Ereignis innerhalb der Museums-/Sammlungszugehörigkeit (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) darstellen.

Beispiele:
- GNM WI1826
- GNG 02560


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, during}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_15.png

Figure 22: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_16.png

Figure 23: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- Godstow Abbey, Oxfordshire as a working abbey (E4 Period) ends before the end of the reign of Henry VIII (E4 Period).

In First Order Logic:
- P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P185(x,y) ⇒ P184(x,y)
- [P185(x,y) ∧ P185(y,z)] ⇒ P185(x,z)P185(x,y) ⇒ ¬P185(y,x)


P74i είναι ή ήταν κατοικία του/της


Instances of this class describe the different types of the “Reception” class, e.g.
- Facsimile
- Film


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


P55 βρίσκεται σε


P21i ήταν σκοπός του/της


P16 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E41 Appellation which a communication service uses to direct communications to this actor, such as an e-mail address, fax number, or postal address.

Examples:
- The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) (E74) has contact point “bl.ric@rlg.org” (E41)

In First Order Logic:
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)


καθόλη τη διάρκεια του/της


A location is a place that is used to locate things on a sub-geographical level. Other than
geographical places they may not have a place name and are not found in gazetteers like GeoNames, but are described/circumscribed, mostly by "speaking titles". A location may be specified by spatial coordinates, though.
For geographical reference, a location can be linked to the/a geographical place that it is in.

Example:
- An specific individual plant was found "under the first oak tree to the left of the main gate".
- An object's location is on shelf "XII-3".
- An object was found "in the remnants of building X". (where building X could be the surrounding geographical place.


P67i имеет ссылку на себя от


Scope note:
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.

Examples:
- Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999)
- the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989)
- the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020)
- [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.]
- “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962)
- The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]

In First Order Logic:
- E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)


Instances of this class describe the types of E11 modification that are made to instances of the class Object after their E12 creation,
e.g. the separation of pieces from the Zenker lung specimen from the Pathological Collection of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
e.g. the addition of the death notice of Martin Behaim on the Behaim Globe after 1507


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who assumed or has assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an instance of E78 Curated Holding.
It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an event initiating a curator being responsible for a collection.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Robert Opie Collection (E78) has current or former curator Robert Opie (E21). (https://www.robertopiecollection.com/)
- The Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78) has current or former curator Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E21). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P109(x,y) ⇒ E78(x)
- P109(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P109(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)


имеет текущего владельца


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have some of their extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must have some of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely.
If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P133 is spatiotemporally separated from also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available.
This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive.

Examples:
- The “Urnfield” period (E4) spatiotemporally overlaps with the “Hallstatt” period (E4). (Gimbutas, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P132(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P132(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P132(x,y) ⇒ P132(y,x)
- P132(x,y) ⇒ P132 (x,y)
- P132(x,x)


был трансформирован посредством


показывает визуальный предмет


E1 CRM Сущность


несет признак


P136 был основан на


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_09.png

Figure 16: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_10.png

Figure 17: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- Lerna III (E4) ends before or with the start of Lerna IV (E4). [“The site at Lerna probably was not left uninhabited for long after the destruction of the House of the Tiles and the raising of the tumulus. If there was a gap corresponding to the earliest stage of EH III in the Argolid, as has been suggested by some (see, e.g., Manning 1995: 55–60), it was a brief one. In Rutter’s view, the short life of the Fourth Settlement began ca. 2200/2150 b.c. and ended ca. 2050/2000 b.c.”] (Banks & Reese, 2013)
- The use of LH I graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4) ends before or with the start of LH III phase of reuse of the graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4). [“…a possible hiatus in the occupation of certain sites such as the settlement of Krisa in Phocis, which was well occupied in the MH and LHIII periods. LHIIB pottery from this settlement has already been identified, but no certain example of LHIIA pottery.”] (Phialon 2018)

In First Order Logic:
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P176(x,y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P185(x,y)
- [P182(x,y) ⋀ P182(y,z) ⇒ P182(x,z)]
- P182(x,y) ⇒ ¬P182(y,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing.
The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc.
It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y)
- P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


Υλικό Μόρφωμα


P25i перемещен посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples of the inverse property:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E97 Monetary Amount and the instance of E98 Currency that it is measured in.

Examples:
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has currency British Pounds (E98).

In First Order Logic:
- P180(x,y) ⇒ E97(x)
- P180(x,y) ⇒ E98(y)
- P180(x,y) ⇒ P91(x,y)


P79 начало ограничено


P33 χρησιμοποίησε συγκεκριμένη τεχνική


P42 назначил


έχει ή είχε επιμελητή


αποτελείται από


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space.
In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique.
The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volume which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property and are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes.
The spatial projection is unique with respect to the reference system. For instance, there is exactly one spatial projection of Lord Nelson’s dying relative to the ship HMS Victory, i.e. the location of his body relative to the ship HMS Victory at the time of his death.
In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire.
This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by).

Examples:
- The Roman Empire (E4) has spatial projection all areas ever claimed by Rome (E53). (Clare & Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- (∃y,z,u) [E92(x) ˄ E53(y) ˄ E53(z) ˄ E18(u) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ] ⇒ (x = y)
- P161(x,y) ˄ E4(x) ⇒ P7(x,y)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died.
An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.
This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people.

Examples:
- Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017)

In First Order Logic:
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P122 συνορεύει με


был пунктом назначения для


P106 αποτελείται από


E18 Υλικό Πράγμα


право собственности отдано через


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E6 Destruction to an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been destroyed by it.
Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. An instance of E6 Destruction may be contiguous with an instance of E12 Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Tay Bridge Disaster (E6) destroyed the Tay Bridge (E22). (Thomas, 1972)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E6 (x)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Начало Существования


является бывшим или текущим владельцем для


Линвистический Объект


ήταν προορισμός του


ήταν σκοπός του/της


является языком для


P80 конец ограничен


Quantification: one to one (1,1:1,1)

Scope note:
This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012)

In First Order Logic:
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity.
For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68).
- The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


προστέθηκε από


P15 находился под влиянием


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben Ereignisse in der Objektgeschichte, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Objekt" Gegenstand eines Forschungsprojektes sind, etwa drittmittelgeförderte Projekte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, aber auch aus Eigenmitteln von Forschungseinrichtungen finanzierte Vorhaben, bei denen bestimmte Fragestellungen mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden beantwortet werden. Als Ergebnis entstehen oft Publikationen in Form von Texten oder Daten, 3D Modelle oder auch Ausstellungen.

Z.B. Focus Behaim Globus am Germanischen Nationalmuseum, anlässlich des 500 jährigen Jubiläums des Behaim Globus

Z.B. Das DFG-Projekt "Das Fenster zur Natur und Kunst", bei dem u.a. die Skulptur "Der Große Kurfürst als Heiliger Georg" der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin und ehemals aus den Beständen der Berliner Kunstkammer erforscht wurde.


P98i был рожден


έχει επεξήγηση


P35 έχει διαπιστώσει


P127 имеет вышестоящий термин


P74 有当前或曾经居住地


ήταν χρήση του/της


χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο


был результатом


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156i is occupied by to E18 Physical Thing.
It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.
For example, the French and German armistice of 22(nd) June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11(th) November 1918.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P8(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P7(x,z) ˄ P156i(z,y)]


παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E18 Physical Thing of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice) of the thing’s trajectory through spacetime. In other words, it describes where the instance of E18 Physical Thing was or moved around within a given time-span. Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P166 was a presence of (had presence) to E93 Presence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P195(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[E92(z) ∧ P166(z,x) ∧ P196i(z,y)]


передал право собственности от


είναι θέμα του/της


adquiriu os direitos de propriedade por meio da


E3 Состояние


Scope note:
This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives.
These include reproduction and property rights.

Examples:
- copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127
- ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France

In First Order Logic:
- E30(x) ⇒ E89(x)


P110 επαύξησε


μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο από


υπήρξε τόπος του


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.

Examples:
- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Any instance of a CIDOC CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) classified silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies a destination, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to a destination, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many terminal instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes a distribution of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described destination is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved to the Saatchi Gallery London (E53).

In First Order Logic:
- P26(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P26(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P26(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


P129 έχει ως θέμα


был использован для


был создан для


использовал общую технику


P72i является языком для


отменил назначение


P109i est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection


P40 определил величину


совершался на


Scope note:
This class comprises the deaths of human beings.
If a person is killed, their death should be instantiated as E69 Death and as E7 Activity. The death or perishing of other living beings should be documented as instances of E64 End of Existence.

Examples:
- the murder of Julius Caesar (E69, E7) (Irwin, 1935)
- the death of Senator Paul Wellstone (Monast and Tao, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- E69(x) ⇒ E64(x)


P90 έχει τιμή


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents the number of parts, an instance of E60 Number, of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention.
For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually.

Examples:
- Chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


P27 μετακινήθηκε από


E19 Υλικό Αντικείμενο


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]


P67i αναφέρεται από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Temeraire from its building in 1798 to its destruction in 1838 (E92) has temporal projection the time-span of the existence of H.M.S. Temeraire (E52) [at some time within (P82) “1798-1838” (E61).] (Willis, 2010)
- The Battle of Waterloo 1815 (E7) has temporal projection the time-span of the Battle of Waterloo (E52) [at some time within (P82) “Sunday, 18(th) June 1815” (E61).] (Black, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P160(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P160(x,y)⇒ E52(y)


P89 περιέχεται σε


P109i είναι ή ήταν επιμελητής του/της


P97i ήταν πατέρας του/της


P65i εμφανίζεται σε


P26i был пунктом назначения для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)


P123 повлек появление


трансформировал


является текущим или бывшим местоположением для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε


E58 Единица Измерения


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53).

In First Order Logic:
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother.
Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of E21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, contains, finished-by}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_07.png

Figure 14: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_08.png

Figure 15: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The reign of King Harold II (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of Hastings (E7). (Wikipedia 2022a)
- The life of Attila “the Hun” (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (E7). [June 20, 451 AD] (Wikipedia 2022b)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ P175(x,y)
- [P176(x,y) ∧ P176(y,z)] ⇒ P176(x,z)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ ¬P176(y,x)


P31i τροποποιήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]]


P24i сменил владельца через


имеет значение


τέλος προσδιορίζεται από


P124i μετατράπηκε από


P30i опека передана через


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E97 Monetary Amount and the instance of E98 Currency that it is measured in.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has currency British Pounds (E98).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P180(x,y) ⇒ E97(x)
- P180(x,y) ⇒ E98(y)
- P180(x,y) ⇒ P91(x,y)


P46i αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P45 составлен из


P126i χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


Instances of this class describe events in the object history in which instances of the “Object” class are the subject of a research project, such as projects funded by third-party funds from the German Research Foundation, but also projects financed from the research institutions' own funds in which specific questions are answered using scientific methods. The results often take the form of publications in the form of texts or data, 3D models, or even exhibitions.

E.g., Focus Behaim Globe at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Behaim Globe

E.g., the DFG project “The Window to Nature and Art,” which researched, among other things, the sculpture “The Great Elector as Saint George” from the Berlin State Museums, formerly part of the Berlin Kunstkammer collection.


P54i ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von


E12 Παραγωγή


P37 назначил


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type.

Examples:
- The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


P62 описывает


определил величину


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a complete, identifying representation of its content in the form of an instance of E62 String.
This property only applies to instances of E90 Symbolic Object that can be represented completely in this form. The representation may be more specific than the symbolic level defining the identity condition of the represented. This depends on the type of the symbolic object represented. For instance, if a name has type “Modern Greek character sequence”, it may be represented in a loss-free Latin transcription, meaning however the sequence of Greek letters.
As another example, if the represented object has type “English words sequence”, American English or British English spelling variants may be chosen to represent the English word “colour” without defining a different symbolic object. If a name has type “European traditional name”, no particular string may define its content.

Examples:
- The materials description of the painting (E33) has symbolic content “Oil, French Watercolors on Paper, Graphite and Ink on Canvas, with an Oak frame.” (E62).
- The title of Einstein’s 1915 text (E35) has symbolic content “Relativity, the Special and the General Theory” (E62). (Einstein, 2001)
- The story of Little Red Riding Hood (E33) has symbolic content “Once upon a time there lived in a certain village.” (E62). (Lang, 1965)
- The inscription on Rijksmuseum object SK-A-1601 (E34) has symbolic content “B” (E62). [reference: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-1601/catalogue-entry (accessed 10(th) April 2021)]

In First Order Logic:
- P190(x,y) ⇒ E90(x)
- P190(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)


в данный момент находится в


P26 μετακινήθηκε προς


P54 hat derzeitigen permanenten Standort


P24 transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o


P56i βρίσκεται σε


P68i обычно используется посредством


This class includes terms that describe the systematics of a collection. For historical collections, these can be derived from inventories or collection descriptions, for example. Also, this class includes systematics found in contemporary collections.

E.g.
- Carved and turned art objects
- Naturalia
- European arts and crafts of the 19th century


P102 имеет заголовок


P31i был изменен посредством


Scope note:
This class describes the act of assessing the state of preservation of an object during a particular period.
The condition assessment may be carried out by inspection, measurement, or through historical research. This class is used to document circumstances of the respective assessment that is relevant to interpret its quality at a later stage, or to continue research on related documents.

Examples:
- last year’s inspection of humidity damage to the frescos in the St. George chapel in our village (fictitious)
- the condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- the condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- E14(x) ⇒ E13(x)


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die verschiedenen Arten der Klasse "Rezeption", z.B.
- Faksimile
- Film


P106i формирует часть


P55i est actuellement la localisation de


P13i был уничтожен посредством


περιλαμβάνει


Μονάδα Μέτρησης


Diese Klasse umfasst Dokumente, die eine Terminologie oder ein konzeptuelles System zur konsistenten Verwendung definieren.

Beispiele:
- Die Gemeinsame Normdatei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (GND)
- Der Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)


P50i является текущим смотрителем для


βασίστηκε σε


Событие Изменения


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with an instance of E61 Time Primitive specifying a minimum period of time covered by it. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s minimum temporal extent (i.e., its inner boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different minimum extents without contradicting each other, the smallest interval including all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration.

Examples:
- The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) ongoing throughout “1996-2003” (E61). (Doerr, 2003)
- The Time-Span of the Thirty Years War (E52) ongoing throughout “23(rd) May 1618 AD until 24(th) October 1648 AD” (E61). (Bonney, 2014)
- The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) ongoing throughout “2181 BC – 2160 BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993) [This is the minimal common agreement of two conflicting dates: James Henry Breasted dates the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) from 2475BC to 2160BC in his Ancient Records (first published in 1906), volume 1, sections 58–75 (Breasted, 1906). Ian Shaw dates it from 2181BC to 2125BC in his Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (published in 2000), pp. 479–483 (Shaw, 2000).]

In First Order Logic:
- P81(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P81(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)


χαρακτηρίσθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an instance of E14 Condition Assessment.
Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the instance of E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant at the time of assessment.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The condition assessment of the silver collection in 1997 (E14) concerned silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E14(x)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that contribute to the management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Curated Holding, following an implicit or explicit curation plan.
It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded.
Items are accumulated and organized following criteria such as subject, chronological period, material type, style of art, etc., and can be added or removed from an instance of E78 Curated Holding for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items to form a collection is regarded as an instance of E12 Production Event, while the activities of evolving, preserving, and promoting a collection are regarded as instances of E87 Curation Activity.

Examples:
- the curation of Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium 1876 to 1909 (when Foslie died), now at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- E87(x) ⇒ E7(x)


P33i χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring.
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples:
- The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


начать в конце


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finished-by, equals}
In a model with fuzzy borders, this property will not be transitive.
This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_05.png

Figure 12: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_06.png

Figure 13: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The production of the scarab seal found in Poros in a context of LMIIIB (E12) starts after or with the start of Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C) (E4). [The scarab stamp seal found in Poros was associated with finds dated to the LMIIIB period. The seal is dated to the Tutankhamun period or later because it belongs to the scarabs of type “nh.s n Jmn”: During Akhenaten period, the production of this type of scarab seal stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). Therefore, the scarab cannot have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production] (Karetsou, 2000)
- The production of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in Tholos B in Platanos (E12) starts after or with the start of the Hammurabi period of the kingdom (E4). [Of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in tholos B in Platanos believed to connect king Hammurabi with the MM I period. Specifically, although the finding is believed to have been found in a MM I layer, it contained material from the MM III/YM I period. Therefore, the seal may be from the Hammurabi period or, it may be from a later period.] (Walberg, 1992.)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P175(x,x)


μετεβίβασε κατοχή του/της/των


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it.
This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities.
It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc.
In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters.
When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive.
A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- The content of Charles-Moïse Briquet’s ‘Les Filigranes: dictionnaire historique des marques du papier’ (E32) incorporates the visual aspect of the watermark used around 1358-61 by some Spanish papermaker(s) and identified as ‘Briquet 4019’ (E37). (Briquet, 1985)
- The visual content of Jacopo Amigoni’s painting known as ‘The Singer Farinelli and friends’ (E36) incorporates the musical notation of Farinelli’s musical work entitled ‘La Partenza’ (E73). (National Gallery of Victoria)
- The visual content of Nicolas Poussin’s painting entitled ‘Les Bergers d’Arcadie’ (E36) incorporates the Latin phrase ‘Et in Arcadia ego’ (E33). (Wikipedia, 2020)

In First Order Logic:
- P165(x,y) ⇒ E73(x)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ P106(x,y)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ ¬P165(y,x)


P26 перемещен в


P111 προσέθεσε


απέδωσε ως ιδιότητα


P173 commence avant ou au moment de la fin de


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.

Examples:
- the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964)
- the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)


документирует


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


είναι μετάφραση του/της


τεκμηριώνεται σε


имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение


P124 μετέτρεψε


P129 касается


P9i αποτελεί μέρος του/της


был классифицирован посредством


παρέδωσε τον τίτλο μέσω


P91 έχει μονάδα μέτρησης


P17i ήταν αφορμή


P122 граничит с


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was diminished by an instance of E80 Part Removal.
Although an instance of E80 Part removal activity normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples:
- The coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22) was diminished by the opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80). (Carter, 2014)
- The coral of the Cocos Islands (E20) was diminished by the removal of the Porite coral specimen by Charles Darwin (E80). (Natural History Museum, 2010, b)

In First Order Logic:
- P112(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P112(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P112(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


είναι ή ήταν κατοικία του/της


P50 имеет текущего смотрителя


P13 κατέστρεψε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity.
These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)


This class comprises the curated public exhibitions of instances of the class Object, whereby the temporal dimension in the sense of an event is not the issue here, but rather the constellation of physical objects, such as space, exhibition furniture and objects e.g.
the exhibition of the Berlin Kunstkammer 1930 in the Funkturmhallen consisting of three rooms.


имел конкретную цель


E57 Материал


se termine au moment de ou après la fin de


P111i был добавлен посредством


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben soziale Strukturen, die mehrere Personen umfassen, wie z.B. eine Institution oder ein Verband, die ein gemeinsames Ziel verfolgen und sich von ihrer Umgebung abgrenzen, z.B.
- das Germanische Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg
- die Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- die Klassik Stiftung Weimar


P76i παρέχει πρόσβαση σε


Scope note:
This class comprises recognisable texts that can be attached to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class is not intended to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CIDOC CRM as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.

Examples:
- “keep off the grass” [on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College, Oxford, UK]
- the text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 (Mommsen, 1872)
- “Kilroy was here”

In First Order Logic:
- E34(x) ⇒ E33(x)
- E34(x) ⇒ E37(x)


Diese Klasse dient dazu, Aussagen zum Werkstoff von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt anhand Instanzen der Klasse Quelleninhalt zu zu dokumentieren.

Beispiel:
Die Zuweisung des E57 Werkstoffs "Pflanzliches Material" im Kontext der Materialzuweisung für Object Fächer aus Palmblättern in Quelle Inventar 1694.


χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed.
Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human languages. This property allows these languages to be documented.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The United States Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18(th) Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)


P30 передало опеку на


This class comprises the documentation actions, the time at which an inventory number is assigned or the creation of a status log for an object by the curator or a collection employee.

Example: Entry of an object data record in the collection database by employee XY.


E72 Объект Права


P113 αφαίρεσε


έχει κατάσταση


P73 имеет перевод


Diese Klasse klassifiziert alle Arten von Besitz- oder Eigentumserwerb, die die Akquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition) einer Instanz der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in eine Sammlung (crm:E78_Curated_Holding) beschreiben.

Beispiele:
- Schenkung
- Kauf
- Leihgabe
- Stiftung


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.

Examples:
- The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of biological father.
Note that biological fathers are not seen as necessary participants in the birth, whereas birth-giving mothers are (see P96 by mother (gave birth)). The Person being born is linked to the Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born).
This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.
An instance of E67 Birth is normally (but not always) associated with one biological father.

Examples:
- King George VI (E21) was father for the birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- P97(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P97(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)


Конец Существования


передал право собственности на


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]]


αποτελείται από


Αφαίρεση Μερών


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject.
The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται από


είχε συγκεκριμένο σκοπό


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


This class comprises character strings or encodings that are assigned to instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the collection context. Inventory numbers are assigned in the context of instances of the class Identifier Assignment (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment). Identifier assignments in turn take place within object documentations (nfdi4objects:Object_Documenttion), which represent an essential event within the museum/collection affiliation (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Examples:
- GNM WI1826
- GNG 02560


P69 ассоциирован с


τέλος της αρχής


P135i δημιουργήθηκε από


P15i επηρέασε


P110i был увеличен посредством


имел место на или в


P45i входит в состав


άλλαξε ιδιοκτησία μέσω


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property shows the type of unit an instance of E54 Dimension was expressed in.

Examples:
- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P91(x,y) ⇒ E54(x)
- P91(x,y) ⇒ E58(y)


имеет единицу


P103 был задуман для


был присвоен посредством


Diese Klasse umfasst Quellenmaterialien wie Schrift- und Bildgut, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt und die damit verbundenen Kontexte und Ereignisse dokumentieren.


This class is used to document assertions made about instances of the class Object about the assignment to a collection systematics in instances of the class Source Content.

Example: Event of the assignment of the collection systematics "Naturalia" for Object specimen of a large crocodile without front feet in source Anonymus B.


ассоциирован с


P30 μετεβίβασε κατοχή του/της/των


был основан на


This class serves to document statements made about instances of the Object class or properties assigned to them regarding the type of production technique used, based on instances of the Source Content class.

Example: the assignment of the technique “cut” for the object “The Great Elector as Saint George” according to Silbermann's travelogue “[...] the small statue cut from hard iron [...]”.


P40i наблюдался в


υπήρξε τόπος του


έχει στενότερο όρο


P109 有当前或以往管理者


αναιρέθηκε από


έχει μόνιμη θέση


P32 использовал общую технику


Instanzen der Klasse Ikonografisches Motiv umfassen Motive oder Symbole, die auf Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) angebracht sind, und im Kontext von ikonografischen Zuweisungen (nfdi4objects:Iconography_Assignment) zugewiesen oder gedeutet werden. Die ikonografische Beschreibung bzw. die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive ist eine Methode der Kunstgeschichte. Die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive erfolgt in der Regel im Kontext von Forschungsprojekten (nfdi4objects:Research_Activity) oder bei der Objektdokumentation (nfdi4objects:Object_Documentation).
Als Normdatei (nfdi4objects:Authorityfile) zur standardisierten Referenzierung der jeweiligen ikonografischen Motive wird in der Regel Iconclass oder Getty Iconography Authority verwendet.

Beispiel:
Das Motiv des Heiligen Georg, das der Statue "Der Große Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm als heiliger Georg" zugrunde liegt, die sich heute unter der Inventarnummer 856 in der Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin befindet.


E83 Создание Типа


P55i είναι θέση του


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the type that was assigned to an entity by an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).
For example, a fragment of an antique vessel could be assigned the type “attic red figured belly handled amphora” by expert A. The same fragment could be assigned the type “shoulder handled amphora” by expert B.
A Type may be intellectually constructed independent from assigning an instance of it.

Examples:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) assigned goblet (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P42(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P42(x,y)⇒ E55(y)
- P42(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε


P38i был отменен посредством


Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung einer Zeitspanne (crm:E52_Time_Span) im Kontext eines Ereignisses (crm:E5_Event). Dabei können konkrete genaue Datierungen zugewiesen werden, oder auch nur nominelle Bezeichnungen.

Beispiel:
- Die Zuweisung der Zeitangabe 1492-1494 für das Ereignis der Herstellung des Behaim Globus.
- Die Zuweisung des Jahres 1847 als Herstellungsjahr des Faksimiles des Behaim Globus für die Bibliothéque National de France.


αρχή της αρχής


P41i был классифицирован посредством


была сформирована посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms, or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.

Examples:
- the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958)
- the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36)
- Domesday Book [a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror] (Hallam 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- E31(x) ⇒ E73(x)


Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CIDOC CRM constructs.
In particular, it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance, etc.
Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CIDOC CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CIDOC CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. “construction”, “decoration”, etc.
An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.

Examples:
- Coffee mug – OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note “chipped at edge of handle” (E62) has type Condition (E55). (fictitious)

Properties:
- P3.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P3(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P3(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)
- P3(x,y,z) ⇒ [P3(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P49i является бывшим или текущим смотрителем для


P99 распустил


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”.

Examples:
- The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918)

Properties:
- P136.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


E35 Заголовок


присутствовал при


P39i μετρήθηκε από


Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the formation of a formal or informal E74 Group of people, such as a club, society, association, corporation, or nation.
E66 Formation does not include the arbitrary aggregation of people who do not act as a collective.
The formation of an instance of E74 Group does not require that the group is populated with members at the time of formation. In order to express the joining of members at the time of formation, the respective activity should be simultaneously an instance of both E66 Formation and E85 Joining.

Examples:
- the formation of the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group in 2000
- the formation of the Soviet Union (Pipes, 1964)
- the conspiring of the murderers of Caesar (Irwin, 1935)

In First Order Logic:
- E66(x) ⇒ E7(x)
- E66(x) ⇒ E63(x)


P49 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Betreuer


σχηματίστηκε από


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


имел участника


P52i είναι ιδιοκτήτης του


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning.
It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013).
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989)

In First Order Logic:
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)