Scope note:
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.
Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e. an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e. an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
E4 Period is a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, it is possible to discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume.
Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

Examples:
- Jurassic (Hallam, 1975)
- Populated Period of Nineveh
- Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius
- European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004)
- Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992)
- Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991)
- Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013)
- Cubism (Cox, 2000)
- The Capital of Russia (E4) [the capital of Russia in the sense of an administrative unit moved in historical times from Moscow to St Petersburg and then back to Moscow. This exemplifies an administrative unit changing place over time without temporal discontinuity]
- The settling activity of the community of Helsinki (a.k.a. Helsingfors) (E7) [the original settlement called Helsinki was located in the area of the modern airport. The community moved later to settle on the coast. This exemplifies a continued activity changing place over time without temporal discontinuity]
- Bronze Age (E4) [Bronze Age, in the sense of technological adoption, spread over disjoint areas including islands such as the British Isles without temporal discontinuity]
- Japan, the state (E4) [In 2021, the Japanese state as a political unit comprised in 6852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia]

In First Order Logic:
- E4(x) ⇒ E2(x)
- E4(x) ⇒ E92(x)


P37i был присвоен посредством


P71i περιλαμβάνεται σε


E65 Δημιουργία


P14i выполнял


поддержал создание типа


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code, or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.
It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.
In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. “bit”, “Latin character”, RGB pixel).

Examples:
- ‘ecognizabl’
- the “no-smoking” sign (E36)
- “BM000038850.JPG” (E41) [identifies a digital image] (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E36) [depicts specimen of Verbesina virginica] (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- the distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named “Mona Lisa” in daylight (E36)
- the Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition “La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi” (E33) (Petrocchi, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E90(x) ⇒ E28(x)
- E90(x) ⇒ E72(x)


Instanzen dieser Klassen umfassen Handlungen, die innerhalb eines Kulturkreises an einem Objekt durchgeführt werden, in der Regel nachdem es dem ökologischen Kreislauf entzogen und in einen Museums- bzw. Sammlungskontext eingegangen ist. Im Gegensatz zu Instanzen der Klasse "Benutzung" beschreibt die kulturelle Handlung einen gegenwärtigen Kontext, während die Benutzung auf den ursprünglich intendierten Nutzungszweck abzielt.

Kulturelle Handlungen sind bedeutungserzeugende Ereignisse, etwa Auszeichnungen, die Eintragung in nationale oder internationale Kulturgutlisten.
Beispiel:
- die Eintragung des Giraffatitan brancai ins Guinessbuch der Weltrekorde
- die Ernennung des Behaim Globus zum UNESCO Weltdokumentenerbe


P19 был предполагаемым использованием для


формирует часть


This class comprises digital video files, e.g.
- the video that shows how a violin is being played "violin.mp4"
- a video of a man playing a piano from the Rück-Collection on YouTube


Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


E52 Χρονικό Διάστημα


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben kuratorische Tätigkeiten, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Objekt" im Rahmen des Ereignisses in der Objektgeschichte "Museums- oder Sammlungskontext" klassifiziert und geordnet werden. Teilereignisse bilden die "Objekttypzuweisung" oder die "Zuweisung einer Sammlungssystematik".


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added during an instance of E79 Part Addition activity.

Examples:
- The insertion of the final nail (E79) added the last nail in George VI’s coffin (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)

In First Order Logic:
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


Diese Klasse umfasst digitale Dateien, die Instanzen von E1 CRM Entity dokumentieren oder darstellen, z.B.
- eine pdf-, eine Word-, eine XML-Datei, .....


P112i εξαλείφθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.
In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.
This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P24 передал право собственности на


a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure


Instances of this class include structured, digital collections of information about a specific object or collection. A data record includes essential metadata such as object type, origin, manufacture, material, and storage location, often organized in databases or standards, such as the minimum data record for museums and collections. It is used for the electronic recording, management, research, and online publication of cultural assets.


E13 Присвоение Атрибута


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


αποδόθηκε ως ιδιότητα από


P46 αποτελείται από


P51 έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


Scope note:
This class comprises immaterial items, including but not limited to stories, plots, procedural prescriptions, algorithms, laws of physics or images that are, or represent in some sense, sets of propositions about real or imaginary things and that are documented as single units or serve as topic of discourse.
This class also comprises items that are “about” something in the sense of a subject. In the wider sense, this class includes expressions of psychological value such as non-figural art and musical themes. However, conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E89 Propositional Object. This should not be confused with the definition of a type, which is indeed an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- Maxwell’s Equations (Ball, 1962)
- the ideational contents of Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Metaphysics’ as rendered in the Greek texts translated in Oxford edition
- the underlying prototype of any “no-smoking” sign (E36)
- the common ideas of the plots of the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa and the movie “The Magnificent Seven” by John Sturges (Mellen, 2002)
- the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36)
- the character “Little Red Riding Hood”, variants of which appear amongst others in Grimm brothers’ “Rotkäppchen”, other oral fairy tales and the film “Hoodwinked”
- the place “Havnor” as invented by Ursula K. Le Guin for her “Earthsea” book series, the related maps and appearing in derivative works based on these novels

In First Order Logic:
- E89(x) ⇒ E28(x)


P74i ist derzeitiger oder früherer Sitz von


начать с начала


P8i υπήρξε τόπος του


P52 имеет текущего владельца


P17 είχε ως αφορμή


P124 трансформировал


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971)

In First Order Logic:
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(y)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ P10(y,x)
- [P9(x,y) ∧ P9(y,z)] ⇒ P9(x,z)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ ¬P9(y,x)


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Any instance of a CIDOC CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).

Examples:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) classified silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


Информационный Объект


παρέδωσε κατοχή μέσω


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E12 Production with the instance of E99 Production Type, that is, the type of the things it produces.

Examples:
- The production activity of the Volkswagen factory related to the “Standard limousine Type II” during 1949-1953 (E12) produced thing of product type Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E99(y)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E24(z) ∧ P108(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


был измерен посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts, in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes.
E55 Type provides an interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.

Examples:
- weight, length, depth [types for instances of E54 Dimension]
- portrait, sketch, animation [types for instances of E36 Visual Item]
- French, English, German [types for instances of E56 Language]
- excellent, good, poor [types for instances of E3 Condition State]
- Ford Model T, chop stick [types for instances of E22 Human-Made Object]
- cave, doline, scratch [types for instances of E26 Physical Feature]
- poem, short story [types for instances of E33 Linguistic Object]
- wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types for instances of E5 Event]

In First Order Logic:
- E55(x) ⇒ E28(x)


E52 Интервал Времени


P97 είχε πατέρα


P17i обусловил


P52i est l'actant propriétaire actuel de


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it.
The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition.
Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 232 (E11) used specific technique ‘Instructions for golden chase work by A N Other’ (E29). (fictitious)
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) used specific technique Architectural plans by Foster and Partners (E29). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P33(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P33(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P33(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


P44 имеет условие


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to the disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, met-by, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}.
This property is not transitive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_01.png

Figure 8: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_02.png

Figure 9: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The legendary run from Marathon to Athens 490BC (E7) starts before or with the end of The Battle of Marathon 490BC (E7).
- LMIIB (E4) ends after or with the start of the Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C.E.) (E4). [Evidence for this is provided by the scarab seal found at Poros in a context of LMIIB. The scarab belongs to the type “nh.s n Jmn”. During the Akhenaten period he production of these scarab seals stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). So the scarab could not have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production.] (Karetsou, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)


This class describes the process of physical access of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) to a collecting institution. The accession of an object follows the acquisition or purchase (crm:E8_Acquisition) as a legal act, in the context of museum/collection affiliation (Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Example: The acquisition of the Behaim Globe in 1906 as a loan to the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg.


P27 перемещен из


Quantification: many to one, necessary(1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E52 Time-Span that defines the time-slice of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to via the property P166 was a presence of (had presence).
There are two typical cases for the determination of the related instance of E52 Time-Span. In the first, it is the temporal extent of an instance of E2 Temporal Entity (documented with P4 has time-span (is time-span of)): this then documents the simultaneity of the instance of E93 Presence and the instance of E2 Temporal Entity, even if the absolute time-span is not known, and can be regarded as a phenomenal time-span. In the second, the instance of E52 Time-Span is a date range declared in or derived from historical sources or provided by dating methods: this is a declarative time-span.

Examples:
- 2016-02-09 (E52) temporally specifies the last day of the 2016 Carnival in Cologne (E93).
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) is temporally specified by December 1755 (E52.) (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) is temporally specified by 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E52). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ P160(x,y)


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die verschiedenen Arten der Klasse "Befund", z.B.

- dendrochronologische Analyse
- Inschrift mit Datierung
- Konstruktionstechnik


P126 использовал


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed.
All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material.
A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan.

Examples:
- The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016)
- The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005)
- The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x)
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)


ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)


Трансформация


P100 ήταν θάνατος του/της


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated Greenland (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


This class includes terms that describe types of locations, e.g.

- a room
- a location within a room
- a location within a collection furniture


E63 Начало Существования


E80 Удаление Части


Quantification of the inverse property: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013).
Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010)
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)


καταστράφηκε από


P22 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε


Υλικό Αντικείμενο


E20 Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο


P7 совершался на


P173i se termine après ou au moment du début de


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of the physical custody or the legal responsibility for the physical custody of objects. The recording of the donor or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient.
Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of custody (there is no previous custodian)
2. the end of custody (there is no subsequent custodian)
3. the transfer of custody (transfer from one custodian to the next)
4. the receipt of custody from an unknown source (the previous custodian is unknown)
5. the declared loss of an object (the current or subsequent custodian is unknown)
In the event that only a single kind of transfer of custody occurs, either the legal responsibility for the custody or the actual physical possession of the object but not both, this difference should be expressed using the property
P2 has type (is type of).
The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody be in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Theft is a specific case of illegal transfer of custody.

Examples:
- the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery
- the return of Picasso’s “Guernica” to Madrid’s Prado in 1981 (Chipp, 1988)
- the transfer of custody of the work described as “Von der Velden ein Ufer an der See” from Johann Matthäus von Merian to the Auction House Heldevier (Jacob) for the purpose of sale, ca. 1716
- the transfer of custody of the painting ‘Mrs. Fitzherbert’ to the art dealer Knoedler from Parke-Bernet Galleries (New York, NY, USA) ca. March 1941

In First Order Logic:
- E10(x) ⇒ E7(x)


αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της


P72 έχει γλώσσα


P141 присвоил


Интервал Времени


P51 имеет бывшего или текущего владельца


E32 Официальный Документ


P49 είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του


P23 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο από


Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die die Art des Zustands eines Objekts beschreiben, die im Kontext von Instanzen E3 Zustandsphase zugewiesen werden, z.B.

- gut
- zerbrochen
- verzaust


E33 Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο


τέλος του τέλους


Diese Klasse beschreibt den Prozess der Bewegung von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physisches Objekt hin zum Zielpunkt von Instanzen der Klasse E53 Place, wobei letztere über Instanzen der Klasse "Ortszuweisung" zugewiesen werden. In Kombination mit Instanzen der Klasse "Bewegung von" ergibt sich eine detaillierte Gesamtdarstellung der Zuweisung von Objektbewegungen.


This class contains documents that define a terminology or conceptual system for consistent use.

Examples:
- The Joint Standards File of the German National Library (GND)
- The Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious)

Properties:
- P67.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


παρέχει πρόσβαση σε


είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.

Examples:
- The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55).
- The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55).

Properties:
- P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x)
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


This class is used to document statements about the material of instances of the class Object based on instances of the class Source Content.

Example:
Assignment of the E57 material “Plant Material” in the context of material assignment for object fans made of palm leaves in source inventory 1694.


P23 a transféré le titre de propriété de


Νοητικό Αντικείμενο


Scope note:
This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration.
Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning.
Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies.
Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span.
When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.

Examples:
- 1961
- From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996
- 14h30 to 16h22 4(th) July 1945
- 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999
- the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- E52(x) ⇒ E1(x)


E28 Νοητικό Αντικείμενο


συνορεύει με


был создан посредством


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed.
All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material.
A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an instance of E39 Actor to the custody of another instance of E39 Actor. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10) transferred custody of paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E19).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


μετεβίβασε κατοχή σε


P140 присвоил атрибут для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place.
It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- [P89(x,y) ∧ P89(y,z)] ⇒ P89(x,z)
- P89(x,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring.
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


NB: crmgeo is not available on owl yet, so could not be used for nfdi4objects.owl


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition.
In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78).

In First Order Logic:
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice). Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (E93) was a presence of The Roman Empire (E4). (Clare and Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ P10(x,y)


P57 имеет число частей


оказал влияние на


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment with the instance of E90 Symbolic Object used as constituent of an instance of E42 Identifier in this act of assignment.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Assigning the personal name identifier “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” on 1(st) June 2001 (E15) used constituent “ca. 1300-1377” (E41). (Kelly, 2014)
- Assigning a uniform title to the anonymous textual work known as ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds’(E15) used constituent “Coventry” (E41). (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998)
- Assigning a uniform title to Pina Bausch’s choreographic work entitled ‘Rite of spring’ (E15) used constituent “(Choreographic Work: Bausch)” (E90). (Brandstetter and Klein, 2015)
- Assigning a uniform title to the motion picture directed in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack and entitled ‘King Kong’ (E15) used constituent “1933” (E61). (Goldner and Turner, 1976)
- Assigning the corporate name identifier ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ to The Department for library science of the University of Ljubljana in 2018 (E15) used constituent “Univerza v Ljubljani” (E42). [Done by the Department of Library and Information Science and Book Studies Library, University of Ljubljana in 2018]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P142(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P142(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P142(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


E14 Εκτίμηση Κατάστασης


P30i a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par


P29 опека получена


E29 Проект или Процедура


E42 Идентификатор Объекта


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E16 Measurement with the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it acted. The instance of E16 Measurement is specific to the measured object. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be measured more than once with different results, constituting different instances of E16 Measurement.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) measured silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) measured the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E22). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also, E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P39(x,y) ⇒ E16(x)
- P39(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P39(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P94i был создан посредством


This class is used to document statements about the Object_Type of instances of the class Object based on instances of the class Source Content.


P2 имеет тип


P53 有之前或当前位置


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor.

Examples:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]]


P99i был распущен посредством


Событие Формирования


P108i был произведен посредством


был интенцией для


P67 αναφέρεται σε


είναι μέγεθος του


Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009)

In First Order Logic:
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z)
- P10(x,x)


обычно используется посредством


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing intentionally shows, through its optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. Photographs are by default regarded as being intentional in this sense. Anything that is designed to change the properties of the depiction, such as an e-book reader, is specifically excluded. The property does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined.

Examples:
- The painting “La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts the French “July Revolution” of 1830 (E7). (Delacroix, 1982)
- The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E22) depicts Queen Elizabeth II (E21) mode of depiction Profile (E55).

Properties:
- P62.1 mode of depiction: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P62(x,y,z) ⇒ [P62(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P62(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E36(z) ˄ P65(x,z) ˄ P138(z,y)]


αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P75i принадлежит


P13 уничтожил


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span.
This property supports the notion that the temporal extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span falls within the temporal extent of another instance of E52 Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of E52 Time-Span is implied. This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The time-span of the Apollo 11 moon mission (E52) falls within the time-span of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (E52). (Riley, 2009; Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- [P86(x,y) ∧ P86(y,z)] ⇒ P86(x,z)
- P86(x,x)


P1 идентифицируется посредством


P94i δημιουργήθηκε από


Diese Klasse umfasst Aktivitäten der Beobachtung (S27) (Substanz), bei denen ein Akteur (E39) auf eine Instanz von E18 Physical Thing trifft, die für die Aufgabe der Beobachtung relevant ist oder als potenziell relevant für eine Gemeinschaft (Identität) angesehen wird. Diese Beobachtung erzeugt Wissen über die Existenz des betreffenden Dings an einem bestimmten Ort in oder auf der umgebenden Materie. Dieses Wissen kann für die Gruppe von Menschen, zu der der Akteur gehört, neu sein. In diesem Fall würden wir von einer Entdeckung sprechen. Der Beobachter kann eine individuelle Identität des angetroffenen Dings erkennen oder zuordnen oder nur die Art in der zugehörigen Dokumentation oder dem Bericht als bemerkenswert ansehen. In der Archäologie ist es von besonderem Interesse, wenn ein Objekt „in situ“ gefunden wird, d.h. wenn seine Einbettung in die umgebende Materie die Vermutung stützt, dass das Objekt seit dem archäologisch relevanten Ablagerungsereignis nicht bewegt wurde. Die umgebende Materie mit der relativen Position des Objekts darin sowie die absolute Position und der Zeitpunkt der Beobachtung können aufgezeichnet werden, um Rückschlüsse auf die Geschichte des Objekts zu ermöglichen. In der Biologie können zusätzliche Parameter erfasst werden - wie die Art des Ökosystems, ob das biologische Individuum die Beobachtung überlebt hat, welche Detektions- oder Fanggeräte verwendet wurden oder ob das Begegnungsereignis die Entdeckung einer neuen biologischen Art („Taxon“) ermöglichte.

Beispiele:
der Fund eines vollständigen Skeletts in situ durch Nikolaos Stampolidis in Eleutherna während der archäologischen Ausgrabungen der Universität Kreta im Jahr 2007 (Bonn-Muller, 2010)
die Entdeckung von Lagocephalos_Sceleratus mit dem Trawler 419 im Mittelmeer in der ersten Augustwoche 2014 (S19) (Bekiari et al., 2014)
der Fund des Marmorfußbodens der Villa der Papyri in Herculaneum beim Ausheben eines Brunnens im Jahr 1750 (Sider, 1990)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that acquires the legal ownership of an object as a result of an instance of E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically describe an Actor purchasing or otherwise acquiring an object from another Actor. However, title may also be acquired without any corresponding loss of title by another Actor, through legal fieldwork such as hunting, shooting, or fishing.
In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title to the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


έχει δικαίωμα σε


Scope note:
This class comprises types that stand as the models for instances of E22 Human-Made Object that are produced as the result of production activities using plans exact enough to result in one or more series of uniform, functionally and aesthetically identical and interchangeable items. The product type is the intended ideal form of the manufacture process. It is typical of instances of E22 Human-Made Object that conform to an instance of E99 Product Type that its component parts are interchangeable with component parts of other instances of E22 Human-Made Object made after the model of the same instance of E99 Product Type. Frequently, the uniform production according to a given instance of E99 Product Type is achieved by creating individual tools, such as moulds or print plates that are themselves carriers of the design of the product type. Modern tools may use the flexibility of electronically controlled devices to achieve such uniformity. The product type itself, i.e. the potentially unlimited series of aesthetically equivalent items, may be the target of artistic design, rather than the individual object. In extreme cases, only one instance of a product type may have been produced, such as in a “print on demand” process which was only triggered once. However, this should not be confused with industrial prototypes, such as car prototypes, which are produced prior to the production line being set up, or test the production line itself.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 [Beetle] (Rieger, 2013)
- Dragendorff 54 samian vessel
- 1937 Edward VIII brass threepenny bit
- Qin Crossbow trigger un-notched Part B (Bg2u) (Li, 2012)
- Nokia Cityman 1320 [The first Nokia mobile phone]

In First Order Logic:
- E99(x) ⇒ E55(x)


P8i являлся местом для


P108 произвел


είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του


Scope note:
This class comprises all signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context.
Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e. other instances of E41 Appellation that are regarded as equivalent, regardless of the thing it denotes.
Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41 Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language.
Instances of E41 Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses of E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients.
Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41 Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value.
E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment.

Examples:
- “Martin”
- “Aquae Sulis Minerva”
- “the Merchant of Venice” (E35) (McCullough, 2005)
- “Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.” [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Robacker and Jenkins, 2015)
- “information science” [not the science itself, but the name used to refer to the subject matter in an English-speaking context]
- “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]
- “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” [example of a spatial coordinate]
- “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate, example of an identifier in a conceptual space (E89)]
- “19-MAR-1922” [example of date]
- “+41 22 418 5571” [example of contact point]
- “weasel@paveprime.com” [example of contact point]
- “CH-1211, Genève” [example of place appellation]
- “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” [example of a postal address]
- “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]
- “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]

In First Order Logic:
- E41(x) ⇒ E90(x)


P29i παρέλαβε κατοχή μέσω


P53 имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение


Instanzen dieser Klasse umfassen strukturierte, digitale Sammlung von Informationen über ein bestimmtes Objekt oder eine Sammlung. Ein Datensatz umfasst wesentliche Metadaten wie Objektart, Herkunft, Herstellung, Material und Lagerort, oft organisiert in Datenbanken oder Standards, wie z.B. der Minimaldatensatz für Museen und Sammlungen. Er dient der elektronischen Erfassung, Verwaltung, Forschung und Online-Publikation von Kulturgut.


P86 περιέχεται σε


является текущим владельцем для


имеет ссылку на себя от


Εκτίμηση Κατάστασης


Instances of this class include types of corporate bodies (nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body), e.g.
- university
- museum
- research institute


αποτελείται από


находится в пределах


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place which shares a part of its border.
This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that the phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P122 borders with have ever shared a respective border at the same time or even coexisted. In particular, this may be the case when the respective common border is formed by a natural feature.
This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric.

Examples:
- Scotland in its 1603 borders (E53) borders with England in its 1603 borders (E53). (Crofton, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P122(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P122(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P122(x,y) ⇒ P122(y,x)


P59i находится на или внутри


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document.
Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E31(x)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P95 σχημάτισε


P28i опека отдана через


Diese Klasse umfasst alle Arten von Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und Verwendungszwecken einer Instanz der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object), insb. bevor sie dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entzogen und in eine Sammlung oder einen Museumskontext eingingen.

Beispiele:
- Die Nutzung des Behaim Globus als Repräsentationsobjekt im Nürnberger Rathaus
- Die Nutzung des Idia-Elfenbeinanhängers als Schutzobjekt bei Zeremonien im Königreich Benin


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the maximum period of time within which an E52 Time-Span falls. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s maximum temporal extent (i.e. its outer boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different maximum extents without contradicting each other, the resulting intersection of all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration.

Examples:
- The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) at some time within “1992-infinity” (E61). (Doerr, 2003)
- The Time-Span of the Battle in the Teutoburg Forest (E52) at some time within “September 9 CE” (E61). (Andrews & Kesteven, 1977)
- The time-Span of the death of Tut Ankh Amun (E52) at some time within “December 1324 BC to February 1323 BC” (E61). (Murdoch, 2003)
- The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) at some time within “2475BC - 2125BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993)

In First Order Logic:
- P82(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P82(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)


E73 Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο


P50 είναι στην κατοχή του


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), abandoned in the 15(th) century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19(th) century (E7). [The construction in the 19(th) century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999)

In First Order Logic:
- P134(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P134(x,y)⇒ E7(y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P176i(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ ¬P134(y,x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


P103i был интенцией для


E81 Μετατροπή


P25i μετακινήθηκε από


P96i дал рождение


ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von


был смертью для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject.
The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de


P46 составлен из


E64 Τέλος Ύπαρξης


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the type that was assigned to an entity by an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).
For example, a fragment of an antique vessel could be assigned the type “attic red figured belly handled amphora” by expert A. The same fragment could be assigned the type “shoulder handled amphora” by expert B.
A Type may be intellectually constructed independent from assigning an instance of it.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) assigned goblet (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P42(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P42(x,y)⇒ E55(y)
- P42(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Diese Klasse beschreibt den Prozess der Bewegung von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physisches Objekt weg vom Ausgangspunkt von Instanzen der Klasse E53 Place, wobei letztere über Instanzen der Klasse "Ortszuweisung" zugewiesen werden. In Kombination mit Instanzen der Klasse "Bewegung nach" ergibt sich eine detaillierte Gesamtdarstellung der Zuweisung von Objektbewegungen.


был произведен посредством


Instanzen der Klasse Ikonografiezuweisung umfassen Aktivitäten, bei der Instanzen der Klasse Objekt im Rahmen einer wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung ein oder mehrere ikonografische Motive zugewiesen werden. Die ikonografische Beschreibung bzw. die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive ist eine Methode der Kunstgeschichte. Die Zuweisung ikonografischer Motive erfolgt in der Regel im Kontext von Forschungsprojekten oder bei der Objektdokumentation.
Als Normdatei zur standardisierten Referenzierung der jeweiligen ikonografischen Motive wird in der Regel Iconclass oder Getty Iconography Authority verwendet.

Beispiel:
Die Zuweisung des Motivs des Heiligen Georg im Kontext der Objektdokumentation zu der Statue "Der Große Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm als heiliger Georg", die sich heute unter der Inventarnummer 856 in der Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin befindet.


P23i perdeu os direitos de propriedade por meio da


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died.
An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.
This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


является предпочтительным идентификатором для


Απόδοση Τύπου


составлен из


E10 Передача Опеки


βρίσκεται σε ή εντός


P21 имел общую цель


P7i был местом совершения


P10i содержит


P55i в данный момент содержит


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object.
It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


E36 Οπτικό Στοιχείο


Diese Klasse bildet ein Teilereignis im Rahmen der Klasse E10 Übertragung des Gewahrsams. Dabei wird der Teilprozess beschrieben, bei dem Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur den Gewahrsam von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physischer Gegenstand empfangen, und damit im Rahmen der Erwerbskette zum Nachbesitzenden werden. Den zugehörigen Teilprozess, bei dem die Abgabe des Gewahrsams durch den Vorbesitzende Akteur beschrieben wird, beschreiben Instanzen der Klasse "Abgabe des Gewahrsams".


P28 μετεβίβασε κατοχή από


προοριζόταν για


είναι τίτλος του/της


P16i был использован для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The property is not transitive.
This property is a directed relationship. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc.
Instances of this property are considered to be symmetric, in case no directed sense is provided for them by the property P69.1 has type.
The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures.

Examples:
- The procedure for glass blowing (E29) has association with the procedure for glass heating (E29). (Brooks, 1973)
- The set of instructions for performing Macbeth in Max Reinhardt's production in 1916 in Berlin at Deutsches Theater (E29) has association with the scene design drawing by Ernst Stern reproduced at http://www.glopad.org/pi/fr/record/digdoc/1003814 (E29) has type has part (E55).
- The preparation of parchment (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type has part (E55).
- Stretching of skin (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type follows (E55). (Poole and Reed, 1962)
- The plan for reassembling the temples at Abu Simbel (E29) has association with the plan for storing and transporting the blocks (E29) has type follows (E55). (Loubiere, 1995)

Properties:
- P69.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P69(x,y,z) ⇒ [P69(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


является предметом для


E6 Καταστροφή


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E57 Material employed in an instance of E11 Modification.
The instance of E57 Material used during the instance of E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that forms the subject of the instance of E11 Modification.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The repairing of the Queen Mary (E11) employed Steel (E57). [Beginning October 1942] (Britton, 2012)
- Distilled water (E57) was employed in the restoration of the Sistine Chapel (E11). (Pietrangeli, 1986)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


P71 περιλαμβάνει


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).

Examples of the inverse property:
- Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y)
- P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E32 Authority Document with an instance of E1 CRM Entity which it lists for reference purposes.

Examples:
- The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (E32) lists alcazars (E55). (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300006897)

In First Order Logic:
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E32(x)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P71(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P128i φέρεται από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically overlaps with the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. A use case of this property is to state through which places an object or an instance of E21 Person has or was moved within a given time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P121 overlaps with, to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) covered parts of Paestum, Italy (E53). (Wiencke, 1998)
- The Byzantine Empire 1013 AD (E93) covered parts of The Italian Peninsula (E53). (Browning, 1980)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed.
Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human languages. This property allows these languages to be documented.

Examples:
- The United States Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18(th) Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017)

In First Order Logic:
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)


является переводом


Scope note:
This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An instance of E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when, and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment through the P2 has type (is type of) property.

Examples:
- replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17(th) century lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
- assigning the author and uniform title heading “Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.” to a work
- on 1(st) June 2001, assigning the personal name heading “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” to Guillaume de Machaut (Kelly, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- E15(x) ⇒ E13(x)


E11 Событие Изменения


был исходной точкой для


P141 απέδωσε


Scope note:
This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, URLs and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients.
The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.

Examples:
- “MM.GE.195”
- “13.45.1976”
- “OXCMS: 1997.4.1” (fictitious)
- “ISSN 0041-5278” [Identifier for “The UNESCO Courier (Print)”]
- ISRC “FIFIN8900186” [Identifier for : Kraft (29 min 14 s) / Magnus Lindberg, comp. ; Toimii Ensemble ; Swedish Radio symphony orchestra ; Esa-Pekka Salonen, dir.]
- Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10”
- “Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules] (Reaney, 1974)
- “+41 22 418 5571”
- “ weasel@paveprime.com”
- “Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève”
- “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan”

In First Order Logic:
- E42(x) ⇒ E41(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. These quantities may be abstract accounting units, the nominal value of a heap of coins or bank notes at the time of validity of the respective currency, the nominal value of a bill of exchange or other documents expressing monetary claims or obligations. It specifically excludes amounts expressed in terms of weights of valuable items, like gold and diamonds, and quantities of other non-currency items, like goats or stocks and bonds.

Examples:
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987

In First Order Logic:
- E97(x) ⇒ E54(x)


P26i ήταν προορισμός του/της


Instances of this class describe the types of roles played by instances of the E39 Actor class in the context of instances of the “Actor Assignment” class. They serve to further contextualize the actor in complex events,

e.g. the physical production of the Behaim Globe and the assignment of Hans Glockengießer with the role “Manufacturer of the Clay Sphere.”


имел общую цель


This class is used to document statements made about the location of instances of the Object class, such as their location in the collection space, the place of their creation, the place where they were found, or the place where they were acquired.


P54i είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.
It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.
The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)
- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P33i a été la technique spécifique mise en œuvre dans


P53i 是之前或当前位置


Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο


P76 έχει σημείο επικοινωνίας


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with a note detailing the scholarly or scientific opinions and justifications about the end of this time-span concerning certainty, precision, sources etc. This property may also be used to describe arguments constraining possible dates and to distinguish reasons for alternative dates.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Holocene (E52) end is qualified by “still ongoing” (E62). (Walker et al., 2009)

In First Order Logic:
- P80(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P80(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)
- P80(x,y) ⇒ P3(x,y)


P68 обычно применяет


имеет заголовок


Diese Klasse umfasst Ereignisse, die die Deakzession von Instanzen der Klasse E22 Human made Object aus Instanzen der Klasse Collection beschreiben, z.B.
die Abgabe des Narwalzahns aus der Berliner Kunstkammer an die Franckeschen Stiftungen Halle.


P15 επηρεάστηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016)
- The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005)
- The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x)
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of biological father.
Note that biological fathers are not seen as necessary participants in the birth, whereas birth-giving mothers are (see P96 by mother (gave birth)). The Person being born is linked to the Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born).
This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.
An instance of E67 Birth is normally (but not always) associated with one biological father.

Examples of the inverse property:
- King George VI (E21) was father for the birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P97(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P97(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)


P107i είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της


P91 имеет единицу


P43i είναι μέγεθος του


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P53i είναι ή ήταν θέση του


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben Ereignisse in der Objektgeschichte, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Object" von anderen Akteuren im Laufe der Zeit kopiert oder neu interpretiert werden, und aus diesem Kopier-, Interpretations- oder Neuschöpfungsprozess neue Werke in Kultur, Kunst, Literatur oder Wissenschaft hervorgehen.

Z.B. Die Anfertigung eines Faksimiles des Behaim Globus von 1492 für die Bibliothéque National de France im Jahr 1847

Z.B. Die Darstellung des Behaim Globus im Film "Das unsterbliche Herz"


P104i применяется к


E12 Событие Производства


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who relinquish legal ownership as the result of an instance of E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically be used to describe a person donating or selling an object to a museum. In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title from the Heirs of Amoudruz (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P23(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P23(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P23(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P107 έχει ή είχε μέλος


P93i wurde seiner Existenz beraubt durch


αποδόθηκε από


This class forms a sub-event within the context of class E10 Transfer of custody. It describes the sub-process in which instances of class E39 Actor transfer custody of instances of class E19 Physical object, thereby becoming the previous owner within the context of the acquisition chain. The associated sub-process, in which the receipt of custody by the subsequent owner is described, is described by instances of the class “Receivement of Custody”.


P20 имел конкретную цель


Diese Klasse beschreibt das allgemeine Konzept der archäologischen Ausgrabung als koordinierte Reihe von Ausgrabungseinheiten (A1), die in einem Gebiet durchgeführt werden, das als Teil eines breiteren topografischen, ländlichen, städtischen oder monumentalen Kontextes betrachtet wird. Eine archäologische Ausgrabung findet typischerweise in einem vordefinierten geografischen Gebiet statt, das nach einer Untersuchungskampagne oder auf der Grundlage von Quelleninterpretationen festgelegt wurde oder das durch eine andere Aktivität belegt ist (wie z. B. vorbereitende Arbeiten für den Städtebau, Rettungsarchäologie und ähnliches), und wird mit spezifischen Genehmigungen einer zuständigen Behörde durchgeführt. Für jede archäologische Ausgrabung wird in der Regel von der gleichen Behörde eine spezifische Kennung vergeben. Die Tätigkeiten beschränken sich nicht nur auf die Entnahme von Material, sondern umfassen auch Geschwisteraktivitäten, die während des gesamten Prozesses stattfinden und der Beobachtung und/oder Konsolidierung der ausgegrabenen Schichten dienen. Die archäologische Ausgrabung steht in der Regel unter der Verantwortung eines offiziell benannten Koordinators, der rechtlich und wissenschaftlich für alle in den einzelnen Grabungseinheiten durchgeführten Tätigkeiten verantwortlich ist und auch für die Dokumentation des gesamten Prozesses zuständig ist.


Scope note:
This class comprises changes of the physical location of the instances of E19 Physical Object.
Note, that the class E9 Move inherits the property P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place. This property should be used to describe the trajectory or a larger area within which a move takes place, whereas the properties P26 moved to (was destination of), P27 moved from (was origin of) describe the start and end points only. Moves may also be documented to consist of other moves (via P9 consists of (forms part of)), in order to describe intermediate stages on a trajectory. In that case, start and end points of the partial moves should match appropriately between each other and with the overall event.

Examples:
- the relocation of London Bridge from the UK to the USA (Wildfang, 2005)
- the movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019

In First Order Logic:
- E9(x) ⇒ E7(x)


This class includes sources such as written and pictorial material that document instances of the Object class and the associated contexts and events.


Событие Производства


P73 έχει μετάφραση


This class covers creative processes that generate images, e.g., MRI, CT, X-ray, but also 3D models or regular photographs.


προέκυψε από


E15 Απόδοση Αναγνωριστικού


P10 εμπίπτει


P29i получил опеку через


Συγκρότηση Ομάδας


был изменен посредством


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to the following Allen temporal relation (Allen, 1983) : {before}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_11.png

Figure 18: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_12.png

Figure 19: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- Gisle taking office as Bishop of Linköping 1139 AD (E7) ends before the start of The Guta saga composition (E65). (Peel, 1999)
- Troy VII (E4) ends before the start of Troy VIII (E4). [uninhabited for some 200 years]
- The use of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in Nihoria in the MHIII-LHI period (E4) ends before the start of the period of reuse of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in LHIIIA (E4). [“Of the six tombs excavated in the Nikitopoulou group […] the finds in Tomb Four are of MH II or MH III-LH I date, with the exception of the finds with the Northern group of material, which is uniformly dated to LHIIA2, end the ewer in the middle of the floor, dated LHIIIA1. […] The preserved evidence seems clearly to indicate use in the MHIII-LHI use in the MHIII-LHI period followed by a period of reuse in LHIIIA, a pattern matched at architecturally similar sites such as 13:Kaminia and 10:Gouvalári.”] (Boyd, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ P182(x,y)
- [P183(x,y) ∧ P183(y,z)] ⇒ P183(x,z)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ ¬P183(y,x)


P102 έχει τίτλο


Diese Klasse umfasst den immateriellen Inhalt von Instanzen der Klasse K4 Source, z.B.

- der Inhalt des Inventars der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Kunstkammer aus dem Jahr 1605, das im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz unter der Signatur GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 9, Allgemeine Verwaltung, Nr. D 2, Fasz. 1, fol. 13r-43r verwahrt wird.
- der Inhalt der anonym verfassten Beschreibung der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Kunstkammer "Anonymus B" aus dem Jahr 1740.


Scope note:
This class comprises any gatherings or organizations of human individuals or groups that act collectively or in a similar way due to any form of unifying relationship. In the wider sense this class also comprises official positions which used to be regarded in certain contexts as one actor, independent of the current holder of the office, such as the president of a country. In such cases, it may happen that the group never had more than one member. A joint pseudonym (i.e. a name that seems indicative of an individual but that is actually used as a persona by two or more people) is a particular case of E74 Group.
A gathering of people becomes an instance of E74 Group when it exhibits organizational characteristics usually typified by a set of ideas or beliefs held in common, or actions performed together. These might be communication, creating some common artifact, a common purpose such as study, worship, business, sports, etc. Nationality can be modelled as membership in an instance of E74 Group. Married couples and other concepts of family are regarded as particular examples of E74 Group.

Examples:
- the Impressionists (Wilson, 1994)
- the Navajo (Correll, 1972)
- the Greeks (Williams, 1993)
- the peace protestors in New York City on 15(th) February 2003
- Exxon-Mobil (Raymond, 2006)
- King Solomon and his wives (Thieberger, 1947)
- the President of the Swiss Confederation
- Nicolas Bourbaki [the collective pseudonym of a group of mathematicians, predominantly French alumni of the École normale supérieure] (Aczel, 2007)
- Betty Crocker (Crocker, 2012)
- Ellery Queen [Ellery Queen is a pseudonym created in 1929 by American crime fiction writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred Bennington Lee.] (Wheat, 2005)
- Greenpeace
- Paveprime Ltd
- the National Museum of Denmark

In First Order Logic:
- E74(x) ⇒ E39(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(y)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ P10(y,x)
- [P9(x,y) ∧ P9(y,z)] ⇒ P9(x,z)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ ¬P9(y,x)


конец ограничен


est responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection


P14 выполнялся


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent.
For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait.
P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content.
This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).

Examples of the inverse property:
- My T-Shirt (E22) shows visual item Mona Lisa (E36). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E36(y)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ P128(x,y)


παριστάνεται από


был распущен посредством


P22 transferiu os direitos de propriedade para


был местом совершения


P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur


αναγνωρίζεται ως


P59i βρίσκεται σε ή εντός


был задуман для