This class describes the museum or collection affiliation of instances of the object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in the object biography and thus forms a central event in the life history of objects. With the process of musealization, material legacies of human and environmental history first become objects, as they previously had a concrete context of use and are removed from the economic cycle and acquire a new meaning when they are included in a collection. They become so-called semiophores (cf. Pomian, Krzysztof: Ursprung des Museums. Vom Sammeln, 1987.), which on the one hand possess materiality and on the other are given meaning or represent something on the basis of which they were first added to a collection.
The museum or collection affiliation begins with the acquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition), in which the object is legally acquired, followed by physical access (nfdi4objects:Accession) to the institution's premises. In the case of historical collection context texts, these processes can often not be precisely determined. It is also not uncommon for the legal situation of the acquisition to no longer be precisely reconstructable. Museum or collection affiliation ends when the object is disposed of or restituted by the museum.

Examples:
The affiliation of the Rosetta Stone to the collection of the British Museum
The Behaim Globe belongs to the collection of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg


This class comprises digital 3D-Models that represent instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, e.g.
- the 3D-model of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
- the 3D-model of a Hammerwing


características são também encontradas em


E14 Оценка Состояния


имеет вышестоящий термин


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of the physical custody or the legal responsibility for the physical custody of objects. The recording of the donor or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody there is either no donor or no recipient.
Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of custody (there is no previous custodian)
2. the end of custody (there is no subsequent custodian)
3. the transfer of custody (transfer from one custodian to the next)
4. the receipt of custody from an unknown source (the previous custodian is unknown)
5. the declared loss of an object (the current or subsequent custodian is unknown)
In the event that only a single kind of transfer of custody occurs, either the legal responsibility for the custody or the actual physical possession of the object but not both, this difference should be expressed using the property
P2 has type (is type of).
The sense of physical possession requires that the object of custody be in the hands of the keeper at least with a part representative for the whole. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The interpretation of the museum notion of "accession" differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership and physical custody separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.
Theft is a specific case of illegal transfer of custody.

Examples:
- the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery
- the return of Picasso’s “Guernica” to Madrid’s Prado in 1981 (Chipp, 1988)
- the transfer of custody of the work described as “Von der Velden ein Ufer an der See” from Johann Matthäus von Merian to the Auction House Heldevier (Jacob) for the purpose of sale, ca. 1716
- the transfer of custody of the painting ‘Mrs. Fitzherbert’ to the art dealer Knoedler from Parke-Bernet Galleries (New York, NY, USA) ca. March 1941

In First Order Logic:
- E10(x) ⇒ E7(x)


P130 παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της


ήταν σκοπός του/της


P103 προοριζόταν για


δημιουργήθηκε από


P74i είναι ή ήταν κατοικία του/της


P135 δημιούργησε τύπο


был создан посредством


P107 有当前或以往成员


P140 присвоил атрибут для


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E69 Death to the instance of E21 Person that died.
An instance of E69 Death may involve multiple people, for example in the case of a battle or disaster.
This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people.

Examples:
- Mozart’s death (E69) was death of Mozart (E21). (Sitwell, 2017)

In First Order Logic:
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E69(x)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P100(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


имеет нижестоящий термин


P62 απεικονίζει


P51i est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity.
These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)


P141 присвоил


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a complete, identifying representation of its content in the form of an instance of E62 String.
This property only applies to instances of E90 Symbolic Object that can be represented completely in this form. The representation may be more specific than the symbolic level defining the identity condition of the represented. This depends on the type of the symbolic object represented. For instance, if a name has type “Modern Greek character sequence”, it may be represented in a loss-free Latin transcription, meaning however the sequence of Greek letters.
As another example, if the represented object has type “English words sequence”, American English or British English spelling variants may be chosen to represent the English word “colour” without defining a different symbolic object. If a name has type “European traditional name”, no particular string may define its content.

Examples:
- The materials description of the painting (E33) has symbolic content “Oil, French Watercolors on Paper, Graphite and Ink on Canvas, with an Oak frame.” (E62).
- The title of Einstein’s 1915 text (E35) has symbolic content “Relativity, the Special and the General Theory” (E62). (Einstein, 2001)
- The story of Little Red Riding Hood (E33) has symbolic content “Once upon a time there lived in a certain village.” (E62). (Lang, 1965)
- The inscription on Rijksmuseum object SK-A-1601 (E34) has symbolic content “B” (E62). [reference: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-1601/catalogue-entry (accessed 10(th) April 2021)]

In First Order Logic:
- P190(x,y) ⇒ E90(x)
- P190(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)


This class comprises character strings or encodings that are assigned to instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the collection context. Inventory numbers are assigned in the context of instances of the class Identifier Assignment (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment). Identifier assignments in turn take place within object documentations (nfdi4objects:Object_Documenttion), which represent an essential event within the museum/collection affiliation (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Examples:
- GNM WI1826
- GNG 02560


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The property is not transitive.
This property is a directed relationship. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc.
Instances of this property are considered to be symmetric, in case no directed sense is provided for them by the property P69.1 has type.
The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures.

Examples:
- The procedure for glass blowing (E29) has association with the procedure for glass heating (E29). (Brooks, 1973)
- The set of instructions for performing Macbeth in Max Reinhardt's production in 1916 in Berlin at Deutsches Theater (E29) has association with the scene design drawing by Ernst Stern reproduced at http://www.glopad.org/pi/fr/record/digdoc/1003814 (E29) has type has part (E55).
- The preparation of parchment (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type has part (E55).
- Stretching of skin (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type follows (E55). (Poole and Reed, 1962)
- The plan for reassembling the temples at Abu Simbel (E29) has association with the plan for storing and transporting the blocks (E29) has type follows (E55). (Loubiere, 1995)

Properties:
- P69.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P69(x,y,z) ⇒ [P69(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P108i был произведен посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.
Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.

Examples:
- the removal of the Porite coral specimen from the Cocos Islands by Charles Darwin in April 1836 (Natural History Museum, 2021, b)
- the removal of the engine from my car (fictitious)
- the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E80(x) ⇒ E11(x)


εμφανίζεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.
Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.

Examples:
- the end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (Gleick, 2003)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (Jones, 1979)
- the implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland’s membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985

In First Order Logic:
- E86(x) ⇒ E7(x)


This class describes the assignment of an actor (crm:E39_Actor) in the context of an event (crm:E5_Event). It describes which specific actors (crm:E21_Person, nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body, nfdi4objects:Socienty_of_Origin) were assigned, which role (nfdi4objects:Role) they had and documents where this information comes from by specifying the source as precisely as possible (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section).

Example:
The attribution of Hans Glockengießer in the context of the production of the Behaim globe, whereby he was assigned the role of maker of the clay sphere. This statement comes from the source "Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bücherei des Nürnberger Rates, 1429-1538 (Die Ausgaben der Losunger auf M. Behaims "Mappa Mundi" 1494 und 1510)" by J. Petz from the year 1886.


P21 είχε γενικό σκοπό


P125 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο τύπου


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.
In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.
This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben soziale Strukturen, die mehrere Personen umfassen, wie z.B. eine Institution oder ein Verband, die ein gemeinsames Ziel verfolgen und sich von ihrer Umgebung abgrenzen, z.B.
- das Germanische Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg
- die Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- die Klassik Stiftung Weimar


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition.
In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


έχει ή είχε κατοικία


был создан посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing and the creation of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing that preserves recognizable substance and structure from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature or identity.
Although the old and the new instances of E18 Physical Thing are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E18 Physical Thing(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance and structure. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history.
Even though such instances of E81 Transformation are often motivated by a change of intended use, substantial material changes should justify the documentation of the result as a new instance of E18 Physical Thing and not just the change of function. The latter may be documented as an extended activity (instance of E7 Activity) of using it.

Examples:
- the mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) [the mummification of the body of the deceased is a human production process and simultaneously preserves structures of the body at and before death] (Carter and Mace 1977)
- the death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81)
- the transformation of the Hephaisteion temple in Athens, better known as “Theseion”, into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George> around AD 700 (E81,E12) [which actually helped preserving part of the antique temple structure from 449BC]

In First Order Logic:
- E81(x) ⇒ E63(x)
- E81(x) ⇒ E64(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


συνεχίστηκε από


είναι τίτλος του/της


P55i в данный момент содержит


ήταν προορισμός του


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.

Examples:
- The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953)

Properties:
- P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y)
- P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


επηρεάστηκε από


P107 έχει ή είχε μέλος


E7 Деятельность


δημιούργησε τύπο


Diese Klasse klassifiziert alle Arten von Besitz- oder Eigentumserwerb, die die Akquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition) einer Instanz der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in eine Sammlung (crm:E78_Curated_Holding) beschreiben.

Beispiele:
- Schenkung
- Kauf
- Leihgabe
- Stiftung


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


έχει εναλλακτική μορφή


Datensatzart im Minimaldatensatz der DDB


P44 έχει κατάσταση


P38i был отменен посредством


получил опеку через


P138i παριστάνεται από


P72i είναι γλώσσα του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act.
This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x)
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)]
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)]
- ¬P152(x,x)


P5 состоит из


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Any instance of a CIDOC CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).

Examples:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) classified silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P112 уменьшил


P53 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Standort


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment with the instance of E90 Symbolic Object used as constituent of an instance of E42 Identifier in this act of assignment.

Examples:
- Assigning the personal name identifier “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” on 1(st) June 2001 (E15) used constituent “ca. 1300-1377” (E41). (Kelly, 2014)
- Assigning a uniform title to the anonymous textual work known as ‘The Adoration of the Shepherds’(E15) used constituent “Coventry” (E41). (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998)
- Assigning a uniform title to Pina Bausch’s choreographic work entitled ‘Rite of spring’ (E15) used constituent “(Choreographic Work: Bausch)” (E90). (Brandstetter and Klein, 2015)
- Assigning a uniform title to the motion picture directed in 1933 by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack and entitled ‘King Kong’ (E15) used constituent “1933” (E61). (Goldner and Turner, 1976)
- Assigning the corporate name identifier ‘Univerza v Ljubljani. Oddelek za bibliotekarstvo’ to The Department for library science of the University of Ljubljana in 2018 (E15) used constituent “Univerza v Ljubljani” (E42). [Done by the Department of Library and Information Science and Book Studies Library, University of Ljubljana in 2018]

In First Order Logic:
- P142(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P142(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P142(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


P95i σχηματίστηκε από


P141 απέδωσε


E54 Величина


μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο από


P50i κατέχει


έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


P9 состоит из


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring.
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning.
It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013).
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)


transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P41i χαρακτηρίσθηκε από


P24 передал право собственности на


P133 est distinct spatio-temporellement de


P51i 是以往或当前所有者


является предпочтительным идентификатором для


P8 έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance(s) of E33 Linguistic Object with an instance of E56 Language in which it is, at least partially, expressed.
Linguistic Objects are composed in one or more human languages. This property allows these languages to be documented.

Examples:
- The United States Declaration of Independence (E33) has language 18(th) Century English (E56). (Perley, 2017)

In First Order Logic:
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P72(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)


является заголовком для


P33i был использован посредством


έχει στενότερο όρο


P74 a pour résidence actuelle ou antérieure


P45 αποτελείται από


Scope note:
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms.
Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object.

Examples:
- me (fictitious)
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
- petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

In First Order Logic:
- E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)


P25 μετεκίνησε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]]


P90 έχει τιμή


Scope note:
This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor.
In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings, and maps.
Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location.

Examples:
- the Amazon river basin (Hegen, 1966)
- Knossos (Evans, 1921)
- the Apollo 11 landing site (Siegler and Smrekar, 2014)
- Heathrow Airport (Wicks, 2014)
- the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete (Watrous, 2012)
- the island of Crete

In First Order Logic:
- E27(x) ⇒ E26(x)


Начало Существования


αναγνωρίζεται ως


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο


является бывшим или текущим смотрителем для


ассоциирован с


P70i τεκμηριώνεται σε


опека отдана


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.
This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.
The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22).
- The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24).

In First Order Logic:
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)]
- P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x)


P126i использовался в


P30 μετεβίβασε κατοχή του/της/των


E65 Δημιουργία


έχει διαπιστώσει


P24 a transféré le titre de propriété de


P91i является единицей для


μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο του/της


P2 έχει τύπο


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies a destination, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to a destination, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many terminal instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes a distribution of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described destination is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved to the Saatchi Gallery London (E53).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P26(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P26(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P26(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically includes the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Besides others, this property may be used to state in which space an object has been for some known time, such as a room of a castle or in a drawer. It may also be used to describe a confinement of the spatial extent of some realm during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place.

Examples:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was within Rome (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was within Italy (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P167(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother.
Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of E21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P111 добавил


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with a note detailing the scholarly or scientific opinions and justifications about the end of this time-span concerning certainty, precision, sources etc. This property may also be used to describe arguments constraining possible dates and to distinguish reasons for alternative dates.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Holocene (E52) end is qualified by “still ongoing” (E62). (Walker et al., 2009)

In First Order Logic:
- P80(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P80(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)
- P80(x,y) ⇒ P3(x,y)


έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός


φέρει μόρφωμα


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Temeraire from its building in 1798 to its destruction in 1838 (E92) has temporal projection the time-span of the existence of H.M.S. Temeraire (E52) [at some time within (P82) “1798-1838” (E61).] (Willis, 2010)
- The Battle of Waterloo 1815 (E7) has temporal projection the time-span of the Battle of Waterloo (E52) [at some time within (P82) “Sunday, 18(th) June 1815” (E61).] (Black, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P160(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P160(x,y)⇒ E52(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property allows sub-typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub-entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL”, etc., none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “enquiries@cidoc-crm.org” (E41) has type e-mail address (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P2(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P2(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P2(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E17(z)] ˄ P41i(x,z) ˄ P42(z,y)]


P22 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε


αποτελείται από


P51 有以往或当前所有者


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that leaves an instance of E74 Group through an instance of E86 Leaving.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated George Washington (E21). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated Greenland (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P145(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


είναι ή ήταν θέση του


E15 Απόδοση Αναγνωριστικού


P32i a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans


опека отдана через


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E18 Physical Thing of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice) of the thing’s trajectory through spacetime. In other words, it describes where the instance of E18 Physical Thing was or moved around within a given time-span. Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P166 was a presence of (had presence) to E93 Presence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P195(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[E92(z) ∧ P166(z,x) ∧ P196i(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic:
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y)
- [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)


P50 имеет текущего смотрителя


P48 έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the relationship between a preparatory activity, an instance of E7 Activity and the instance of E5 Event that it is intended as a preparation for.
This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events.
P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that the activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, the unrealized intention should be documented using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples:
- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of the Ghent altar piece (E12). (Borchert, 2008)

In First Order Logic:
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it.
It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type.

Examples:
- The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο τύπου


σχηματίστηκε από


P82b τέλος του τέλους


P26 перемещен в


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung der Art eines Erwerbs bzw. eines Übertrags von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects_Object) im Kontext eines Besitz- oder Eigentumswechsels (crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody) zwischen zwei Akteuren (Vorbesitzer und Nachbesitzer) und belegt durch möglichst genaue Quellenangabe (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section), woher diese Informationen stammen.

Beispiel:
Die Zuweisung der Art des Erwerbs "Raub" des Idia Elfenbeinanhängers, der sich heute im British Museum unter der Inventarnummer BM_Af1910_5-13_1 befindet, durch Britische Truppen vom Königreich Benin im Rahmen der Strafexpedition 1897 laut Angabe im Onlineportal Digital Benin unter der URL https://digitalbenin.org/catalogue/5_Af191005131.


τέλος προσδιορίζεται από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to the disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, met-by, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}.
This property is not transitive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_01.png

Figure 8: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_02.png

Figure 9: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The legendary run from Marathon to Athens 490BC (E7) starts before or with the end of The Battle of Marathon 490BC (E7).
- LMIIB (E4) ends after or with the start of the Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C.E.) (E4). [Evidence for this is provided by the scarab seal found at Poros in a context of LMIIB. The scarab belongs to the type “nh.s n Jmn”. During the Akhenaten period he production of these scarab seals stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). So the scarab could not have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production.] (Karetsou, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)


присутствовал при


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.
It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.
The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)
- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P86i содержит


Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung eines Akteurs (crm:E39_Actor) im Kontext eines Ereignisses (crm:E5_Event). Sie beschreibt, welche konkreten Akteure (crm:E21_Person, nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body, nfdi4objects:Socienty_of_Origin) dabei zugewiesen wurden, welche Rolle (nfdi4objects:Role) diese innehatten und belegt durch möglichst genaue Quellenangabe (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section), woher diese Informationen stammen.

Beispiel:
Die Zuweisung von Hans Glockengießer im Kontext der Herstellung des Behaim Globus, wobei ihm die Rolle des Herstellers der Lehmkugel zukam. Diese Aussage stammt aus der Quelle "Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bücherei des Nürnberger Rates, 1429–1538 (Die Ausgaben der Losunger auf M. Behaims “Mappa Mundi” 1494 und 1510)" von J. Petz aus dem Jahr 1886.


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E3 Condition State that was observed in an instance of E14 Condition Assessment activity.

Examples:
- The condition assessment of silver cup 232 in 1997 (E14) has identified oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) with oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type fine (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type broken (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P35(x,y) ⇒E14(x)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


P21i ήταν σκοπός του/της


P107 hat derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied


Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”.
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.

Examples:
- cm [centimetre]
- km [kilometre]
- m [metre]
- m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999)
- A [ampere]
- GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014)
- C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)


был присвоен посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.
Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.
In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base.
In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.

Examples:
- the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019)
- the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008)
- the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)
- the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909)
- the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020)

In First Order Logic:
- E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)


είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της


Назначение Идентификатора


был смертью для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.

Examples:
- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)

In First Order Logic:
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing.
In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension.
It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment.
An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54). [which has unit (P91) mm (E58), has value (P90) 224 (E60)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)
- P43(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E16(z) ˄ P39i(x,z) ˄ P40(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


αναφέρεται από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.
The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”.
If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954)
- The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

Properties:
- P130.1 kind of similarity: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P130(x,x)


P93 αναίρεσε


E13 Присвоение Атрибута


имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение


Событие Формирования


поясняется посредством


P11i участвовал в


Diese Klasse umfasst den immateriellen Inhalt von Instanzen der Klasse K4 Source, z.B.

- der Inhalt des Inventars der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Kunstkammer aus dem Jahr 1605, das im Geheimen Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz unter der Signatur GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 9, Allgemeine Verwaltung, Nr. D 2, Fasz. 1, fol. 13r-43r verwahrt wird.
- der Inhalt der anonym verfassten Beschreibung der Brandenburgisch-Preußischen Kunstkammer "Anonymus B" aus dem Jahr 1740.


имеет единицу


P134 συνέχισε


имел общую цель


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location.
In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]]


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates the instance of E68 Dissolution with the instance of E74 Group that it disbanded.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The end of The Hole in the Wall Gang (E68) dissolved The Hole in the Wall Gang (E74). (Patterson, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E68(x)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


описан посредством


использовал общую технику


P138i имеет представление


P105i έχει δικαίωμα σε


P25i перемещен посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)


P57 имеет число частей


E83 Создание Типа


содержится в


P52 έχει ιδιοκτήτη


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E29 Design or Procedure that completely determines the production of instances of E18 Physical Thing. The resulting instances of E18 Physical Thing are considered exemplars of this instance of E99 Product Type when the process specified is correctly executed. Note that the respective instance of E29 Design or Procedure may not necessarily be fixed in a written/graphical form, and may require the use of tools or models unique to the product type. The same instance of E99 Product Type may be associated with several variant plans.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) has production plan the production plans for Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E29). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)


P75i κατέχεται από


P11 имел участника


προέκυψε από


P96 посредством матери


составлен из


P102 έχει τίτλο


ήταν πατέρας του/της


P12i присутствовал при


E28 Концептуальный Объект


P86 περιέχεται σε


P135i δημιουργήθηκε από


P40i наблюдался в


P53i είναι ή ήταν θέση του


P49i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von


является временным отрезком для


βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε


P122 граничит с


P108 произвел


P25i μετακινήθηκε από


P74 有当前或曾经居住地


имеет действующего или бывшего члена


P70i документирован в


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more different instances of E39 Actor, where the transferring party is completely compensated by the payment of a monetary amount. In more detail, a purchase agreement establishes a fixed monetary obligation at its initialization on the receiving party, to the giving party. An instance of E96 Purchase begins with the contract or equivalent agreement and ends with the fulfilment of all contractual obligations. In the case that the activity is abandoned before both parties have fulfilled these obligations, the activity is not regarded as an instance of E96 Purchase.
This class is a very specific case of the much more complex social business practices of exchange of goods and the creation and satisfaction of related social obligations. Purchase activities which define individual sales prices per object can be modelled by instantiating E96 Purchase for each object individually and as part of an overall instance of E96 Purchase transaction.

Examples:
- the purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 in Thessaloniki (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic:
- E96(x) ⇒ E8(x)


ήταν o τύπος αντικείμενου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


пересекается с


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97).
- The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x)
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), abandoned in the 15(th) century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19(th) century (E7). [The construction in the 19(th) century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P134(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P134(x,y)⇒ E7(y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P176i(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ ¬P134(y,x)


μετρήθηκε από


P54i ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von


se termine au moment de ou après la fin de


P31i τροποποιήθηκε από


είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


P28i παρέδωσε κατοχή μέσω


P73i είναι μετάφραση του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).

Examples:
- Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981)

Properties:
- P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y)
- P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


E6 Разрушение


P51 hat früheren oder derzeitigen Besitzer


P110 επαύξησε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an area, i.e., an instance of E53 Place to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found. This area may either be identified by a name, or by a geometry in terms of a coordinate system adapted to the shape of the respective instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typically, names identifying sections of physical objects are composed of the name of a kind of part and the name of the object itself, such as “The poop deck of H.M.S. Victory”, which is composed of “poop deck” and “H.M.S. Victory”.

Examples of the inverse property:
- HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53). (Goodwin, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A.
When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854)

In First Order Logic:
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finished-by, equals}
In a model with fuzzy borders, this property will not be transitive.
This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_05.png

Figure 12: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_06.png

Figure 13: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The production of the scarab seal found in Poros in a context of LMIIIB (E12) starts after or with the start of Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C) (E4). [The scarab stamp seal found in Poros was associated with finds dated to the LMIIIB period. The seal is dated to the Tutankhamun period or later because it belongs to the scarabs of type “nh.s n Jmn”: During Akhenaten period, the production of this type of scarab seal stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). Therefore, the scarab cannot have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production] (Karetsou, 2000)
- The production of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in Tholos B in Platanos (E12) starts after or with the start of the Hammurabi period of the kingdom (E4). [Of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in tholos B in Platanos believed to connect king Hammurabi with the MM I period. Specifically, although the finding is believed to have been found in a MM I layer, it contained material from the MM III/YM I period. Therefore, the seal may be from the Hammurabi period or, it may be from a later period.] (Walberg, 1992.)

In First Order Logic:
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P175(x,x)


P92i был создан посредством


имеет действующего или бывшего хранителя


P125i ήταν o τύπος αντικείμενου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


P5i формирует часть


передал право собственности от


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor.

Examples:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic:
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]]


P69 σχετίζεται με


P104 является объектом для


E80 Удаление Части


P75i принадлежит


P21i был целью для


P86i περιέχει


P137i поясняется посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)


P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection


παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της


E73 Информационный Объект


P112i был уменьшен посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)
- P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


An instance of the Image class visually represents instances of other classes, such as Object (nfdi4objects:Object) or E21 Person, which are usually digital photographs or scans with the file extensions TIFF or PNG. Example: The digital image represents the "Behaim globe" (object) and can be found at the URL https://... (URL).


P79 αρχή προσδιορίζεται από


E57 Материал


P134 продолжил


P4 βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη


P53i 是之前或当前位置


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing intentionally shows, through its optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. Photographs are by default regarded as being intentional in this sense. Anything that is designed to change the properties of the depiction, such as an e-book reader, is specifically excluded. The property does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined.

Examples:
- The painting “La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts the French “July Revolution” of 1830 (E7). (Delacroix, 1982)
- The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E22) depicts Queen Elizabeth II (E21) mode of depiction Profile (E55).

Properties:
- P62.1 mode of depiction: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P62(x,y,z) ⇒ [P62(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P62(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E36(z) ˄ P65(x,z) ˄ P138(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P137 δειγματίζει


длится в течение


передал право собственности на


P34i был оценен посредством


περιέχεται σε


E73 Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary(1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E52 Time-Span that defines the time-slice of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to via the property P166 was a presence of (had presence).
There are two typical cases for the determination of the related instance of E52 Time-Span. In the first, it is the temporal extent of an instance of E2 Temporal Entity (documented with P4 has time-span (is time-span of)): this then documents the simultaneity of the instance of E93 Presence and the instance of E2 Temporal Entity, even if the absolute time-span is not known, and can be regarded as a phenomenal time-span. In the second, the instance of E52 Time-Span is a date range declared in or derived from historical sources or provided by dating methods: this is a declarative time-span.

Examples of the inverse property:
- 2016-02-09 (E52) temporally specifies the last day of the 2016 Carnival in Cologne (E93).
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) is temporally specified by December 1755 (E52.) (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) is temporally specified by 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E52). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ P160(x,y)


присвоил атрибут для


P9i формирует часть


Χρονικό Διάστημα


входит в состав


αποτελεί μέρος του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with an instance of E94 Space Primitive that defines it. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of E94 Space Primitive defining exactly the same place. Transformations between different reference systems always result in new definitions of places approximating each other and not in alternative definitions.

Examples:
- The centroid from https://sws.geonames.org/735927 (E53) place is defined by 40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E (E94). [A single point for approximating the centre of the city of Kastoria, Greece]
- Martin’s coordinates for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°30'23"N 21°14'53"E, 40°31'40"N 21°16'43"E (E94). [A square covering the built settlement structure of Kastoria, Greece]
- Martin’s centroid for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°31'01.5"N 21°15'48"E (E94). [A point in the lake of Kastoria in the centre of the area covered by the city]
- The position measured by Alexander von Humboldt for the Plaza Mayor in Cumaná, Sucre, Venezuela 1799-1800AD (E53) place is defined by 10°27'52"N 66°30'02"W (E94). [West of the Observatory of Paris = 64°09'51"W of Greenwich, actually 1.1km east of today’s Plaza Andrés Eloy Blanco of Cumaná] (Humboldt, 1859)

In First Order Logic:
- P168(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P168(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)


Συγκρότηση Ομάδας


Απόδοση Τύπου


P53 a pour localisation actuelle ou antérieure


Diese Klasse umfasst Texte oder Stichpunkte in einer oder mehreren natürlichen Sprachen. Eine Instanz dieser Klasse dient dem näheren Verständnis eines Sachverhalts und liefert vertiefende oder erläuternde Informationen.


P28i опека отдана через


составлен из


είχε συγκεκριμένο σκοπό


est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de


Присвоение Атрибута


a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans


Scope note:
This class comprises aggregations of instances of E18 Physical Thing that are assembled and maintained (“curated” and “preserved,” in museological terminology) by one or more instances of E39 Actor over time for a specific purpose and audience, and according to a particular collection development plan. Typical instances of curated holdings are museum collections, archives, library holdings and digital libraries. A digital library is regarded as an instance of E18 Physical Thing because it requires keeping physical carriers of the electronic content.
Items may be added or removed from an E78 Curated Holding in pursuit of this plan. This class should not be confused with the E39 Actor maintaining the E78 Curated Holding who is often referred to using the name of the E78 Curated Holding (e.g. “The Wallace Collection decided…”).
Collective objects in the general sense, like a tomb full of gifts, a folder with stamps, or a set of chessmen, should be documented as instances of E19 Physical Object, and not as instances of E78 Curated Holding. This is because they form wholes, either because they are physically bound together or because they are kept together for their functionality.

Examples:
- the John Clayton Herbarium (Blake, 1918), (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- the Wallace Collection (Ingamells, 1990)
- Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Trondheim, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005)
- the Digital Collections of the Munich DigitiZation Center (MDZ) accessible via https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/ at least in January 2018.

In First Order Logic:
- E78(x) ⇒ E24(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises recognisable texts that can be attached to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class is not intended to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CIDOC CRM as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.

Examples:
- “keep off the grass” [on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College, Oxford, UK]
- the text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 (Mommsen, 1872)
- “Kilroy was here”

In First Order Logic:
- E34(x) ⇒ E33(x)
- E34(x) ⇒ E37(x)


περιλαμβάνεται σε


P67 αναφέρεται σε


P49i κατέχει ή κατείχε


оказал влияние на


P107i является действующим или бывшим членом


αρχή της αρχής


χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


P129 касается


был отцом для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious)

Properties:
- P67.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


This class comprises actions that affect the handling, meaning and function of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) before they have been removed from the economic cycle and entered into a collection or a museum context (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Examples:
- The use of the Behaim globe as a representational object while it was on display in Nuremberg City Hall
- The use of the Idia ivory pendant as a protective object during ceremonies in the Kingdom of Benin


E3 Κατάσταση


Scope note:
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.

Examples:
- Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999)
- the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989)
- the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020)
- [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.]
- “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962)
- The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]

In First Order Logic:
- E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)


является текущим смотрителем для


Instances of the Iconography Assignment class comprise activities in which one or more iconographic motives are assigned to instances of Object as part of a scientific discussion. The iconographic description or the assignment of iconographic motives is a method of art history. Iconographic motives are usually assigned in the context of research projects or object documentation. Iconclass or Getty Iconography Authority is generally used as the standard file for the standardized referencing of the respective iconographic motifs.
Example:
The assignment of the motive of St. George in the context of object documentation for the statue "The Great Elector Frederick William as St. George", which is now in the Sculpture Collection and Museum of Byzantine Art of the National Museums in Berlin under inventory number 856.


в данный момент находится в


Событие Изменения


Φυσικός Χώρος


P95 сформировал


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).

Examples of the inverse property:
- Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y)
- P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


transferiu os direitos de propriedade para


E12 Παραγωγή


P59i βρίσκεται σε ή εντός


P46 составлен из


был продолжен


P50 είναι στην κατοχή του


αποτελεί μέρος του/της


προοριζόταν για


παρέδωσε κατοχή μέσω


был распущен посредством


являлся местом для


Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type.
For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries.
This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about.
All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values.

Examples:
- the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E13(x) ⇒ E7(x)


P127i έχει στενότερο όρο


Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο


se termine après ou au moment du début de


был местом совершения


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically overlaps with the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. A use case of this property is to state through which places an object or an instance of E21 Person has or was moved within a given time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P121 overlaps with, to E53 Place.

Examples:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) covered parts of Paestum, Italy (E53). (Wiencke, 1998)
- The Byzantine Empire 1013 AD (E93) covered parts of The Italian Peninsula (E53). (Browning, 1980)

In First Order Logic:
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


имеет величину


P126 использовал


P22i adquiriu os direitos de propriedade por meio da


P54i является текущим постоянным местоположением для


P1i είναι αναγνωριστικό


ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von


был использован посредством


είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της


commence après ou au moment de la fin de


P53 имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.
The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”.
If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954)
- The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P130(x,x)


имеет представление


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P102 имеет заголовок


P74i est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


P38i ακυρώθηκε από


πραγματοποίησε


P55 в данный момент находится в


P128i переносится посредством


некоторое время в течение


P76i παρέχει πρόσβαση σε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


имеет заголовок


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added during an instance of E79 Part Addition activity.

Examples:
- The insertion of the final nail (E79) added the last nail in George VI’s coffin (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)

In First Order Logic:
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P111(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)