Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.
In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.
This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P123 повлек появление


E79 Добавление Части


Scope note:
This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing, such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation.
Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction can be documented by classifying the event as both an instance of E6 Destruction and of E7 Activity.
The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed, or modified is context-sensitive:
1. If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as an instance of E6 Destruction.
2. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not.
3. When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (Camardo, 2013)
- the destruction of Nineveh (E6, E7) (River, 2016)
- the breaking of a champagne glass yesterday by my dog (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E6(x) ⇒ E64(x)


αποδόθηκε από


Μεταβίβαση Κατοχής


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the identifier that was deassigned from an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
De-assignment of an identifier may be necessary when an item is taken out of an inventory, a new numbering system is introduced or items are merged or split up.
The same identifier may be deassigned on more than one occasion.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The identifier assignment on 31(st) July 2001 of the silver cup OXCMS:2001.1.32 (E15) deassigned “232” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P38(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P38(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P38(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A.
When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)


εξαλείφθηκε από


P22i adquiriu os direitos de propriedade por meio da


прекратил существование посредством


P44 έχει κατάσταση


P23i παρέδωσε τον τίτλο μέσω


P1i идентифицирует


P111i был добавлен посредством


P134 продолжил


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice). Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (E93) was a presence of The Roman Empire (E4). (Clare and Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ P10(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


P30 μετεβίβασε κατοχή του/της/των


P74i является текущим или бывшим местом жительства для


P49i является бывшим или текущим смотрителем для


Diese Klasse umfasst quantifizierbare Eigenschaften eines Objekts, so z.B.

- das Längenmaß
- den materiellen Wert
- den Durchmesser
- das Gewicht


имеет текущее постоянное местоположение


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”.

Examples:
- The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918)

Properties:
- P136.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


CRM Сущность


Instances of this class describe the different types of the class “Findings,” e.g.

- dendrochronological analysis
- inscription with dating
- construction technique


Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009)

In First Order Logic:
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z)
- P10(x,x)


P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de


είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της


P55i est actuellement la localisation de


P32i a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans


P22i получил право собственности через


Συγκρότηση Ομάδας


опека передана через


был уничтожен посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location.
In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]]


Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable symbols and any aggregation of symbols, such as characters, identifiers, traffic signs, emblems, texts, data sets, images, musical scores, multimedia objects, computer program code, or mathematical formulae that have an objectively recognizable structure and that are documented as single units.
It includes sets of signs of any nature, which may serve to designate something, or to communicate some propositional content. An instance of E90 Symbolic Object may or may not have a specific meaning, for example an arbitrary character string.
In some cases, the content of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object may completely be represented by a serialized digital content model, such as a sequence of ASCII-encoded characters, an XML or HTML document, or a TIFF image. The property P3 has note and its subproperty P190 has symbolic content allow for the description of this content model. In order to disambiguate which symbolic level is the carrier of the meaning, the property P3.1 has type can be used to specify the encoding (e.g. “bit”, “Latin character”, RGB pixel).

Examples:
- ‘ecognizabl’
- the “no-smoking” sign (E36)
- “BM000038850.JPG” (E41) [identifies a digital image] (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E36) [depicts specimen of Verbesina virginica] (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- the distribution of form, tone and colour found on Leonardo da Vinci’s painting named “Mona Lisa” in daylight (E36)
- the Italian text of Dante’s “Divina Commedia” as found in the authoritative critical edition “La Commedia secondo l’antica vulgata a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi” (E33) (Petrocchi, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E90(x) ⇒ E28(x)
- E90(x) ⇒ E72(x)


P82b конец конец


P42 назначил


P103i был интенцией для


P82 κάποτε εντός


Diese Klasse dient dazu, Aussagen zur Objektart von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt anhand Instanzen der Klasse Quelleninhalt zu zu dokumentieren.


συνήθως χρησιμοποιεί


был классифицирован посредством


Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Berufen oder Geschäftsbetrieben von Instanzen der Klasse E21 Person, z.B. "Archäolog*in", Goldschmied*in", "Künstler*in", ...


E33 Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο


P109i является действующим или бывшим хранителем


E67 Рождение


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben Ereignisse in der Objektgeschichte, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Objekt" Gegenstand eines Forschungsprojektes sind, etwa drittmittelgeförderte Projekte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, aber auch aus Eigenmitteln von Forschungseinrichtungen finanzierte Vorhaben, bei denen bestimmte Fragestellungen mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden beantwortet werden. Als Ergebnis entstehen oft Publikationen in Form von Texten oder Daten, 3D Modelle oder auch Ausstellungen.

Z.B. Focus Behaim Globus am Germanischen Nationalmuseum, anlässlich des 500 jährigen Jubiläums des Behaim Globus

Z.B. Das DFG-Projekt "Das Fenster zur Natur und Kunst", bei dem u.a. die Skulptur "Der Große Kurfürst als Heiliger Georg" der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin und ehemals aus den Beständen der Berliner Kunstkammer erforscht wurde.


Instanzen dieser Klassen umfassen Handlungen, die innerhalb eines Kulturkreises an einem Objekt durchgeführt werden, in der Regel nachdem es dem ökologischen Kreislauf entzogen und in einen Museums- bzw. Sammlungskontext eingegangen ist. Im Gegensatz zu Instanzen der Klasse "Benutzung" beschreibt die kulturelle Handlung einen gegenwärtigen Kontext, während die Benutzung auf den ursprünglich intendierten Nutzungszweck abzielt.

Kulturelle Handlungen sind bedeutungserzeugende Ereignisse, etwa Auszeichnungen, die Eintragung in nationale oder internationale Kulturgutlisten.
Beispiel:
- die Eintragung des Giraffatitan brancai ins Guinessbuch der Weltrekorde
- die Ernennung des Behaim Globus zum UNESCO Weltdokumentenerbe