Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc.
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”.
Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.

Examples:
- cm [centimetre]
- km [kilometre]
- m [metre]
- m/s [metres per second] (Hau et al., 1999)
- A [ampere]
- GRD [Greek Drachma] (E98) (Daniel, 2014)
- C [degrees centigrade] (Beckman, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- E58(x) ⇒ E55(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically includes the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Besides others, this property may be used to state in which space an object has been for some known time, such as a room of a castle or in a drawer. It may also be used to describe a confinement of the spatial extent of some realm during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place.

Examples:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was within Rome (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was within Italy (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P167(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]


Dies ist eine generische, domänenunabhängige Klasse für Begriffe, die zur Klassifizierung von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt verwendet werden, z.B.
- Präparat
- Gemälde
- Druckgraphik
- Modell
- Automat
- Waffe
- Musikinstrument


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E57 Material foreseen to be used by an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
E29 Designs and procedures commonly foresee the use of particular instances of E57 Material. The fabrication of adobe bricks, for example, requires straw, clay and water. This property enables this to be documented.
This property is not intended for the documentation of instances of E57 Materials that were used on a particular occasion when an instance of E29 Design or Procedure was executed.

Examples:
- The procedure for soda glass manufacture (E29) foresees use of soda (E57). (Brooks, 1973)

In First Order Logic:
- P68(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P68(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)
- P68(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to the following Allen temporal relation (Allen, 1983) : {before}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_11.png

Figure 18: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_12.png

Figure 19: Temporal entity A ends before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- Gisle taking office as Bishop of Linköping 1139 AD (E7) ends before the start of The Guta saga composition (E65). (Peel, 1999)
- Troy VII (E4) ends before the start of Troy VIII (E4). [uninhabited for some 200 years]
- The use of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in Nihoria in the MHIII-LHI period (E4) ends before the start of the period of reuse of the Tomb Four from Nikitopoulou group in LHIIIA (E4). [“Of the six tombs excavated in the Nikitopoulou group […] the finds in Tomb Four are of MH II or MH III-LH I date, with the exception of the finds with the Northern group of material, which is uniformly dated to LHIIA2, end the ewer in the middle of the floor, dated LHIIIA1. […] The preserved evidence seems clearly to indicate use in the MHIII-LHI use in the MHIII-LHI period followed by a period of reuse in LHIIIA, a pattern matched at architecturally similar sites such as 13:Kaminia and 10:Gouvalári.”] (Boyd, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ P182(x,y)
- [P183(x,y) ∧ P183(y,z)] ⇒ P183(x,z)
- P183(x,y) ⇒ ¬P183(y,x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance or instances of E18 Physical Thing that are the result of an instance of E81 Transformation. New items replace the transformed item or items, which cease to exist as units of documentation. The physical continuity between the old and the new is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) resulted in the City Hall of Heraklion (E24). [AND: has produced (P108) the City Hall of Heraklion (E22)] (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) resulted in the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22,E20). [also: has produced (P108) the mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E22, E20).] (Carter & Mace 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) resulted in petrified bodies (E20). [Some of these bodies could later be preserved in plaster.]

In First Order Logic:
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P123(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


пересекается с


повлек появление


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, contains, finished-by}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_07.png

Figure 14: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_08.png

Figure 15: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign of King Harold II (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of Hastings (E7). (Wikipedia 2022a)
- The life of Attila “the Hun” (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (E7). [June 20, 451 AD] (Wikipedia 2022b)

In First Order Logic:
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ P175(x,y)
- [P176(x,y) ∧ P176(y,z)] ⇒ P176(x,z)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ ¬P176(y,x)


είχε γενικό σκοπό


демонстрирует признаки


Υλικό Πράγμα


P130i a les caractéristiques aussi présentes sur


P3 имеет примечание


наблюдался в


имеет величину


E26 Υλικό Μόρφωμα


transferiu os direitos de propriedade de


περιλαμβάνεται σε


P68i vorgesehen für Gebrauch durch defined


Scope note:
This class comprises items that have persistent characteristics of structural nature substantially related to their identity and their integrity, sometimes known as “endurants” in philosophy. Persistent Items may be physical entities, such as people, animals or things, conceptual entities such as ideas, concepts, products of the imagination or even names.
Instances of E77 Persistent Item may be present or be part of interactions in different periods or events. They can repeatedly be recognized at disparate occasions during their existence by characteristics of structural nature. The respective characteristics need not be exactly the same during all the existence of an instance of E77 Persistent Item. Often, they undergo gradual change, still bearing some similarities with that of previous times, or disappear completely and new emerge. For instance, a person, from the time of being born on, will gradually change all its features and acquire new ones, such as a scar. Even the DNA in different body cells will develop defects and mutations. Nevertheless, relevant characteristics used should be sufficiently similar to recognize the instance for some substantial period of time.
The more specific criteria that determine the identity of instances of subclasses of E77 Persistent Item may vary considerably and are described or referred to in the respective scope notes. The decision about which exact criteria to use depends on whether the observable behaviour of the respective part of reality such confined conforms to the reasoning the user is interested in. For example, a building can be regarded as no longer existing if it is dismantled and the materials reused in a different configuration. On the other hand, human beings go through radical and profound changes during their life-span, affecting both material composition and form, yet preserve their identity by other criteria, such as being bodily separated from other persons. Similarly, inanimate objects may be subject to exchange of parts and matter. On the opposite, the identity of a (version of a) text of a scientific publication is given by the exact arrangement of its relevant symbols.
The main classes of objects that fall outside the scope of the E77 Persistent Item class are temporal objects such as periods, events and acts, and descriptive properties.
An instance of E77 Persistent Item does not require actual knowledge of the identifying features of the instance being currently known. There may be cases, where the actual identifying features of an instance of E77 Persistent Item are not decidable at a particular state of knowledge.

Examples:
- Leonardo da Vinci (E21) (Strano, 1953)
- Stonehenge (E24) (Pryor, 2016)
- the hole in the ozone layer (E4) (Hufford and Horwitz, 2005)
- the First Law of Thermodynamics (E89) (Craig and Gislason, 2002)
- the Bermuda Triangle (E53) (Dolan, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- E77(x) ⇒ E1(x)


E2 Έγχρονη Οντότητα


P65 показывает визуальный предмет


Χρονικό Διάστημα


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items.
A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious)
- 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


E11 Τροποποίηση


P9 состоит из


E67 Рождение


This class comprises comprises the types of work or business of instances of E21 Person, e.g. "Archaeologist", "Goldsmith", "Artist", …


P89i содержит


использовал объект типа


P74 имеет текущее или бывшее местожительства


имеет вышестоящий термин