Scope note:
This class comprises the units in which a monetary system, supported by an administrative authority or other community, quantifies and arithmetically compares all monetary amounts declared in the unit. The unit of a monetary system must describe a nominal value which is kept constant by its administrative authority and an associated banking system if it exists, and not by market value. For instance, one may pay with grams of gold, but the respective monetary amount would have been agreed as the gold price in US dollars on the day of the payment. Under this definition, British Pounds, U.S. Dollars, and European Euros are examples of currency, but “grams of gold” is not. One monetary system has one and only one currency. Instances of this class must not be confused with coin denominations, such as “Dime” or “Sestertius”. Non-monetary exchange of value in terms of quantities of a particular type of goods, such as cows, do not constitute a currency.

Examples:
- “As” [Roman mid republic]
- “Euro” (Temperton, 1997)
- “US Dollar” (Rose, 1978)

In First Order Logic:
- E98(x) ⇒ E58(x)


Постоянная Сущность


P107i 是当前或以往成员


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


P28i παρέδωσε κατοχή μέσω


είναι κατάσταση του


P35i έχει διαπιστωθεί από


Προσθήκη Μερών


E26 Физический Признак


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P121 пересекается с


E8 Событие Приобретения


Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials.
Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g. “instances of gold”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used.

Examples:
- brick (Gurcke, 1987)
- gold (Watson, 1990)
- aluminium (Norman, 1986)
- polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011)
- resin (Barton, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- E57(x) ⇒ E55(x)


P125i ήταν o τύπος αντικείμενου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


τροποποιήθηκε από


χρησιμοποίησε γενική τεχνική


This class contains the numeric information with which a particular instance of the class E53_Place can be located within spatial schemata. An instance of class Geo-Coordinates describes the position of a point on earth in the form of spherical coordinates or GPS coordinates.

Example: The city of Nuremberg has the coordinates 49° 27' N, 11° 5' O.


έχει ή είχε μέλος


E36 Визуальный Предмет


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the maximum spatial extent within which an instance of E53 Place falls. Since instances of E53 Places may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about maximum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s maximum spatial extent (i.e., its outer boundary) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89 falls within, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive through a declarative Place that is not explicitly documented, to a Space Primitive: declarative places are defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013).

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) at some place within POLYGON ((37.969172 23.720787, 37.973122 23.721495 37.972741 23.728994, 37.969299 23.729735, 37.969172 23.720787)) (E94).

In First Order Logic:
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)
- P171(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]


αναφέρεται σε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier.
It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation.

Examples:
- The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017)
- Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)]
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]


se termine avant ou au moment de la fin de


E77 Постоянная Сущность


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


применяется к


P130 παρουσιάζει χαρακτηριστικά του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity.
These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)


P41 χαρακτήρισε


έχει ιδιοκτήτη


P4i είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της


έχει διαπιστώσει


P136i υποστήριξε τη δημιουργία τύπου


P96 είχε μητέρα


βρίσκεται ή βρισκόταν σε


находится на или внутри


формирует часть


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property allows sub-typing of CIDOC CRM entities –a form of specialisation – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.
The CIDOC CRM is intended to focus on the high-level entities and relationships needed to describe data structures. Consequently, it does not specialise entities any further than is required for this immediate purpose. However, entities in the isA hierarchy of the CIDOC CRM may by specialised into any number of sub-entities, which can be defined in the E55 Type hierarchy. E41 Appellation, for example, may be specialised into “e-mail address”, “telephone number”, “post office box”, “URL”, etc., none of which figures explicitly in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned to E55 Type.

Examples:
- “enquiries@cidoc-crm.org” (E41) has type e-mail address (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P2(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P2(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P2(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E17(z)] ˄ P41i(x,z) ˄ P42(z,y)]


P59 имеет район


Instances of the Iconographic Motif class include motifs or symbols that are attached to instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) and are assigned or interpreted in the context of iconographic assignments (nfdi4objects:Iconography_Assignment). The iconographic description or the assignment of iconographic motifs is a method of art history. Iconographic motifs are usually assigned in the context of research projects (nfdi4objects:Research_Activity) or object documentation (nfdi4objects:Object_Documentation).
Iconclass or Getty Iconography Authority is generally used as the Authorityfile (nfdi4objects:Authorityfile) for the standardized referencing of the respective iconographic motifs.

Example:
The motive of St. George, on which the statue "The Great Elector Frederick William as St. George" is based, which is now in the Sculpture Collection and Museum of Byzantine Art of the National Museums in Berlin under inventory number 856.


P9i формирует часть


был присвоен посредством


E21 Личность


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.

Examples:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic:
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


ήταν μητέρα του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes an intentional relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and some general goal or purpose, described as an instance of E55 Type.
This may involve activities intended as preparation for some type of activity or event. P21 had general purpose (was purpose of) differs from P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of in that no specific event is implied as the purpose.

Examples:
- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding (E7) had general purpose painting (E55). (Borchert, 2008)
- The setting of trap 2742 on 17(th) May 1874 (E7) had general purpose catching moose (E55). [activity type] (fictitious)
- The construction of the Berlin Wall starting 13(th) August 1961 (E12) had general purpose preventing emigration (E55). (History.com Editors, 2020)
- The reinforcement of the Mexico-United States barrier between the United States of America and Mexico in Fall 2019 (E11) had general purpose preventing immigration (E55).
- The rebuilding of the city walls of Heraklion by the Venetian rulers starting in 1462 (E12) had general purpose preventing conquest by enemy (E55). (YouIngGreece.com, 2020)
- The building of the seawall in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan between 2014 and 2020 (E12) had general purpose preventing inland flooding by tsunami (E55).

In First Order Logic:
- P21(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P21(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


имеет бывшего или текущего владельца


αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P141i был присвоен посредством


δικαίωμα κατέχεται από


Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the natural languages in the sense of concepts.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E56 Language, e.g. “instances of Mandarin Chinese”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used to denote instances of E56 Language, such as those defined in ISO 639-3:2007 and later versions.

Examples:
- ell [Greek]
- eng [English]
- epo [Esperanto]
- spa [Spanish]
- fra [French]

In First Order Logic:
- E56(x) ⇒ E55(x)


P4i является временным отрезком для


P76 имеет контакт


P93 положил конец существованию


Diese Klasse umfasst Texte oder Stichpunkte in einer oder mehreren natürlichen Sprachen. Eine Instanz dieser Klasse dient dem näheren Verständnis eines Sachverhalts und liefert vertiefende oder erläuternde Informationen.


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E12 Production with the instance of E99 Production Type, that is, the type of the things it produces.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The production activity of the Volkswagen factory related to the “Standard limousine Type II” during 1949-1953 (E12) produced thing of product type Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E99(y)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E24(z) ∧ P108(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


κάποτε εντός


se termine après ou au moment du début de


P4 имеет временной отрезок


P74i является текущим или бывшим местом жительства для


Scope note:
This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived, or are natural products of or from living organisms.
Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object.

Examples:
- me (fictitious)
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
- petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

In First Order Logic:
- E20(x) ⇒ E19(x)


P128i переносится посредством


P11 имел участника


E15 Назначение Идентификатора


P27i ήταν αφετηρία του/της


P126 χρησιμοποίησε


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a “named graph” also falls under this class, so that each “named graph” is an instance of E73 Information Object.
An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.

Examples:
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- E. A. Poe's “The Raven” (Poe, 1869)
- the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002)
- the text of Huray describing the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010)
- the Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014

In First Order Logic:
- E73(x) ⇒ E89(x)
- E73(x) ⇒ E90(x)


αναφέρεται από


P74 a pour résidence actuelle ou antérieure


имеет альтернативную форму


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an area, i.e., an instance of E53 Place to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found. This area may either be identified by a name, or by a geometry in terms of a coordinate system adapted to the shape of the respective instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typically, names identifying sections of physical objects are composed of the name of a kind of part and the name of the object itself, such as “The poop deck of H.M.S. Victory”, which is composed of “poop deck” and “H.M.S. Victory”.

Examples:
- HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53). (Goodwin, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


являлся местом для


содержится в


P22i получил право собственности через


P138 παριστάνει


P54 έχει μόνιμη θέση


P111 добавил


Αρχή Ύπαρξης


P140i χαρακτηρίστηκε από


E3 Κατάσταση


P135i был создан посредством


P62i описан посредством


Diese Klasse umfasst die Aktionen der Dokumentation, Zeitpunkt der Vergabe einer Inventarnummer oder die Erarbeitung eines Zustandsprotokolls zu einem Objekt durch den Kurator oder einen Sammlungsmitarbeiter.

Beispiel: Eingabe eines Objektdatensatzes in die Datenbank der Sammlung durch Mitarbeiter XY.


P37i αποδόθηκε ως ιδιότητα από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.
It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.
The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples:
- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)
- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.
Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming an employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family, and the inauguration of somebody into an official position.

Examples:
- the election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (Gleick, 2003)
- the inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (Butson, 1986)
- the implementation of the membership treaty between EU and Denmark, 1(st) January 1993

In First Order Logic:
- E85(x) ⇒ E7(x)


χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο τύπου


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die verschiedenen Arten der Klasse E9 Objektbewegung, z.B.
- per Zug
- per Postkutsche
- per Flugzeug


P9 αποτελείται από


P96 посредством матери


P24 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent.
For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait.
P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content.
This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).

Examples:
- My T-Shirt (E22) shows visual item Mona Lisa (E36). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E36(y)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ P128(x,y)


ακυρώθηκε από


επηρεάστηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier.
It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017)
- Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)]
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]


commence avant ou au moment de la fin de


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E29 Design or Procedure that completely determines the production of instances of E18 Physical Thing. The resulting instances of E18 Physical Thing are considered exemplars of this instance of E99 Product Type when the process specified is correctly executed. Note that the respective instance of E29 Design or Procedure may not necessarily be fixed in a written/graphical form, and may require the use of tools or models unique to the product type. The same instance of E99 Product Type may be associated with several variant plans.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) has production plan the production plans for Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E29). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples:
- The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


перемещен посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment.
The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion.
An identifier might be created prior to an assignment.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The identifier assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned “232” (E42) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


This class comprises sections of Instances of K5 Source Content, e.g.
- "Zwey Waßer Saphyr Körner" aus Eingangsbuch 1688/1692b, fol. 4v
- "Ein Baum, worinnen ein Hirsch-Geweih stecket, welches in Preußisch Litthauen in einem Walde gefunden worden, davon man aber nicht eigentlich urtheilen kan, wie es dahin gekommen." aus Küster 1756, S. 20


является текущим постоянным местоположением для


P45 αποτελείται από


P127i έχει στενότερο όρο


Событие Творения


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.

Examples:
- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)

In First Order Logic:
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)


Scope note:
This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and can be approximated by values, i.e. points or regions in a mathematical or conceptual space, such as natural or real numbers, RGB values, etc.
An instance of E54 Dimension represents the empirical or theoretically derived quantity, including the precision tolerances resulting from the particular method or calculation. The identity of an instance of E54 Dimension depends on the method of its determination because each method may produce different values even when determining comparable qualities. For instance, the wingspan of a bird alive or dead is a different dimension. Thermoluminescence dating and Rehydroxylation [RHX] dating are different dimensions of temporal distance from now, even if they aim at dating the same object. The method of determination should be expressed using the property P2 has type (is type of). Note that simple terms such as “diameter” or “length” are normally insufficient to unambiguously describe a respective dimension. In contrast, “maximum linear extent” may be sufficient.
The properties of the class E54 Dimension allow for expressing the numerical approximation of the values of instances of E54 Dimension adequate to the precision of the applied method of determination. If the respective quantity belongs to a non-discrete space according to the laws of physics, such as spatial distances, it is recommended to record them as approximations by intervals or regions of indeterminacy enclosing the assumed true values. For instance, a length of 5 cm may be recorded as 4.5-5.5 cm, according to the precision of the respective observation. Note, that comparability of values described in different units depends critically on the representation as value regions.
Numerical approximations in archaic instances of E58 Measurement Unit used in historical records should be preserved. Equivalents corresponding to current knowledge should be recorded as additional instances of E54 Dimension, as appropriate.

Examples:
- the weight of the Luxor Obelisk [250 metric tons]
- the vertical height of the statue of David by Michelangelo [5.17 metres]
- the weight of the Great Star of Africa diamond [530.2 carats]
- the calibrated C14 date for the Shroud of Turin [AD1262-1312, 1303-1384]
- the horizontal diameter of the Stonehenge Sarsen Circle [33 metres] (Pryor, 2016)
- the length of the sides of the Great Pyramid at Giza [230.34 metres] (Lehner and Hawass, 2017)
- the duration of the time-span of the Battle of Issos/Issus on 15(th) November 333 B.C.E. [less than 12 hours] (Howard, 2012)
- Christie’s hammer price, in British Pounds, for Vincent van Gogh's "Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers" in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) [24.75 million GBP (British Pounds)]

In First Order Logic:
- E54(x) ⇒ E1(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite, and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.

Examples:
- the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993)
- the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010)
- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995
- the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020)
- the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006)
- the people of Iraq giving the name ‘Quyunjig’ to the place identified by the TGN as ‘7017998’
- Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993
- Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993

In First Order Logic:
- E7(x) ⇒ E5(x)


P34 имел дело с


Diese Klasse beschreibt das Ereignis der Beauftragung der ideellen und physischen Erschaffung von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt durch einen Akteur. Die Beauftragung wird im Kontext der Entstehungsgeschichte des Objekts als Teilereignis modelliert.

Z.B. die Beauftragung des Behaim Globus durch den Rat der Stadt Nürnberg und seine Ratsmitglieder.


P134i συνεχίστηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P137i δειγματίζεται από


был применением для


был обусловлен посредством


Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο


опека передана через


E68 Διάλυση Ομάδας


передало опеку на


имеет условие


P136 βασίστηκε σε


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document.
Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement.

Examples:
- The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922)

In First Order Logic:
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E31(x)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


This class describes the assignment of the usage type (nfdi4objects:usage_Type) of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in the context of a usage event (nfdi4objects:Usage) that took place before an object was withdrawn from the economic cycle and entered a collection or a museum context (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Example:
- The assignment of the usage type "Representation object" for the Behaim globe while it was on display in Nuremberg City Hall.
- The assignment of the usage type "object of protection during ceremonies" for the Idia ivory pendant


сменил владельца через


P100 был смертью для


был целью для


Diese Klasse umfasst die kuratierte öffentliche Ausstellungen von Instanzen der Klasse Object, wobei es hier nicht um die zeitliche Dimension im Sinne eines Ereignisses geht, sondern vielmehr um die Konstellation physischer Gegenstände, wie Raum, Ausstellungsmobiliar und Objekte z.B. die Ausstellung der Berliner Kunstkammer 1930 in den Funkturmhallen bestehend aus drei Räumen.


E2 Временная Сущность


This class comprises character strings or encodings that are assigned to instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) to identify them uniquely and permanently within the collection of object biographies; it does not replace the URI of an object in the knowledge graph.

Examples:
- Behaim globe, GNM WI1826
- Specimen from Goethe's palaeontological collection, KSW GNG 02560


P20i ήταν σκοπός του/της


P48 έχει προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


Διάλυση Ομάδας


This class comprises the types of licences specified for the (re-)use of instances of Image (nfdi4objects:Image) or for the metadata of records (nfdi4objects:Dataset) of instances of Object (nfdi4objects:Object) by third parties,
e.g. Creative Commons Licences like CC-BY-SA 3.0.


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that acquires the legal ownership of an object as a result of an instance of E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically describe an Actor purchasing or otherwise acquiring an object from another Actor. However, title may also be acquired without any corresponding loss of title by another Actor, through legal fieldwork such as hunting, shooting, or fishing.
In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title to the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P86 содержится в


Diese Klasse umfasst Aktivitäten, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) dokumentiert werden. Die Objektdokumentation stellt ein wesentliches Ereignis innerhalb der Museums-/Sammlungszugehörigkeit (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) eines Objekts dar.
Dabei umfasst die Objektdokumentation etwa die Inventarnummerzuweisung (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment), die Bezeichnungszuweisung (nfdi4objects:Appellation_Assignment), die Feststellung von Maßen (crm:E16_Measurement), bildgebende Verfahren (nfdi4objects:Imaging_Procedure).

Beispiele:
- die Zuweisung der Inventarnummer WI1826 zum Behaim Globus im Germanischen Nationalmuseum Nürnberg
- die Anfertigung von 92 Schwarzweiß-Glasplattennegativen vom Behaim Globus 1939 durch den Fotografen Bruno Blum.


P123 είχε ως αποτέλεσμα


Eine Instanz der Klasse Bild repräsentiert visuell Instanzen anderer Klassen, wie beispielsweise Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) oder E21 Person. Dabei handelt es sich üblicherweise um digitale Fotografien oder Scans mit den Dateiendungen TIFF oder PNG. Beispiel: Die digitale Aufnahme (Image) stellt den "Behaim Globus" (Objekt) dar und ist unter der URL https://… (URL) zu finden.


είναι στην κατοχή του


P32 χρησιμοποίησε γενική τεχνική


опека отдана через


P89 содержится в


Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place that falls wholly within the extent of another instance of E53 Place.
It addresses spatial containment only and does not imply any relationship between things or phenomena occupying these places.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The area covered by the World Heritage Site of Stonehenge (E53) falls within the area of Salisbury Plain (E53). (Pryor, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P89(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- [P89(x,y) ∧ P89(y,z)] ⇒ P89(x,z)
- P89(x,x)


P39i был измерен посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning.
It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013).
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)


P127 έχει ευρύτερο όρο


συμμετείχε σε


P138 представляет


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


E79 Προσθήκη Μερών


Diese Klasse umfasst quantifizierbare Eigenschaften eines Objekts, so z.B.

- das Längenmaß
- den materiellen Wert
- den Durchmesser
- das Gewicht


Instances of this class describe the different types of the class “Findings,” e.g.

- dendrochronological analysis
- inscription with dating
- construction technique


P20i был целью для


Ein Standort ist ein Ort, der dazu dient, Dinge auf einer subgeographischen Ebene zu lokalisieren. Anders als geografische Orte haben sie möglicherweise keinen Ortsnamen und sind nicht in Ortsverzeichnissen wie GeoNames zu finden, sondern werden beschrieben/umgeschrieben, meist durch "sprechende Titel". Ein Standort kann jedoch durch räumliche Koordinaten angegeben werden.
Als geographische Referenz kann ein Standort mit dem/einem geografischen Ort, an dem er sich befindet, verknüpft werden.

Beispiel:
- Eine bestimmte Einzelpflanze wurde "unter der ersten Eiche links vom Haupttor" gefunden.
- Die Position eines Objekts befindet sich im Regal "XII-3".
- Ein Objekt wurde "in den Überresten des Gebäudes X" gefunden. (wobei Gebäude X der umgebende
geografische Ort sein könnte.


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97).
- The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x)
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)


This class includes the types of sources or their contents Source Content derived from the function of the source or the intention from which they were created, e.g.

- Inventory
- Directory
- Catalogue
- Travel Journal
- Museum guide
- Photograph


Scope note:
This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which they can be held responsible.

Examples:
- London and Continental Railways (E74)
- the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
- Sir Ian McKellen (E21) (Gibson, 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- E39(x) ⇒ E77(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic, objective procedure of direct observation of particular states of physical reality.
An instance of E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as P33 used specific technique: E29 Design or Procedure, P125 used object of type: E55 Type, P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon-14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate sub-activities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query.
Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information without any other documented information object in between within the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, determining properties of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is regarded as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment, which may be inferred from observing and measuring representative carriers. In the case that the carrier can be named, the property P16 used specific object (was used for) should be used to indicate the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing that was used as the empirical basis for the attribute assignment. For instance, inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement, but as a subsequent instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. Rather, only the production of the images, understood as arrays of radiation intensities, is regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data.

Examples:
- measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (fictitious)
- the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

In First Order Logic:
- E16(x) ⇒ E13(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.

Examples:
- The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953)

Properties:
- P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y)
- P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period.
The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations.
Any place where something happened includes the spatial projection of the happening given in the same geometric reference system. For instance, HMS Victory, as place of Lord Nelson's dying, includes the location of his body relative to the hull of HMS Victory at his time of death as the most precise location of his death. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection, an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections to respective reference systems, that is, instances of E53 Place. Therefore, this property implies the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place, where both places are defined in the same geometric reference system. The relation between an instance of E53 Place and its reference system can conveniently be documented via the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).
Something that has happened at a given place can also be considered to have happened at a smaller place within it: for example, it is reasonable to say Caesar’s murder took place in Rome, but also on the Forum Romanum, and more precisely in the Curia. It is characteristic for different historical sources to use varying precision in such statements, without being in contradiction with each other. This may be due to lack of knowledge or to the relevance of the precision for the purpose of the statement. In information integration, the more precise statement improves the overall knowledge.

Examples:
- The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P7(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P7(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P7(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u) [P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]
- [E4(x) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(v,u) ˄ P7(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,v) ˄ P89(v,y)] ⇒ P7(x,v)


E19 Физический Объект


P48i είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)
- P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity.
This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.
Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The writing of the scope note of the CIDOC CRM property “P16 used specific object” contained in the CIDOC CRM version 4.1 (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22) mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55). [the original scope note was later extended in the CIDOC CRM version 4.3]
- The people of Iraq calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ (E7) used specific object “Quyunjig” (E41) mode of use current; vernacular (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P16(x,y,z) ⇒ [P16(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive.

Examples:
- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has value 226 (E60). (fictitious)
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has value 24,750,000 (E60).

In First Order Logic:
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E54(x)
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


Instances of this class describe events in the history of objects in which instances of the class “Object” are copied or reinterpreted by other actors over time, and new works in culture, art, literature, or science emerge from this process of copying, interpretation, or recreation.

E.g. The production of a facsimile of the Behaim Globe from 1492 for the Bibliothéque National de France in 1847

E.g. The depiction of the Behaim Globe in the film “The Immortal Heart”


αρχή του τέλους


P7 έλαβε χώρα σε


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing.
In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension.
It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment.
An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54). [which has unit (P91) mm (E58), has value (P90) 224 (E60)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)
- P43(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E16(z) ˄ P39i(x,z) ˄ P40(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place, which is defined in the same reference space, and which is used to approximate the former. The property does not necessarily state the quality or accuracy of this approximation, but rather indicates the use of the first instance of place to approximate the second.
In common documentation practice, find or encounter spots e.g. in archaeology, botany or zoology are often related to the closest village, river or other named place without detailing the relation, e.g. if it is located within the village or in a certain distance of the specified place. In this case the stated “phenomenal” place found in the documentation can be seen as an approximation of the actual encounter spot without more specific knowledge.
In more recent documentation often point coordinate information is provided that originates from GPS measurements or georeferencing from a map. This point coordinate information does not state the actual place of the encounter spot but tries to approximate it with a “declarative” place. The accuracy depends on the methodology used when creating the coordinates. It may be dependent on technical limitations like GPS accuracy but also on the method where the GPS location is taken in relation to the measured feature. If the methodology is known a maximum deviation from the measured point can be calculated and the encounter spot or feature may be related to the resulting circle using an instance of P171 at some place within.
This property is not transitive. This property is reflexive.

Examples:
- [40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://sws.geonames.org/735927]
- [40°31'00.1"N 21°16'00.1"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7010880]
- [40°04'60.0"N 22°21'00.0"E] (E53) approximates Mount Olympus National Park, Greece (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://www.geonames.org/6941814]

Properties:
- P189.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P189(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P189(x,y) ⇒ E53 (y)
- P189(x,y,z) ⇒ [P189(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P189(x,x)


Απόδοση Ιδιοτήτων


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity.

Examples:
- The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892)

In First Order Logic:
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)


использовал особую технику


P46i формирует часть


Diese Klasse umfasst digitale Audiodateien, z.B.
- der Klang einer Geige "violin.mp3".
- ein digitaler Audioguide-Track zu einem bestimmten Sammlungsobjekt


P28 опека отдана


E33 Линвистический Объект


E20 Биологический Объект


P53i est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de


P184 se termine avant ou au moment de la fin de


P51i 是以往或当前所有者


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.
The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Monet´s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


μετακινήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to the disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, met-by, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}.
This property is not transitive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_01.png

Figure 8: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_02.png

Figure 9: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The legendary run from Marathon to Athens 490BC (E7) starts before or with the end of The Battle of Marathon 490BC (E7).
- LMIIB (E4) ends after or with the start of the Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C.E.) (E4). [Evidence for this is provided by the scarab seal found at Poros in a context of LMIIB. The scarab belongs to the type “nh.s n Jmn”. During the Akhenaten period he production of these scarab seals stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). So the scarab could not have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production.] (Karetsou, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)


P113i αφαιρέθηκε από


P4 βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη


Scope note:
This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.
This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation, and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.
The E36 Visual Item class provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks, or images, etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and the depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

Examples:
- the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
- the Chi-Rho (E37)
- the communist red star (E37)
- the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue "Le Penseur" [There exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model.]

In First Order Logic:
- E36(x) ⇒ E73(x)


P23i παρέδωσε τον τίτλο μέσω


описан посредством


P109 έχει ή είχε επιμελητή


transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900)
- The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


P68 συνήθως χρησιμοποιεί


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E16 Measurement with the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it acted. The instance of E16 Measurement is specific to the measured object. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be measured more than once with different results, constituting different instances of E16 Measurement.

Examples:
- The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) measured silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) measured the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E22). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also, E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

In First Order Logic:
- P39(x,y) ⇒ E16(x)
- P39(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P39(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P112 уменьшил


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E3 Condition State that was observed in an instance of E14 Condition Assessment activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The condition assessment of silver cup 232 in 1997 (E14) has identified oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) with oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type fine (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type broken (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P35(x,y) ⇒E14(x)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


μετακινήθηκε προς


Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die die Art der Präsentation eines Objekts im Sammlnugsraum oder im Museum beschreiben,

z.B.
- auf einem Sockel
- an der Wand
- im Schrank


Событие Измерения


αποτελεί μέρος του/της


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von E11 Modifikation, die an Instanzen der Klasse Objekt nach ihrer E12 Herstellung vorgenommen werden,
z.B. die Abtrennung von Stücken vom Präparat der Zenkerlunge aus der Pathologischen Sammlung der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
z.B. die Ergänzung der Todesnachricht von Martin Behaim auf dem Behaim Globus nach 1507


P108i παρήχθη από


P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded.
More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time.
Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property.

Examples:
- The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


был продолжен


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E7 Activity to an instance of E55 Type, which classifies an instance of E70 Thing used in an instance of E7 Activity, when the specific instance is either unknown or not of interest, such as use of “a hammer”.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E7 Activity through P16 used specific object, E70 Thing, P2 has type, to E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The English archers’ activity in the Battle of Agincourt (E7) used object of type long bow (E55). (Curry, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P125(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P125(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E70(z) ∧ P16(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


Instances of this class describe the different types of class E9 Move, e.g.
- by train
- by stagecoach
- by airplane


P103 προοριζόταν για


Scope note:
This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing, such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation.
Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction can be documented by classifying the event as both an instance of E6 Destruction and of E7 Activity.
The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed, or modified is context-sensitive:
1. If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as an instance of E6 Destruction.
2. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not.
3. When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (Camardo, 2013)
- the destruction of Nineveh (E6, E7) (River, 2016)
- the breaking of a champagne glass yesterday by my dog (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E6(x) ⇒ E64(x)


Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Berufen oder Geschäftsbetrieben von Instanzen der Klasse E21 Person, z.B. "Archäolog*in", Goldschmied*in", "Künstler*in", ...


έχει μέγεθος


P182i commence après ou au moment de la fin de


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)


Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung der Nutzungsart (nfdi4objects:usage_Type) von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) im Kontext eines Nutzungsereignisses (nfdi4objects:Usage), das stattfand bevor ein Objekt dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entzogen wurde und in eine Sammlung oder einen Museumskontext (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) eingegangen ist.

Beispiel:
- Die Zuweisung der Nutzungsart "Repräsentationsobjekt" für den Behaim Globus, während er im Nürnberger Rathaus aufgestellt war.
- Die Zuweisung der Nutzungsart "Schutzobjekt bei Zeremonien" für den Idia-Elfenbeinanhänger


P70i документирован в


P73i είναι μετάφραση του/της


This class is used to document statements made about instances of the class Object or properties assigned to them regarding the nature of their E41 Appellation from instances of the class Source Content.

Example: Event of the attribution of the designation "Ain big crocodile. Lack the two front feet" for Object specimen of a large crocodile without front feet in source Anonymus B.


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E95 Spacetime Primitive with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume it defines.

Examples of the inverse property:
- {40°30'23"N 21°14'53"E, 40°31'40"N 21°16'43"E, 200BC-2020AD} (E95) defines spacetime volume Martin’s spatiotemporal enclosure 2020 for the evolution of the settlement of today’s city of Kastoria, Greece, since its conquest by the Romans (E92). [A square covering the current built settlement structure of Kastoria, Greece, through the years 200BC to 2020AD, which includes the extents of earlier phases of the city]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P169(x,y) ⇒ E95(x)
- P169(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P169(x,y) ⇒ P1i(x,y)


P106 составлен из


είχε ως αφορμή


This class includes terms that describe the type of state of an object assigned in the context of instances of E3 Condition States, e.g.

- good
- broken
- ruffled


Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die die Systematik einer Sammlung beschreiben. Diese können bei historischen Sammlungen z. B. aus Inventaren oder Sammlungsbeschreibungen abgeleitet werden. Auch umfasst diese Klasse Systematiken, die in gegenwärtigen Sammlungen vorzufinden sind.

z.B.
- Geschnitzte und gedrechselte Kunstsachen
- Naturalien
- Europäisches Kunsthandwerk des 19. Jahrhunderts


Scope note:
This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units.
These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.

Examples:
- Beethoven’s 5(th) Symphony (E73) (Lockwood, 2015)
- Michelangelo’s David (E22) (Paoletti and Bagemihl, 2015)
- Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (E89) (Hartle, 2003)
- the taxon ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus,1758’ (E55) (Sinkevicius and Narusevicius, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- E71(x) ⇒ E70(x)


P109 имеет действующего или бывшего хранителя


P101i был применением для


является условием для


ήταν πατέρας του/της


P10 находится в пределах


ήταν αφετηρία του/της


P21 είχε γενικό σκοπό


P100i умер в


P5i αποτελεί μέρος του/της


длится в течение


P75i κατέχεται από


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


transferiu os direitos de propriedade para


Оценка Состояния


P23 передал право собственности от


P69 σχετίζεται με


This class describes the process of moving instances of the class E19 Physical Object to the destination point of instances of the class E53 Place, whereby the latter are assigned via instances of the class “Place Assignment.” In combination with instances of the class “Movement from,” this results in a detailed overall representation of the assignment of object movements.


P48i является предпочтительным идентификатором для


имеет перевод


P125i был типом объекта использованного в


είναι ιδιοκτήτης του


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von Rollen von Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur im Kontext von Instanzen der Klasse "Akteurzuweisung". Sie dienen dazu, den Akteur weiter zu Kontextualisieren bei komplexen Ereignissen,

z.B. die physische Herstellung des Behaim Globus und die Zuweisung von Hans Glockengießer mit der Rolle "Hersteller der Lehmkugel".


Scope note:
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).
In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects”, i.e. naturally defined objects (Smith & Varzi, 2000).
The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be purely administrative or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.

Examples:
- Aphrodite of Milos (E22) (Kousser, 2005)
- the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
- Apollo 13 at the time of launch (E22) (Lovell and Kluger, 1994)

In First Order Logic:
- E19(x) ⇒ E18(x)


P22 передал право собственности


P103i ήταν προορισμός του


Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.
Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

Examples:
- the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990).
- the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991)
- the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921)
- the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011)
- the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005)
- the Rosetta Stone (E22)
- my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious)
- the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22)
- my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E24(x) ⇒ E18(x)
- E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items.
It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity modelled as an instance of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a “taxon,” the type description as a “protologue,” and the exemplary specimens as “original element” or “holotype”.

Examples:
- creation of the taxon Penicillium brefeldianum (Dodge, 1933)
- addition of class E85 Joining to the CIDOC CRM

In First Order Logic:
- E83(x) ⇒ E65(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an area, i.e., an instance of E53 Place to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found. This area may either be identified by a name, or by a geometry in terms of a coordinate system adapted to the shape of the respective instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typically, names identifying sections of physical objects are composed of the name of a kind of part and the name of the object itself, such as “The poop deck of H.M.S. Victory”, which is composed of “poop deck” and “H.M.S. Victory”.

Examples of the inverse property:
- HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53). (Goodwin, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it.
It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type.

Examples:
- The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de


This class comprises character strings or encodings that are assigned to instances of the standard file class (nfdi4objects:Authorityfile) in order to identify them uniquely and permanently.


P92i γεννήθηκε από


Instances of these classes include actions performed on an object within a cultural context, usually after it has been removed from the ecological cycle and entered into a museum or collection context. In contrast to instances of the class “use” the cultural action describes a present context, while use refers to the originally intended purpose of use.
Cultural actions are meaning-generating events, such as awards or inclusion in national or international cultural heritage lists.

Example:
- the entry of Giraffatitan brancai in the Guinness Book of World Records
- the designation of the Behaim Globe as a UNESCO World Heritage


Diese Klasse bildet ein Teilereignis im Rahmen der Klasse E10 Übertragung des Gewahrsams. Dabei wird der Teilprozess beschrieben, bei dem Instanzen der Klasse E39 Akteur den Gewahrsam von Instanzen der Klasse E19 Physischer Gegenstand abgeben, und damit im Rahmen der Erwerbskette zum Vorbesitzenden werden. Den zugehörigen Teilprozess, bei der Empfang des Gewahrsams durch den Nachbesitzende Akteur beschrieben wird, beschreiben Instanzen der Klasse "Empfang des Gewahrsams".


Концептуальный Объект


μετρήθηκε από


P104i ισχύει για


P107i est le membre actuel ou antérieur de


P139 имеет альтернативную форму


E58 Μονάδα Μέτρησης


Έγχρονη Οντότητα


P106i αποτελεί μέρος του/της


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E19 Physical Object to an instance of E26 Physical Feature that it bears.
An instance of E26 Physical Feature can only exist on one object. One object may bear more than one E26 Physical Feature. An instance of E27 Site should be considered as an instance of E26 Physical Feature on the surface of the Earth.
An instance B of E26 Physical Feature being a detail of the structure of another instance A of E26 Physical Feature can be linked to B by use of the property P46 is composed of (forms part of). This implies that the subfeature B is P56i is found on the same E19 Physical Object as A.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path E19 Physical Object, through, P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of to E26 Physical Feature.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) bears feature 32 mm scratch on silver cup 232 (E26). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P56(x,y) ⇒E19(x)
- P56(x,y) ⇒ E26(y)
- P56(x,y) ⇒ P46(x,y)
- P56(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]


P134 συνέχισε


P41 классифицировал


P11i συμμετείχε σε


является единицей для


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates the instance of E68 Dissolution with the instance of E74 Group that it disbanded.

Examples:
- The end of The Hole in the Wall Gang (E68) dissolved The Hole in the Wall Gang (E74). (Patterson, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E68(x)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P99(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E3 Condition State that was observed in an instance of E14 Condition Assessment activity.

Examples:
- The condition assessment of silver cup 232 in 1997 (E14) has identified oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) with oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type fine (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type broken (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P35(x,y) ⇒E14(x)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


περιλαμβάνει


Diese Klasse dient der Erfassung von Transkriptionen von Instanzen der Klasse Source Content.


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This is a high-level property, which captures the relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and anything, that is, an instance of E1 CRM Entity, that may have had some bearing upon it.
The property has more specific subproperties.

Examples:
- The designing of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (E7) was influenced by the Tyne Bridge (E22). (Dorman Long, 1932)

In First Order Logic:
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


commence après ou au moment de la fin de


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the temporal projection of an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume. The property P4 has time-span is the same as P160 has temporal projection if it is used to document an instance of E4 Period or any subclass of it.

Examples:
- The spatio-temporal trajectory of the H.M.S. Temeraire from its building in 1798 to its destruction in 1838 (E92) has temporal projection the time-span of the existence of H.M.S. Temeraire (E52) [at some time within (P82) “1798-1838” (E61).] (Willis, 2010)
- The Battle of Waterloo 1815 (E7) has temporal projection the time-span of the Battle of Waterloo (E52) [at some time within (P82) “Sunday, 18(th) June 1815” (E61).] (Black, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P160(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P160(x,y)⇒ E52(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies a specific instance of E29 Design or Procedure in order to carry out an instance of E7 Activity or parts of it.
The property differs from P32 used general technique (was technique of) in that P33 refers to an instance of E29 Design or Procedure, which is a concrete information object in its own right rather than simply being a term or a method known by tradition.
Typical examples would include intervention plans for conservation or the construction plans of a building.

Examples:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 232 (E11) used specific technique ‘Instructions for golden chase work by A N Other’ (E29). (fictitious)
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) used specific technique Architectural plans by Foster and Partners (E29). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P33(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P33(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P33(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)


πραγματοποιήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it.
It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


παρατηρήθηκε από


Diese Klasse umfasst Begriffe, die Arten von Standorten beschreiben, z.B.

- ein Raum
- ein Standort im Raum
- ein Standort innerhalb eines Sammlungsmöbels


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.
It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.
In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.
This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.

Examples:
- The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Instances of this class indicate whether the data record refers to a single object or a group of objects. This is required due to the compatibility of the minimum data record recommendation with the LIDO harvesting format. For single objects, the element value should be http://terminology.lido-schema.org/lido00141 (= single object).


P44i είναι κατάσταση του


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time

Examples:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975)

In First Order Logic:
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)
- P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


P82a αρχή της αρχής


P157i procure l’espace de référence pour


Diese Klasse umfasst Zeichenketten oder Kodierungen, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) zugewiesen werden, um sie eindeutig und dauerhaft innerhalb der Sammlung von Objektbiografien zu identifizieren.Sie ersetzt nicht die URI eines Objekts im Wissensgraphen.

Beispiele:
- Behaim Globus, GNM WI1826
- Exemplar aus Goethes Paläontologischer Sammlung, KSW GNG 02560


E80 Αφαίρεση Μερών


E41 Ονομασία


est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de


Datensatzart im Minimaldatensatz der DDB unter https://wiki.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/spaces/DFD/pages/120422725/Datensatzart+Pflicht


имеет бывшего или текущего смотрителя


E31 Документ


Instances of this class describe the types of instances of the Exhibition class,
e.g.
- Permanent exhibition
- Temporary exhibition
- Anniversary exhibition


P105 право принадлежит


P81 длится в течение


P3 έχει επεξήγηση


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition.

Examples:
- The formation of the House of Bourbon-Conti in 1581 (E66) was formed from House of Condé (E74). (Collectif & Musée d'art et d'histoire Louis-Senlecq, 1900)

In First Order Logic:
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P97i был отцом для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


είχε ως γενική χρήση


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης


Diese Klasse umfasst Abschnitte von Instanzen der Klasse Source Content, z.B.
- "Zwey Waßer Saphyr Körner" aus Eingangsbuch 1688/1692b, fol. 4v
- "Ein Baum, worinnen ein Hirsch-Geweih stecket, welches in Preußisch Litthauen in einem Walde gefunden worden, davon man aber nicht eigentlich urtheilen kan, wie es dahin gekommen." aus Küster 1756, S. 20


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor to be disassociated from an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.
Typical scenarios include the termination of membership in a social organisation, ending the employment at a company, divorce, and the end of tenure of somebody in an official position.

Examples:
- the end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (Gleick, 2003)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (Jones, 1979)
- the implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland’s membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985

In First Order Logic:
- E86(x) ⇒ E7(x)


P25 μετεκίνησε


P140i получил атрибут посредством


P135 δημιούργησε τύπο


P98 έφερε στη ζωή


P57 έχει αριθμό μερών


P81a конец начала


Μεταβίβαση Κατοχής


P33i был использован посредством


ist derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied von


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E30 Right over which the actor holds or has held a legal claim.

Examples:
- Michael Jackson (E21) possesses intellectual property rights on the Beatles’ back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P75(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


E10 Μεταβίβαση Κατοχής


P100i πέθανε σε


P59 έχει τομέα


This class describes the assignment of an actor (crm:E39_Actor) in the context of an event (crm:E5_Event). It describes which specific actors (crm:E21_Person, nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body, nfdi4objects:Socienty_of_Origin) were assigned, which role (nfdi4objects:Role) they had and documents where this information comes from by specifying the source as precisely as possible (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section).

Example:
The attribution of Hans Glockengießer in the context of the production of the Behaim globe, whereby he was assigned the role of maker of the clay sphere. This statement comes from the source "Urkundliche Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bücherei des Nürnberger Rates, 1429-1538 (Die Ausgaben der Losunger auf M. Behaims "Mappa Mundi" 1494 und 1510)" by J. Petz from the year 1886.


имеет представление