P139 έχει εναλλακτική μορφή


Αρχή Ύπαρξης


E29 Проект или Процедура


ήταν προορισμός του


a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans


χρησιμοποίησε συγκεκριμένη τεχνική


se termine avant ou au moment du début de


P89i περιέχει


This class describes the process of moving instances of the class E19 Physical Object to the destination point of instances of the class E53 Place, whereby the latter are assigned via instances of the class “Place Assignment.” In combination with instances of the class “Movement from,” this results in a detailed overall representation of the assignment of object movements.


This class describes the assignment of the usage type (nfdi4objects:usage_Type) of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in the context of a usage event (nfdi4objects:Usage) that took place before an object was withdrawn from the economic cycle and entered a collection or a museum context (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Example:
- The assignment of the usage type "Representation object" for the Behaim globe while it was on display in Nuremberg City Hall.
- The assignment of the usage type "object of protection during ceremonies" for the Idia ivory pendant


αναφέρεται σε


ήταν σκοπός του/της


P104 υπόκειται σε


έχει αριθμό μερών


P19 был предполагаемым использованием для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.
It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941)

In First Order Logic:
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)


Присвоение Атрибута


P103 προοριζόταν για


описан посредством


άλλαξε ιδιοκτησία μέσω


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E57 Material employed in an instance of E11 Modification.
The instance of E57 Material used during the instance of E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that forms the subject of the instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- The repairing of the Queen Mary (E11) employed Steel (E57). [Beginning October 1942] (Britton, 2012)
- Distilled water (E57) was employed in the restoration of the Sistine Chapel (E11). (Pietrangeli, 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic:
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P7 совершался на


P126 χρησιμοποίησε


P54i est actuellement la location fixe de


P110 επαύξησε


est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


P138 παριστάνει


P95 σχημάτισε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E57 Material employed in an instance of E11 Modification.
The instance of E57 Material used during the instance of E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that forms the subject of the instance of E11 Modification.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The repairing of the Queen Mary (E11) employed Steel (E57). [Beginning October 1942] (Britton, 2012)
- Distilled water (E57) was employed in the restoration of the Sistine Chapel (E11). (Pietrangeli, 1986)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


This class includes terms that describe types of locations, e.g.

- a room
- a location within a room
- a location within a collection furniture


Scope note:
This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.
It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.
Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e. an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e. an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.
E4 Period is a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, it is possible to discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.
Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.
A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume.
Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

Examples:
- Jurassic (Hallam, 1975)
- Populated Period of Nineveh
- Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius
- European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004)
- Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992)
- Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991)
- Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013)
- Cubism (Cox, 2000)
- The Capital of Russia (E4) [the capital of Russia in the sense of an administrative unit moved in historical times from Moscow to St Petersburg and then back to Moscow. This exemplifies an administrative unit changing place over time without temporal discontinuity]
- The settling activity of the community of Helsinki (a.k.a. Helsingfors) (E7) [the original settlement called Helsinki was located in the area of the modern airport. The community moved later to settle on the coast. This exemplifies a continued activity changing place over time without temporal discontinuity]
- Bronze Age (E4) [Bronze Age, in the sense of technological adoption, spread over disjoint areas including islands such as the British Isles without temporal discontinuity]
- Japan, the state (E4) [In 2021, the Japanese state as a political unit comprised in 6852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia]

In First Order Logic:
- E4(x) ⇒ E2(x)
- E4(x) ⇒ E92(x)


συνέβη παρουσία του/της


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document.
Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement.

Examples:
- The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922)

In First Order Logic:
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E31(x)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P129i является предметом для


φέρει μόρφωμα


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the maximum spatial extent within which an instance of E53 Place falls. Since instances of E53 Places may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about maximum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s maximum spatial extent (i.e., its outer boundary) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89 falls within, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive through a declarative Place that is not explicitly documented, to a Space Primitive: declarative places are defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013).

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) at some place within POLYGON ((37.969172 23.720787, 37.973122 23.721495 37.972741 23.728994, 37.969299 23.729735, 37.969172 23.720787)) (E94).

In First Order Logic:
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)
- P171(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]


E31 Τεκμήριο


P112i был уменьшен посредством


E11 Событие Изменения


αποτελεί μέρος του/της


начало ограничено


Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property is a container for all informal descriptions about an object that have not been expressed in terms of CIDOC CRM constructs.
In particular, it captures the characterisation of the item itself, its internal structures, appearance, etc.
Like property P2 has type (is type of), this property is a consequence of the restricted focus of the CIDOC CRM. The aim is not to capture, in a structured form, everything that can be said about an item; indeed, the CIDOC CRM formalism is not regarded as sufficient to express everything that can be said. Good practice requires use of distinct note fields for different aspects of a characterisation. The P3.1 has type property of P3 has note allows differentiation of specific notes, e.g. “construction”, “decoration”, etc.
An item may have many notes, but a note is attached to a specific item.

Examples:
- Coffee mug – OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note “chipped at edge of handle” (E62) has type Condition (E55). (fictitious)

Properties:
- P3.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P3(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P3(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)
- P3(x,y,z) ⇒ [P3(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


πραγματοποίησε


P125i 是使用的对象类型


E77 Постоянная Сущность


P98 έφερε στη ζωή


Scope note:
This class comprises abstract temporal extents, in the sense of Galilean physics, having a beginning, an end, and a duration.
Instances of E52 Time-Span have no semantic connotations about phenomena happening within the temporal extent they represent. They do not convey any meaning other than a positioning on the “time-line” of chronology. The actual extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span can be approximated by properties of E52 Time-Span giving inner and outer bounds in the form of dates (instances of E61 Time Primitive). Comparing knowledge about time-spans is fundamental for chronological reasoning.
Some instances of E52 Time-Span may be defined as the actual, in principle observable, temporal extent of instances of E2 Temporal Entity via the property P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span. They constitute phenomenal time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013). Since our knowledge of history is imperfect and physical phenomena are fuzzy in nature, the extent of phenomenal time-spans can only be described in approximation. An extreme case of approximation, might, for example, define an instance of E52 Time-Span having unknown beginning, end and duration. It may, nevertheless, be associated with other descriptions by which people can infer knowledge about it, such as in relative chronologies.
Some instances of E52 may be defined precisely as representing a declaration of a temporal extent, as, for instance, done in a business contract. They constitute declarative time-spans as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel 2013) and can be described via the property E61 Time Primitive P170 defines time (time is defined by): E52 Time-Span.
When used as a common E52 Time-Span for two events, it will nevertheless describe them as being simultaneous, even if nothing else is known.

Examples:
- 1961
- From 12-17-1993 to 12-8-1996
- 14h30 to 16h22 4(th) July 1945
- 9.30 am 1.1.1999 to 2.00 pm 1.1.1999
- the time-span of the Ming Dynasty (Chan, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- E52(x) ⇒ E1(x)


P99 распустил


P100 был смертью для


P94 δημιούργησε


P52i είναι ιδιοκτήτης του


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).

Examples:
- Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981)

Properties:
- P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y)
- P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


имеет текущего смотрителя


Назначение Идентификатора


P44i является условием для


παρέχει πρόσβαση σε


ήταν παρών/παρούσα/παρόν σε


является величиной для


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)


commence avant ou au moment de la fin de


был продолжен


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finished-by, equals}
In a model with fuzzy borders, this property will not be transitive.
This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_05.png

Figure 12: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_06.png

Figure 13: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The production of the scarab seal found in Poros in a context of LMIIIB (E12) starts after or with the start of Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C) (E4). [The scarab stamp seal found in Poros was associated with finds dated to the LMIIIB period. The seal is dated to the Tutankhamun period or later because it belongs to the scarabs of type “nh.s n Jmn”: During Akhenaten period, the production of this type of scarab seal stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). Therefore, the scarab cannot have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production] (Karetsou, 2000)
- The production of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in Tholos B in Platanos (E12) starts after or with the start of the Hammurabi period of the kingdom (E4). [Of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in tholos B in Platanos believed to connect king Hammurabi with the MM I period. Specifically, although the finding is believed to have been found in a MM I layer, it contained material from the MM III/YM I period. Therefore, the seal may be from the Hammurabi period or, it may be from a later period.] (Walberg, 1992.)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P175(x,x)


P19i был создан для


P173i se termine après ou au moment du début de


This class includes sources such as written and pictorial material that document instances of the Object class and the associated contexts and events.


Физическая Вещь


P4i является временным отрезком для


E13 Присвоение Атрибута


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97).
- The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x)
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)


P74i είναι ή ήταν κατοικία του/της


P92i был создан посредством


был интенцией для


περιλαμβάνει


P35i έχει διαπιστωθεί από


P89 περιέχεται σε


Instances of this class include structured, digital collections of information about a specific object or collection. A data record includes essential metadata such as object type, origin, manufacture, material, and storage location, often organized in databases or standards, such as the minimum data record for museums and collections. It is used for the electronic recording, management, research, and online publication of cultural assets.


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples of the inverse property:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


Diese Klasse umfasst Zeichenketten oder Kodierungen, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) zugewiesen werden, um sie eindeutig und dauerhaft innerhalb der Sammlung von Objektbiografien zu identifizieren.Sie ersetzt nicht die URI eines Objekts im Wissensgraphen.

Beispiele:
- Behaim Globus, GNM WI1826
- Exemplar aus Goethes Paläontologischer Sammlung, KSW GNG 02560


E58 Единица Измерения


присутствовал при


Начало Существования


είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της


имеет число частей


Quantification: one to one (1,1:1,1)

Scope note:
This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012)

In First Order Logic:
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)


P135 создал тип


This class comprises the types of licences specified for the (re-)use of instances of Image (nfdi4objects:Image) or for the metadata of records (nfdi4objects:Dataset) of instances of Object (nfdi4objects:Object) by third parties,
e.g. Creative Commons Licences like CC-BY-SA 3.0.


Scope note:
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values, etc.
An instance of E54 Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54 Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluminescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient.
The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.
Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension, as appropriate.

Examples:
- the weight of the Luxor Obelisk [250 metric tons]
- the vertical height of the statue of David by Michelangelo [5.17 metres]
- the weight of the Great Star of Africa diamond [530.2 carats]
- the calibrated C14 date for the Shroud of Turin [AD1262-1312, 1303-1384]
- the horizontal diameter of the Stonehenge Sarsen Circle [33 metres] (Pryor, 2016)
- the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Giza [230.34 metres] (Lehner and Hawass, 2017)
- the duration of the time-span of the Battle of Issos/Issus on 15(th) November 333 B.C.E. [less than 12 hours] (Howard, 2012)
- Christie’s hammer price, in British Pounds, for Vincent van Gogh's "Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers" in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) [24.75 million GBP (British Pounds)]

In First Order Logic:
- E54(x) ⇒ E1(x)


был обусловлен посредством


P5i формирует часть


P69 σχετίζεται με


P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur


P103 был задуман для


идентифицировал


Οντότητα CIDOC CRM


Instances of this class describe the types of E11 modification that are made to instances of the class Object after their E12 creation,
e.g. the separation of pieces from the Zenker lung specimen from the Pathological Collection of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
e.g. the addition of the death notice of Martin Behaim on the Behaim Globe after 1507


отменил назначение


Scope note:
This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.
This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation, and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.
The E36 Visual Item class provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks, or images, etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and the depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

Examples:
- the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
- the Chi-Rho (E37)
- the communist red star (E37)
- the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [There exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model.]

In First Order Logic:
- E36(x) ⇒ E73(x)


αφαιρέθηκε από


E57 Материал


P99i διαλύθηκε από


P43 имеет величину


P71 περιλαμβάνει


E14 Εκτίμηση Κατάστασης


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier.
It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation.

Examples:
- The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017)
- Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)]
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben Ereignisse in der Objektgeschichte, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Object" von anderen Akteuren im Laufe der Zeit kopiert oder neu interpretiert werden, und aus diesem Kopier-, Interpretations- oder Neuschöpfungsprozess neue Werke in Kultur, Kunst, Literatur oder Wissenschaft hervorgehen.

Z.B. Die Anfertigung eines Faksimiles des Behaim Globus von 1492 für die Bibliothéque National de France im Jahr 1847

Z.B. Die Darstellung des Behaim Globus im Film "Das unsterbliche Herz"


P110i επαυξήθηκε από


μετεβίβασε κατοχή σε


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.

Examples:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim.

Examples:
- Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


P33 использовал особую технику


υπήρξε τόπος του


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.
Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.

Examples:
- the removal of the Porite coral specimen from the Cocos Islands by Charles Darwin in April 1836 (Natural History Museum, 2021, b)
- the removal of the engine from my car (fictitious)
- the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E80(x) ⇒ E11(x)


Diese Klasse umfasst Quellenmaterialien wie Schrift- und Bildgut, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt und die damit verbundenen Kontexte und Ereignisse dokumentieren.


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


Добавление Части


P122 συνορεύει με


E52 Χρονικό Διάστημα


P12 появился в присутствии


έλαβε χώρα σε


συμμετείχε σε


P35 έχει διαπιστώσει


является бывшим или текущим смотрителем для


P40 παρατήρησε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)


P4i είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place.
It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- [P89(x,y) ∧ P89(y,z)] ⇒ P89(x,z)
- P89(x,x)


P55 в данный момент находится в


P74 имеет текущее или бывшее местожительства


E15 Απόδοση Αναγνωριστικού


έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


Конец Существования


P24 transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o


E10 Передача Опеки


This class includes the intangible content of instances of the K4 Source class, e. g.

- the content of the inventory of the Brandenburg-Prussian Kunstkammer from 1605, which is kept in the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz under the signature GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 9, Allgemeine Verwaltung, No. D 2, Fasz. 1, fol. 13r-43r.
- the content of the anonymously written description of the Brandenburg-Prussian Kunstkammer "Anonymus B" from 1740.


P124 трансформировал


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


Scope note:
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability.
They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.

Examples:
- my photograph collection (E78) (fictitious)
- the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22) (fictitious)
- the Riss A1 plan of the Straßburger Münster (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) (E29) (Liess, R., 1985)
- the thing on the top of Otto Hahn’s desk (E19)
- the form of the no-smoking sign (E36)
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E26) (Psimenos, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- E70(x) ⇒ E77(x)


Quantification: many to one, necessary(1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E52 Time-Span that defines the time-slice of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to via the property P166 was a presence of (had presence).
There are two typical cases for the determination of the related instance of E52 Time-Span. In the first, it is the temporal extent of an instance of E2 Temporal Entity (documented with P4 has time-span (is time-span of)): this then documents the simultaneity of the instance of E93 Presence and the instance of E2 Temporal Entity, even if the absolute time-span is not known, and can be regarded as a phenomenal time-span. In the second, the instance of E52 Time-Span is a date range declared in or derived from historical sources or provided by dating methods: this is a declarative time-span.

Examples:
- 2016-02-09 (E52) temporally specifies the last day of the 2016 Carnival in Cologne (E93).
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) is temporally specified by December 1755 (E52.) (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) is temporally specified by 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E52). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ P160(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.
The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span.
This property supports the notion that the temporal extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span falls within the temporal extent of another instance of E52 Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of E52 Time-Span is implied. This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The time-span of the Apollo 11 moon mission (E52) falls within the time-span of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (E52). (Riley, 2009; Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- [P86(x,y) ∧ P86(y,z)] ⇒ P86(x,z)
- P86(x,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span.
This property supports the notion that the temporal extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span falls within the temporal extent of another instance of E52 Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of E52 Time-Span is implied. This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Apollo 11 moon mission (E52) falls within the time-span of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (E52). (Riley, 2009; Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- [P86(x,y) ∧ P86(y,z)] ⇒ P86(x,z)
- P86(x,x)


a été la technique spécifique mise en œuvre dans


εκτιμήθηκε από


P54 έχει μόνιμη θέση


Diese Klasse bildet ein Teilereignis im Rahmen der Klasse E10 Übertragung des Gewahrsams. Dabei wird der Teilprozess beschrieben, bei dem Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur den Gewahrsam von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physischer Gegenstand abgeben, und damit im Rahmen der Erwerbskette zum Vorbesitzenden werden. Den zugehörigen Teilprozess, bei der Empfang des Gewahrsams durch den Nachbesitzende Akteur beschrieben wird, beschreiben Instanzen der Klasse "Empfang des Gewahrsams".


P24 a transféré le titre de propriété de


P100i πέθανε σε


βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε


E26 Υλικό Μόρφωμα


P182 se termine avant ou au moment du début de


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von E11 Modifikation, die an Instanzen der Klasse Objekt nach ihrer E12 Herstellung vorgenommen werden,
z.B. die Abtrennung von Stücken vom Präparat der Zenkerlunge aus der Pathologischen Sammlung der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
z.B. die Ergänzung der Todesnachricht von Martin Behaim auf dem Behaim Globus nach 1507


P30i άλλαξε κατοχή μέσω


Quantification: many to many (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity.

Examples:
- The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97).
- The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic:
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x)
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)


P96 посредством матери


ήταν αφετηρία του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013).
Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010)
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)


ήταν σκοπός του/της


P81 длится в течение


προστέθηκε από


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von Rollen von Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur im Kontext von Instanzen der Klasse "Akteurzuweisung". Sie dienen dazu, den Akteur weiter zu Kontextualisieren bei komplexen Ereignissen,

z.B. die physische Herstellung des Behaim Globus und die Zuweisung von Hans Glockengießer mit der Rolle "Hersteller der Lehmkugel".


P109 有当前或以往管理者


Diese Klasse klassifiziert alle Arten von Besitz- oder Eigentumserwerb, die die Akquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition) einer Instanz der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in eine Sammlung (crm:E78_Curated_Holding) beschreiben.

Beispiele:
- Schenkung
- Kauf
- Leihgabe
- Stiftung


αναφέρεται από


P141 απέδωσε


ist früherer oder derzeitiger Besitzer von


имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

Properties:
- P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


E42 Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


пересекается с


Υλικό Αντικείμενο


Diese Klasse umfasst Texte oder Stichpunkte in einer oder mehreren natürlichen Sprachen. Eine Instanz dieser Klasse dient dem näheren Verständnis eines Sachverhalts und liefert vertiefende oder erläuternde Informationen.


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother.
Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of E21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples:
- The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity.
These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)


E42 Идентификатор Объекта


P106 αποτελείται από


P22i απέκτησε τον τίτλο μέσω


Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural.
Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land, etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by).
The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.

Examples:
- the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
- the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49)
- the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohen, 2006)

In First Order Logic:
- E18(x) ⇒ E72(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, contains, finished-by}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_07.png

Figure 14: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_08.png

Figure 15: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign of King Harold II (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of Hastings (E7). (Wikipedia 2022a)
- The life of Attila “the Hun” (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (E7). [June 20, 451 AD] (Wikipedia 2022b)

In First Order Logic:
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ P175(x,y)
- [P176(x,y) ∧ P176(y,z)] ⇒ P176(x,z)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ ¬P176(y,x)


P2i είναι ο τύπος του/της


P26i был пунктом назначения для


был применением для


P73 έχει μετάφραση


έχει ως θέμα


P121 επικαλύπτεται με


использовал особую технику


μετεβίβασε κατοχή από


P16 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο


τέλος προσδιορίζεται από


P3 имеет примечание


P70 документирует


Instances of this class describe events in the object history in which instances of the “Object” class are the subject of a research project, such as projects funded by third-party funds from the German Research Foundation, but also projects financed from the research institutions' own funds in which specific questions are answered using scientific methods. The results often take the form of publications in the form of texts or data, 3D models, or even exhibitions.

E.g., Focus Behaim Globe at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Behaim Globe

E.g., the DFG project “The Window to Nature and Art,” which researched, among other things, the sculpture “The Great Elector as Saint George” from the Berlin State Museums, formerly part of the Berlin Kunstkammer collection.


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.

Examples:
- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Физический Объект


P133 est distinct spatio-temporellement de


P74 有当前或曾经居住地


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the identifier that was deassigned from an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
De-assignment of an identifier may be necessary when an item is taken out of an inventory, a new numbering system is introduced or items are merged or split up.
The same identifier may be deassigned on more than one occasion.

Examples:
- The identifier assignment on 31(st) July 2001 of the silver cup OXCMS:2001.1.32 (E15) deassigned “232” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P38(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P38(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P38(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


This class includes the material remains of human history that have been intentionally added by human activity to the inventory of a collection and curated by one or more instances of E39_Actor over time.

Examples:

The Behaim Globe from 1492/94, which is now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg
The Rosetta Stone, carved in the Hellenistic period, looted in 1799 in the context of Napoleonic campaigns and in the collection of the British Museum in London since 1802


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E18 Physical Thing of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice) of the thing’s trajectory through spacetime. In other words, it describes where the instance of E18 Physical Thing was or moved around within a given time-span. Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P166 was a presence of (had presence) to E93 Presence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P195(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[E92(z) ∧ P166(z,x) ∧ P196i(z,y)]


είναι κατάσταση του


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it.
It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.

Examples:
- The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012)

In First Order Logic:
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y)
- [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)


P52 имеет текущего владельца


E28 Концептуальный Объект


P86i содержит


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that contribute to the management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Curated Holding, following an implicit or explicit curation plan.
It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded.
Items are accumulated and organized following criteria such as subject, chronological period, material type, style of art, etc., and can be added or removed from an instance of E78 Curated Holding for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items to form a collection is regarded as an instance of E12 Production Event, while the activities of evolving, preserving, and promoting a collection are regarded as instances of E87 Curation Activity.

Examples:
- the curation of Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium 1876 to 1909 (when Foslie died), now at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- E87(x) ⇒ E7(x)


E65 Δημιουργία


μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε


This class comprises digital files that document or represent instances of E1 CRM Entity, e.g.
- a pdf-, a word-, an xml-file, ...


δικαίωμα κατέχεται από


P55 βρίσκεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.
The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Monet´s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P49 a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur


E20 Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο


P138 представляет


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning.
It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013).
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989)

In First Order Logic:
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)


έφερε στη ζωή


P14i πραγματοποίησε


P110i был увеличен посредством


P34 αφορούσε σε


E17 Απόδοση Τύπου


Scope note:
This class comprises concepts denoted by terms from thesauri and controlled vocabularies used to characterize and classify instances of CIDOC CRM classes. Instances of E55 Type represent concepts, in contrast to instances of E41 Appellation which are used to name instances of CIDOC CRM classes.
E55 Type provides an interface to domain specific ontologies and thesauri. These can be represented in the CIDOC CRM as subclasses of E55 Type, forming hierarchies of terms, i.e. instances of E55 Type linked via P127 has broader term (has narrower term): E55 Type. Such hierarchies may be extended with additional properties.

Examples:
- weight, length, depth [types for instances of E54 Dimension]
- portrait, sketch, animation [types for instances of E36 Visual Item]
- French, English, German [types for instances of E56 Language]
- excellent, good, poor [types for instances of E3 Condition State]
- Ford Model T, chop stick [types for instances of E22 Human-Made Object]
- cave, doline, scratch [types for instances of E26 Physical Feature]
- poem, short story [types for instances of E33 Linguistic Object]
- wedding, earthquake, skirmish [types for instances of E5 Event]

In First Order Logic:
- E55(x) ⇒ E28(x)


This class contains documents that define a terminology or conceptual system for consistent use.

Examples:
- The Joint Standards File of the German National Library (GND)
- The Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)


был смертью для


P65i εμφανίζεται σε


имеет вышестоящий термин


P21i был целью для


P22 передал право собственности


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who holds the instances of E30 Right to an instance of E72 Legal Object.
It is a superproperty of P52 has current owner (is current owner of) because ownership is a right that is held on the owned object.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E72 Legal Object, P104 is subject to, E30 Right, P75i is possessed by to E39 Actor.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E73) right held by Michael Jackson (E21). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P105(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P105(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P105(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E30(z) ˄ P104(x,z) ˄ P75i(z,y)]


είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.
This definition coincides with the definition of “fiat objects”, with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000).

Examples:
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (Psimenos. 2005)
- the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock (E25) (Hawass, 2000)
- Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great (E25) (Strauss, 1974)
- the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza (Temple, 2009)
- Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery

In First Order Logic:
- E26(x) ⇒ E18(x)


P89i содержит


P8 έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity.
For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68).
- The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E35 Title that has been applied to an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing.
The P102.1 has type property of the P102 has title (is title of) property enables the relationship between the title and the thing to be further clarified, for example, if the title was a given title, a supplied title etc.
It allows any human-made material or immaterial thing to be given a title. It is possible to imagine a title being created without a specific object in mind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The first book of the Old Testament (E33) has title “Genesis” (E35) has type translated title (E55) (E55). (Brueggemann, 1982)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d’Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “La Pie” (E35) has type creator’s title (E55). (Musée d’Orsay, 2020)
- Monet’s painting from 1868-1869 held by Musée d'Orsay, Paris, under inventory number RF 1984 164 (E22) has title “The Magpie” (E35) has type translated title (E55). (Musée d'Orsay, 2020)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P102(x,y) ⇒ E35(y)
- P102(x,y,z) ⇒ [P102(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P102(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Lizenzen, die für die (Wieder-)Verwendung von Instanzen von Bild (nfdi4objects:Image) oder für die Metadaten von Datensätzen (nfdi4objects:Dataset) von Instanzen von Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) durch Dritte angegeben sind,
z.B. Creative Commons Lizenzen wie CC-BY-SA 3.0.


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.

Examples:
- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)

In First Order Logic:
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)


был удален посредством


P51i 是以往或当前所有者


P108i был произведен посредством


παρέδωσε τον τίτλο μέσω


P40i παρατηρήθηκε από


P109 a pour responsable actuel ou antérieur de la collection


This class covers creative processes that generate images, e.g., MRI, CT, X-ray, but also 3D models or regular photographs.


поддержал создание типа


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)


E80 Αφαίρεση Μερών


P74i est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


составлен из


P76 έχει σημείο επικοινωνίας


P107i 是当前或以往成员


E26 Физический Признак


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Diese Klasse dient dazu, über Instanzen der Klasse Object getätigte Aussagen oder ihnen zugewiesene Eigenschaften bezüglich der Art ihrer Herstellungstechnik aus Instanzen der Klasse Source Content zu dokumentieren.

Beispiel: die Zuweisung der Technik "geschnitten" für das Objekt "Der Große Kurfürst als Heiliger Georg" laut dem Reisebericht von Silbermann "[...] die aus hartem Eißen geschnittene kleine Statua [...]".


P49i ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von


P54 имеет текущее постоянное местоположение


признаки также найдены на


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth event to an instance of E21 Person in the role of offspring.
Twins, triplets etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. This is not intended for use with general Natural History material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) brought into life Queen Elizabeth II (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P98(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben kuratorische Tätigkeiten, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse "Objekt" im Rahmen des Ereignisses in der Objektgeschichte "Museums- oder Sammlungskontext" klassifiziert und geordnet werden. Teilereignisse bilden die "Objekttypzuweisung" oder die "Zuweisung einer Sammlungssystematik".


E12 Событие Производства


P22 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε


применяется к


P24 передал право собственности на


Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die die Systematik einer Sammlung beschreiben. Diese können bei historischen Sammlungen z. B. aus Inventaren oder Sammlungsbeschreibungen abgeleitet werden. Auch umfasst diese Klasse Systematiken, die in gegenwärtigen Sammlungen vorzufinden sind.

z.B.
- Geschnitzte und gedrechselte Kunstsachen
- Naturalien
- Europäisches Kunsthandwerk des 19. Jahrhunderts


μετακινήθηκε από


P125i a été le type d’objet employé pour


P103i ήταν προορισμός του


P42i был присвоен посредством


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it.
It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type.

Examples:
- The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Diese Klasse umfasst die Strukturierung von geografischen Elementen, insbesondere auf der bewohnbaren Erdoberfläche. Dazu gehören vom Menschen geschaffene und natürliche geografische Merkmale wie Wohnhäuser, Landkreise, Wasserstraßen, Berge (Gebirge), etc. Geographische Orte können 3-dimensional sein und sich in den Raum oder auf erdigem Boden erstrecken. (z.B. Höhlen).
Typischerweise können sie von Ortsverzeichnissen, z.B. GeoNamen, herangezogen und nach S24_Geographical_Unit kategorisiert werden.

Beispiele:
- Paris (nur die Geographie, nicht die physische Einheit oder das Verwaltungsorgan! Sie kann jedoch als geographische Einheit "Wohnung" oder "Stadt" kategorisiert werden.)
- Die Alpen
- Tethys


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property records an E3 Condition State for some E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P34i was assessed by, E14 Condition Assessment, P35 has identified to E3 Condition State. It offers no information about how and when the E3 Condition State was established, nor by whom.
An instance of E3 Condition State is specific to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has condition oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P44(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P44(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E14(z) ˄ P34i(x,z) ˄ P35(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P97i был отцом для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity.
This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.
Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.

Examples:
- The writing of the scope note of the CIDOC CRM property “P16 used specific object” contained in the CIDOC CRM version 4.1 (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22) mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55). [the original scope note was later extended in the CIDOC CRM version 4.3]
- The people of Iraq calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ (E7) used specific object “Quyunjig” (E41) mode of use current; vernacular (E55).

Properties:
- P16.1 mode of use: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P16(x,y,z) ⇒ [P16(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


This class comprises the curated public exhibitions of instances of the class Object, whereby the temporal dimension in the sense of an event is not the issue here, but rather the constellation of physical objects, such as space, exhibition furniture and objects e.g.
the exhibition of the Berlin Kunstkammer 1930 in the Funkturmhallen consisting of three rooms.


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms.
Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object.

Examples:
- me (fictitious)
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
- petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

In First Order Logic:
- E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)


P19 ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του


имеет величину


είναι ιδιοκτήτης του


P11i συμμετείχε σε


P51 有以往或当前所有者


P53i 是之前或当前位置


Diese Klasse beschreibt den Prozess der Bewegung von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physisches Objekt hin zum Zielpunkt von Instanzen der Klasse E53 Place, wobei letztere über Instanzen der Klasse "Ortszuweisung" zugewiesen werden. In Kombination mit Instanzen der Klasse "Bewegung von" ergibt sich eine detaillierte Gesamtdarstellung der Zuweisung von Objektbewegungen.


P35 идентифицировал


P33i χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


P123i был результатом


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), abandoned in the 15(th) century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19(th) century (E7). [The construction in the 19(th) century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999)

In First Order Logic:
- P134(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P134(x,y)⇒ E7(y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P176i(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ ¬P134(y,x)


a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur


P81a τέλος της αρχής


P94i δημιουργήθηκε από


является действующим или бывшим хранителем


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von


является текущим постоянным местоположением для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing intentionally shows, through its optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. Photographs are by default regarded as being intentional in this sense. Anything that is designed to change the properties of the depiction, such as an e-book reader, is specifically excluded. The property does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The painting “La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts the French “July Revolution” of 1830 (E7). (Delacroix, 1982)
- The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E22) depicts Queen Elizabeth II (E21) mode of depiction Profile (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P62(x,y,z) ⇒ [P62(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P62(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E36(z) ˄ P65(x,z) ˄ P138(z,y)]


ссылается на


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity.
These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)


имел общую цель


P10 находится в пределах


P40i наблюдался в


предоставляет доступ к


είναι αναγνωριστικό


P70i τεκμηριώνεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


Временная Сущность


E14 Оценка Состояния


P104 является объектом для


P79 αρχή προσδιορίζεται από


μετεβίβασε κατοχή του/της/των


P46i αποτελεί μέρος του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor.

Examples:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically overlaps with the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. A use case of this property is to state through which places an object or an instance of E21 Person has or was moved within a given time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P121 overlaps with, to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) covered parts of Paestum, Italy (E53). (Wiencke, 1998)
- The Byzantine Empire 1013 AD (E93) covered parts of The Italian Peninsula (E53). (Browning, 1980)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


Scope note:
This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem.

Examples:
- the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious)
- the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious)
- the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic
- the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889)

In First Order Logic:
- E63(x) ⇒ E5(x)


Присвоение Типа


P48i является предпочтительным идентификатором для


P182i commence après ou au moment de la fin de