Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_09.png

Figure 16: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_10.png

Figure 17: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- Lerna III (E4) ends before or with the start of Lerna IV (E4). [“The site at Lerna probably was not left uninhabited for long after the destruction of the House of the Tiles and the raising of the tumulus. If there was a gap corresponding to the earliest stage of EH III in the Argolid, as has been suggested by some (see, e.g., Manning 1995: 55–60), it was a brief one. In Rutter’s view, the short life of the Fourth Settlement began ca. 2200/2150 b.c. and ended ca. 2050/2000 b.c.”] (Banks & Reese, 2013)
- The use of LH I graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4) ends before or with the start of LH III phase of reuse of the graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4). [“…a possible hiatus in the occupation of certain sites such as the settlement of Krisa in Phocis, which was well occupied in the MH and LHIII periods. LHIIB pottery from this settlement has already been identified, but no certain example of LHIIA pottery.”] (Phialon 2018)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P176(x,y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P185(x,y)
- [P182(x,y) ⋀ P182(y,z) ⇒ P182(x,z)]
- P182(x,y) ⇒ ¬P182(y,x)


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.
The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

Examples:
- The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


P74 έχει ή είχε κατοικία


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples of the inverse property:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


P33 использовал особую технику


P112 εξάλειψε


This class describes the assignment of the type of acquisition or transfer of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects_Object) in the context of a change of ownership (crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody) between two actors (previous owner and subsequent owner) and documents where this information comes from by specifying the source as precisely as possible (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section).

Example:
The attribution of the type of acquisition "looting" of the Idia ivory pendant, which is now in the British Museum under the inventory number BM_Af1910_5-13_1, by British troops from the Kingdom of Benin as part of the 1897 punitive expedition according to the information in the online portal Digital Benin at the URL https://digitalbenin.org/catalogue/5_Af191005131.


P99i был распущен посредством


конец начала


είναι ή ήταν στην κατοχή του


P19 ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του


Quantification: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013).
Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence.

Examples:
- H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010)
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)


τεκμηριώνεται σε


Scope note:
This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

Examples:
- “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)
- “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006)
- “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E35(x) ⇒ E33(x)
- E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space.
In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique.
The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volume which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property and are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes.
The spatial projection is unique with respect to the reference system. For instance, there is exactly one spatial projection of Lord Nelson’s dying relative to the ship HMS Victory, i.e. the location of his body relative to the ship HMS Victory at the time of his death.
In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire.
This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by).

Examples:
- The Roman Empire (E4) has spatial projection all areas ever claimed by Rome (E53). (Clare & Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- (∃y,z,u) [E92(x) ˄ E53(y) ˄ E53(z) ˄ E18(u) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ] ⇒ (x = y)
- P161(x,y) ˄ E4(x) ⇒ P7(x,y)


Quantification: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Lizenzen, die für die (Wieder-)Verwendung von Instanzen von Bild (nfdi4objects:Image) oder für die Metadaten von Datensätzen (nfdi4objects:Dataset) von Instanzen von Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) durch Dritte angegeben sind,
z.B. Creative Commons Lizenzen wie CC-BY-SA 3.0.


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y)
- [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)


классифицировал


Diese Klasse umfasst Aktivitäten, bei denen Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) dokumentiert werden. Die Objektdokumentation stellt ein wesentliches Ereignis innerhalb der Museums-/Sammlungszugehörigkeit (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) eines Objekts dar.
Dabei umfasst die Objektdokumentation etwa die Inventarnummerzuweisung (crm:E15_Identifier_Assignment), die Bezeichnungszuweisung (nfdi4objects:Appellation_Assignment), die Feststellung von Maßen (crm:E16_Measurement), bildgebende Verfahren (nfdi4objects:Imaging_Procedure).

Beispiele:
- die Zuweisung der Inventarnummer WI1826 zum Behaim Globus im Germanischen Nationalmuseum Nürnberg
- die Anfertigung von 92 Schwarzweiß-Glasplattennegativen vom Behaim Globus 1939 durch den Fotografen Bruno Blum.


P26i был пунктом назначения для


имеет бывшего или текущего смотрителя


a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par


τροποποιήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.
The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Monet´s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


перемещен из


P37i был присвоен посредством


P56 несет признак


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have no extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must not have any of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely.
If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available.
This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- The “Hallstatt” period (E4) is spatiotemporally separated from the “La Tène” era (E4). (Marion, 2004)
- Kingdom of Greece (1831-1924) (E92) is spatiotemporally separated from Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) (E92).
- The path of the army of Alexander the Great (335-323 B.C.) (E7) is spatiotemporally separated from the Mauryan Empire (E4). (Lane Fox, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ P133(y,x)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ ¬P133 (x,y)
- ¬P133(x,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity.
This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.
Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.

Examples:
- The writing of the scope note of the CIDOC CRM property “P16 used specific object” contained in the CIDOC CRM version 4.1 (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22) mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55). [the original scope note was later extended in the CIDOC CRM version 4.3]
- The people of Iraq calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ (E7) used specific object “Quyunjig” (E41) mode of use current; vernacular (E55).

Properties:
- P16.1 mode of use: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P16(x,y,z) ⇒ [P16(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


является единицей для


был использован для


P2i является типом для


P109i является действующим или бывшим хранителем


έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


P1 идентифицируется посредством


P121 επικαλύπτεται με


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded.
More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time.
Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


P11 είχε συμμέτοχο


E79 Προσθήκη Μερών


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.

Examples:
- The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55).
- The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55).

Properties:
- P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x)
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials.
Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g. “instances of gold”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used.

Examples:
- brick (Gurcke, 1987)
- gold (Watson, 1990)
- aluminium (Norman, 1986)
- polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011)
- resin (Barton, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- E57(x) ⇒ E55(x)


Υλικό Αντικείμενο


αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P109i ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von


P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe


P45i входит в состав


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53).

In First Order Logic:
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


μετακινήθηκε προς


P106 составлен из


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it.
This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities.
It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc.
In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters.
When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive.
A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- The content of Charles-Moïse Briquet’s ‘Les Filigranes: dictionnaire historique des marques du papier’ (E32) incorporates the visual aspect of the watermark used around 1358-61 by some Spanish papermaker(s) and identified as ‘Briquet 4019’ (E37). (Briquet, 1985)
- The visual content of Jacopo Amigoni’s painting known as ‘The Singer Farinelli and friends’ (E36) incorporates the musical notation of Farinelli’s musical work entitled ‘La Partenza’ (E73). (National Gallery of Victoria)
- The visual content of Nicolas Poussin’s painting entitled ‘Les Bergers d’Arcadie’ (E36) incorporates the Latin phrase ‘Et in Arcadia ego’ (E33). (Wikipedia, 2020)

In First Order Logic:
- P165(x,y) ⇒ E73(x)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ P106(x,y)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ ¬P165(y,x)


P35i έχει διαπιστωθεί από


повлек появление


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition.
In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78).

In First Order Logic:
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


P79 начало ограничено


είναι μέγεθος του


έχει μονάδα μέτρησης


P26 μετακινήθηκε προς


Scope note:
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.
In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963)
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
- the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 to 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- E2(x) ⇒ E1(x)


P93i αναιρέθηκε από


Diese Klasse dient der Erfassung von Transkriptionen von Instanzen der Klasse Source Content.


P52i είναι ιδιοκτήτης του


P9 αποτελείται από


P122 συνορεύει με


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971)

In First Order Logic:
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(y)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ P10(y,x)
- [P9(x,y) ∧ P9(y,z)] ⇒ P9(x,z)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ ¬P9(y,x)


P141i был присвоен посредством


P17 был обусловлен посредством


P140i χαρακτηρίστηκε από


P42i αποδόθηκε από


P137i δειγματίζεται από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the technique or method, modelled as an instance of E55 Type, that was employed in an instance of E7 Activity.
These techniques should be drawn from an external E55 Type hierarchy of consistent terminology of general techniques or methods such as embroidery, oil-painting, carbon dating, etc. Specific documented techniques should be described as instances of E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The ornamentation of silver cup 113 (E11) used general technique gold-plating (E55). [A Design or Procedure type] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P32(x,y) ⇒ P125(x,y)


был целью для


Υλικό Μόρφωμα


P101 είχε ως γενική χρήση


δειγματίζεται από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, contains, finished-by}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_07.png

Figure 14: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_08.png

Figure 15: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign of King Harold II (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of Hastings (E7). (Wikipedia 2022a)
- The life of Attila “the Hun” (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (E7). [June 20, 451 AD] (Wikipedia 2022b)

In First Order Logic:
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ P175(x,y)
- [P176(x,y) ∧ P176(y,z)] ⇒ P176(x,z)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ ¬P176(y,x)


P68i обычно используется посредством


Передача Опеки


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E6 Destruction to an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been destroyed by it.
Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. An instance of E6 Destruction may be contiguous with an instance of E12 Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Tay Bridge Disaster (E6) destroyed the Tay Bridge (E22). (Thomas, 1972)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E6 (x)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity.
This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- The text entitled ‘Reach for the sky’ (E33) is about Douglas Bader (E21). (Brickhill, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P129(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice). Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.

Examples:
- The Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (E93) was a presence of The Roman Empire (E4). (Clare and Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ P10(x,y)


P125i был типом объекта использованного в


Событие Производства


E33 Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο


πραγματοποιήθηκε από


P97i был отцом для


παρέλαβε κατοχή μέσω


P22i получил право собственности через


Scope note:
This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. These quantities may be abstract accounting units, the nominal value of a heap of coins or bank notes at the time of validity of the respective currency, the nominal value of a bill of exchange or other documents expressing monetary claims or obligations. It specifically excludes amounts expressed in terms of weights of valuable items, like gold and diamonds, and quantities of other non-currency items, like goats or stocks and bonds.

Examples:
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987

In First Order Logic:
- E97(x) ⇒ E54(x)


является величиной для


P53i является текущим или бывшим местоположением для


P31i был изменен посредством


P44 имеет условие


содержится в


Quantification of the inverse property: one to one (1,1:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)


P74i ist derzeitiger oder früherer Sitz von


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

Properties:
- P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


P70 τεκμηριώνει


CRM Сущность


This class describes the general concept of archaeological escavation intended as a coordinated set of excavation process units (A1) performed on an area considered as part of a broader topographical, rural, urban, or monumental context. An archaeological excavation typically takes place in a predefined geographic area specifically defined after an investigation campaign or based on interpretation of sources, or evidenced by a different activity (such as: preparatory works for urban construction, rescue archaeology and similar) and is carried out according with specific authorisations provided by a competent authority. A specific identifier for each archaeological excavation is usually assigned by the same authority. The set of activities is not limited to matter removals but also comprises siblings activities, happening throughout the whole process, intended for observation and/or consolidation of the excavated strata. The archaeological excavation is usually under the responsibility of a coordinator, officially designated, which is legally and scientifically responsible for all the activities carried out within each of the excavation process units and is also responsible for the documentation of the whole process.


P93i прекратил существование посредством


P136i 支持类型创建


se termine avant ou au moment du début de


P5i αποτελεί μέρος του/της


This class describes the process of physical access of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) to a collecting institution. The accession of an object follows the acquisition or purchase (crm:E8_Acquisition) as a legal act, in the context of museum/collection affiliation (Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Example: The acquisition of the Behaim Globe in 1906 as a loan to the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg.


P55 βρίσκεται σε


P28 μετεβίβασε κατοχή από


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E29 Design or Procedure that completely determines the production of instances of E18 Physical Thing. The resulting instances of E18 Physical Thing are considered exemplars of this instance of E99 Product Type when the process specified is correctly executed. Note that the respective instance of E29 Design or Procedure may not necessarily be fixed in a written/graphical form, and may require the use of tools or models unique to the product type. The same instance of E99 Product Type may be associated with several variant plans.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) has production plan the production plans for Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E29). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P187(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)


P69 ассоциирован с


Scope note:
This class comprises activities formally defining new types of items.
It is typically a rigorous scholarly or scientific process that ensures a type is exhaustively described and appropriately named. In some cases, particularly in archaeology and the life sciences, E83 Type Creation requires the identification of an exemplary specimen and the publication of the type definition in an appropriate scholarly forum. The activity modelled as an instance of E83 Type Creation is central to research in the life sciences, where a type would be referred to as a “taxon,” the type description as a “protologue,” and the exemplary specimens as “original element” or “holotype”.

Examples:
- creation of the taxon Penicillium brefeldianum (Dodge, 1933)
- addition of class E85 Joining to the CIDOC CRM

In First Order Logic:
- E83(x) ⇒ E65(x)


P32 χρησιμοποίησε γενική τεχνική


участвовал в


P42i был присвоен посредством


E41 Ονομασία


Scope note:
This class comprises activities that result in the allocation of an identifier to an instance of E1 CRM Entity. An instance of E15 Identifier Assignment may include the creation of the identifier from multiple constituents, which themselves may be instances of E41 Appellation. The syntax and kinds of constituents to be used may be declared in a rule constituting an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
Examples of such identifiers include Find Numbers, Inventory Numbers, uniform titles in the sense of librarianship and Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). Documenting the act of identifier assignment and deassignment is especially useful when objects change custody or the identification system of an organization is changed. In order to keep track of the identity of things in such cases, it is important to document by whom, when, and for what purpose an identifier is assigned to an item.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be expressed by using the property E1 CRM Entity. P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of): E42 Identifier. It can better be expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable E55 Type, such as “preferred identifier assignment”, to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment through the P2 has type (is type of) property.

Examples:
- replacement of the inventory number TA959a by GE34604 for a 17(th) century lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
- assigning the author and uniform title heading “Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832. Faust. 1. Theil.” to a work
- on 1(st) June 2001, assigning the personal name heading “Guillaume, de Machaut, ca. 1300-1377” to Guillaume de Machaut (Kelly, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- E15(x) ⇒ E13(x)


E28 Νοητικό Αντικείμενο


P124i был трансформирован посредством


E36 Визуальный Предмет


περιλαμβάνει


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active or passive presence of an E77 Persistent Item in an instance of E5 Event without implying any specific role.
It documents known events in which an instance of E77 Persistent Item was present during the course of its life or history. For example, an object may be the desk, now in a museum, on which a treaty was signed. The instance of E53 Place and the instance of E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instance E77 Persistent Item in the past. Instances of E90 Symbolic Object, in particular information objects, are physically present in events via at least one of the instances of E18 Physical Thing carrying them. Note, that the human mind can be such a carrier. A precondition for a transfer of information to a person or another new physical carrier is the presence of the respective information object and this person or physical thing in one event.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Deckchair 42 (E19) was present at the sinking of the Titanic (E5). (Aldridge, 2008)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P12(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)


Eine Instanz der Klasse Bild repräsentiert visuell Instanzen anderer Klassen, wie beispielsweise Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) oder E21 Person. Dabei handelt es sich üblicherweise um digitale Fotografien oder Scans mit den Dateiendungen TIFF oder PNG. Beispiel: Die digitale Aufnahme (Image) stellt den "Behaim Globus" (Objekt) dar und ist unter der URL https://… (URL) zu finden.


Diese Klasse umfasst alle Arten von Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und Verwendungszwecken einer Instanz der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object), insb. bevor sie dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entzogen und in eine Sammlung oder einen Museumskontext eingingen.

Beispiele:
- Die Nutzung des Behaim Globus als Repräsentationsobjekt im Nürnberger Rathaus
- Die Nutzung des Idia-Elfenbeinanhängers als Schutzobjekt bei Zeremonien im Königreich Benin


ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του


Diese Klasse umfasst digitale 3D-Modelle, die Repräsentationen von Instanzen der Klasse E71 Human-Made Thing darstellen, z.B.
- das 3D-Modell der Kathedrale von Notre Dame in Paris
- das 3D-Modell eines Hammerflügels


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group an instance of E39 Actor leaves through an instance of E86 Leaving.
Although a leaving activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which leaving one E74 Group implies leaving another E74 Group as well.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The end of Sir Isaac Newton’s duty as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament in 1702 (E86) separated from the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- George Washington’s leaving office in 1797 (E86) separated from the office of President of the United States (E74). (Unger, 2015)
- The implementation of the treaty regulating the termination of Greenland membership in EU between EU, Denmark and Greenland 1(st) February 1985 (E86) separated from EU (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E86(x)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P146(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


имеет текущее постоянное местоположение


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.

Examples:
- the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964)
- the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable features that are physically attached in an integral way to particular physical objects.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature share many of the attributes of instances of E19 Physical Object. They may have a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional geometric extent, but there are no natural borders that separate them completely in an objective way from the carrier objects. For example, a doorway is a feature but the door itself, being attached by hinges, is not.
Instances of E26 Physical Feature can be features in a narrower sense, such as scratches, holes, reliefs, surface colours, reflection zones in an opal crystal or a density change in a piece of wood. In the wider sense, they are portions of particular objects with partially imaginary borders, such as the core of the Earth, an area of property on the surface of the Earth, a landscape or the head of a contiguous marble statue. They can be measured and dated, and it is sometimes possible to state who or what is or was responsible for them. They cannot be separated from the carrier object, but a segment of the carrier object may be identified (or sometimes removed) carrying the complete feature.
This definition coincides with the definition of “fiat objects”, with the exception of aggregates of “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000).

Examples:
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (Psimenos. 2005)
- the temple in Abu Simbel before its removal, which was carved out of solid rock (E25) (Hawass, 2000)
- Albrecht Duerer's signature on his painting of Charles the Great (E25) (Strauss, 1974)
- the damage to the nose of the Great Sphinx in Giza (Temple, 2009)
- Michael Jackson’s nose prior to plastic surgery

In First Order Logic:
- E26(x) ⇒ E18(x)


P123 повлек появление


έχει αριθμό μερών


P14i πραγματοποίησε


P22 передал право собственности


P65i εμφανίζεται σε


est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de


είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples:
- The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P56i βρίσκεται σε


P98i был рожден


Μονάδα Μέτρησης


P19 был предполагаемым использованием для


περιλαμβάνει


Οντότητα CIDOC CRM


E11 Событие Изменения


P49 有以往或当前保管者


E14 Εκτίμηση Κατάστασης


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156i is occupied by to E18 Physical Thing.
It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.
For example, the French and German armistice of 22(nd) June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11(th) November 1918.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P8(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P7(x,z) ˄ P156i(z,y)]


περιέχεται σε


P49 имеет бывшего или текущего смотрителя


признаки также найдены на


Scope note:
This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).
In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects”, i.e. naturally defined objects (Smith & Varzi, 2000).
The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be purely administrative or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.

Examples:
- Aphrodite of Milos (E22) (Kousser, 2005)
- the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
- Apollo 13 at the time of launch (E22) (Lovell and Kluger, 1994)

In First Order Logic:
- E19(x) ⇒ E18(x)


P10 находится в пределах


E66 Συγκρότηση Ομάδας


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples of the inverse property:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


P93i wurde seiner Existenz beraubt durch


βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη


βρίσκεται σε


This class comprises texts or keywords in one or more natural languages. An instance of this class is used for a closer understanding of a subject and provides in-depth or explanatory information.


E52 Χρονικό Διάστημα


υπήρξε τόπος του


показывает визуальный предмет


опека передана через


был уменьшен посредством


P56i найден на


Diese Klasse umfasst Dokumente, die eine Terminologie oder ein konzeptuelles System zur konsistenten Verwendung definieren.

Beispiele:
- Die Gemeinsame Normdatei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (GND)
- Der Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)


έχει επεξήγηση


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents the number of parts, an instance of E60 Number, of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention.
For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually.

Examples:
- Chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


E81 Трансформация


P98i γεννήθηκε


P135i был создан посредством


Diese Klasse umfasst digitale Audiodateien, z.B.
- der Klang einer Geige "violin.mp3".
- ein digitaler Audioguide-Track zu einem bestimmten Sammlungsobjekt


показан посредством


P40i παρατηρήθηκε από


τέλος της αρχής


Οπτικό Στοιχείο


имеет бывшего или текущего владельца


P13 κατέστρεψε


P62i описан посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E73 Information Object with an instance of E90 Symbolic Object (or any of its subclasses) that was included in it.
This property makes it possible to recognise the autonomous status of the incorporated signs, which were created in a distinct context, and can be incorporated in many instances of E73 Information Object, and to highlight the difference between structural and accidental whole-part relationships between conceptual entities.
It accounts for many cultural facts that are quite frequent and significant: the inclusion of a poem in an anthology, the re-use of an operatic aria in a new opera, the use of a reproduction of a painting for a book cover or a CD booklet, the integration of textual quotations, the presence of lyrics in a song that sets those lyrics to music, the presence of the text of a play in a movie based on that play, etc.
In particular, this property allows for modelling relationships of different levels of symbolic specificity, such as the natural language words making up a particular text, the characters making up the words and punctuation, the choice of fonts and page layout for the characters.
When restricted to information objects, that is, seen as a property with E73 Information Object as domain and range the property is transitive.
A digital photograph of a manuscript page incorporates the text of a manuscript page, if the respective text is defined as a sequence of symbols of a particular type, such as Latin characters, and the resolution and quality of the digital image is sufficient to resolve these symbols so they are readable on the digital image.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The content of Charles-Moïse Briquet’s ‘Les Filigranes: dictionnaire historique des marques du papier’ (E32) incorporates the visual aspect of the watermark used around 1358-61 by some Spanish papermaker(s) and identified as ‘Briquet 4019’ (E37). (Briquet, 1985)
- The visual content of Jacopo Amigoni’s painting known as ‘The Singer Farinelli and friends’ (E36) incorporates the musical notation of Farinelli’s musical work entitled ‘La Partenza’ (E73). (National Gallery of Victoria)
- The visual content of Nicolas Poussin’s painting entitled ‘Les Bergers d’Arcadie’ (E36) incorporates the Latin phrase ‘Et in Arcadia ego’ (E33). (Wikipedia, 2020)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P165(x,y) ⇒ E73(x)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ P106(x,y)
- P165(x,y) ⇒ ¬P165(y,x)


P175 commence avant ou au moment du début de


P23 a transféré le titre de propriété de


сменил владельца через


μετακινήθηκε από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


E81 Μετατροπή


P49i est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de


είναι ο τύπος του/της


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.
In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.
This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.

Examples:
- The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the type of property or relation that this assignment maintains to hold between the item to which it assigns an attribute and the attribute itself. Note that the properties defined by the CIDOC CRM also constitute instances of E55 Type themselves. The direction of the assigned property of type is understood to be from the attributed item (the range of property P140 assigned attribute to) to the attribute item (the range of the property P141 assigned). More than one property type may be assigned to hold between two items.
A comprehensive explanation about refining CIDOC CRM concepts by E55 Type is given in the section “About Types” in the section on “Specific Modelling Constructs” of this document.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned property of type P52 has former or current owner (is former or current keeper of) (E55). (fictitious)
- 1(st) June 1997 Identifier Assignment of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned property of type P48 has preferred identifier (is preferred identifier of) (E55). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned property of type binding structure type (E55). [‘binding structure type’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects a book (E22) to the type of its binding structure (E55)] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type damage (E55). [‘damage’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like an endband core (E22) to the type of damage (E55) it shows] (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) assigned property of type quality (E55). [‘quality’ refers to a property, external to the CIDOC CRM, which connects an instance of a physical thing like a book cover (E22) to its quality (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P177(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


This class comprises the documentation actions, the time at which an inventory number is assigned or the creation of a status log for an object by the curator or a collection employee.

Example: Entry of an object data record in the collection database by employee XY.


αποδόθηκε από


Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions, and concepts.
This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of “determination,” i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

Examples:
- the first classification of object GE34604 as Lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
- the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as Cereus hildmannianus K.Schum., July 2003

In First Order Logic:
- E17(x) ⇒ E13(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject.
The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


находится в пределах


P97i ήταν πατέρας του/της


Биологический Объект


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan.

Examples:
- The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016)
- The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005)
- The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x)
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)


Diese Klasse umfasst Zeichenketten oder Kodierungen, die Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) zugewiesen werden, um sie eindeutig und dauerhaft innerhalb der Sammlung von Objektbiografien zu identifizieren.Sie ersetzt nicht die URI eines Objekts im Wissensgraphen.

Beispiele:
- Behaim Globus, GNM WI1826
- Exemplar aus Goethes Paläontologischer Sammlung, KSW GNG 02560


P15 επηρεάστηκε από


P124 μετέτρεψε


Scope note:
This class comprises documented plans for the execution of actions in order to achieve a result of a specific quality, form, or contents. In particular, it comprises plans for deliberate human activities that may result in new instances of E71 Human-Made Thing or for shaping or guiding the execution of an instance of E7 Activity.
Instances of E29 Design or Procedure can be structured in parts and sequences or depend on others.
This is modelled using P69 has association with (is associated with): E29 Design or Procedure.
Designs or procedures can be seen as one of the following:
1. A schema for the activities it describes
2. A schema of the products that result from their application
3. An independent intellectual product that may have never been applied, such as Leonardo da Vinci’s famous plans for flying machines
Because designs or procedures may never be applied or only partially executed, the CIDOC CRM models a loose relationship between the plan and the respective product.

Examples:
- the ISO standardisation procedure
- the musical notation for Beethoven’s “Ode to Joy” (Kershaw, 1999)
- the architectural drawings for the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral) in Cologne, Germany (Wolff, 1999)
- the drawing found on Folio 860 of the Codex Atlanticus from Leonardo da Vinci, 1486 to 1490, kept in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan

In First Order Logic:
- E29(x) ⇒ E73(x)


P102i είναι τίτλος του/της


είναι κατάσταση του


είχε ως αποτέλεσμα


P65i показан посредством


P104i ισχύει για


P52i est l'actant propriétaire actuel de


был применением для


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms, or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.

Examples:
- the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958)
- the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36)
- Domesday Book [a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror] (Hallam 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- E31(x) ⇒ E73(x)


P29 опека получена


Diese Klasse umfasst die Aktionen der Dokumentation, Zeitpunkt der Vergabe einer Inventarnummer oder die Erarbeitung eines Zustandsprotokolls zu einem Objekt durch den Kurator oder einen Sammlungsmitarbeiter.

Beispiel: Eingabe eines Objektdatensatzes in die Datenbank der Sammlung durch Mitarbeiter XY.


P37 назначил


E20 Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο


P7 έλαβε χώρα σε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”.

Examples:
- The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918)

Properties:
- P136.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


P109i 是当前或以往管理者


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier.
It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation.

Examples:
- The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017)
- Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)]
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]


E10 Μεταβίβαση Κατοχής


P65 εμφανίζει οπτικό στοιχείο


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the maximum spatial extent within which an instance of E53 Place falls. Since instances of E53 Places may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about maximum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s maximum spatial extent (i.e., its outer boundary) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89 falls within, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive through a declarative Place that is not explicitly documented, to a Space Primitive: declarative places are defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013).

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) at some place within POLYGON ((37.969172 23.720787, 37.973122 23.721495 37.972741 23.728994, 37.969299 23.729735, 37.969172 23.720787)) (E94).

In First Order Logic:
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)
- P171(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act.
This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x)
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)]
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)]
- ¬P152(x,x)


P90 имеет значение


Diese Klasse umfasst die Arten von Quellen bzw. ihrer Inhalte Source Content, die aus der Funktion der Quelle bzw. der Intention, aus der sie angelegt wurden, abgeleitet sind, z.B.

- Inventar
- Verzeichnis
- Katalog
- Reisejournal
- Museumsführer
- Fotografie


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning.
It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013).
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989)

In First Order Logic:
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent.
For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait.
P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content.
This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).

Examples:
- My T-Shirt (E22) shows visual item Mona Lisa (E36). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E36(y)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ P128(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, URLs and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients.
The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.

Examples:
- “MM.GE.195”
- “13.45.1976”
- “OXCMS: 1997.4.1” (fictitious)
- “ISSN 0041-5278” [Identifier for “The UNESCO Courier (Print)”]
- ISRC “FIFIN8900186” [Identifier for : Kraft (29 min 14 s) / Magnus Lindberg, comp. ; Toimii Ensemble ; Swedish Radio symphony orchestra ; Esa-Pekka Salonen, dir.]
- Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10”
- “Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules] (Reaney, 1974)
- “+41 22 418 5571”
- “ weasel@paveprime.com”
- “Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève”
- “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan”

In First Order Logic:
- E42(x) ⇒ E41(x)


Δημιουργία Τύπου


P134i συνεχίστηκε από


αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της


P20 είχε συγκεκριμένο σκοπό


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.
It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.
The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples:
- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)
- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


E25 Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain


является типом для


χρησιμοποίησε


E63 Начало Существования


Ein Standort ist ein Ort, der dazu dient, Dinge auf einer subgeographischen Ebene zu lokalisieren. Anders als geografische Orte haben sie möglicherweise keinen Ortsnamen und sind nicht in Ortsverzeichnissen wie GeoNames zu finden, sondern werden beschrieben/umgeschrieben, meist durch "sprechende Titel". Ein Standort kann jedoch durch räumliche Koordinaten angegeben werden.
Als geographische Referenz kann ein Standort mit dem/einem geografischen Ort, an dem er sich befindet, verknüpft werden.

Beispiel:
- Eine bestimmte Einzelpflanze wurde "unter der ersten Eiche links vom Haupttor" gefunden.
- Die Position eines Objekts befindet sich im Regal "XII-3".
- Ein Objekt wurde "in den Überresten des Gebäudes X" gefunden. (wobei Gebäude X der umgebende
geografische Ort sein könnte.


Diese Klasse umfasst materielle Hinterlassenschaften der Menschheits- und Umweltgeschichte, die von menschlicher Aktivität bewusst zum Bestand einer Sammlung (E78 Curated Holding) hinzugefügt wurden und von einem oder mehreren Akteuren (E39 Actor) kuratorisch betreut werden.

Beispiele:

Der Behaim Globus von 1492/94, der sich heute im Germanischen Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg befindet
Der Stein von Rosette, der in der hellenistischen Zeit gemeißelt wurde, 1799 im Kontext napoleonischer Feldzüge geraubt und sich seit 1802 in der Sammlung des British Museum in London befindet


E2 Временная Сущность


απεικονίζεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E3 Condition State that was observed in an instance of E14 Condition Assessment activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The condition assessment of silver cup 232 in 1997 (E14) has identified oxidation traces were present in 1997 (E3). [which has type (P2) with oxidation traces (E55)] (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type fine (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) has identified the condition state in November 2003 (E3). [which has type broken (E55)] (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P35(x,y) ⇒E14(x)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- P35(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


P109 有当前或以往管理者


P46i формирует часть


Информационный Объект


P45i είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the maximum period of time within which an E52 Time-Span falls. Since Time-Spans may not have precisely known temporal extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about the minimum and maximum temporal extents of Time-Spans. This property allows a Time-Span’s maximum temporal extent (i.e. its outer boundary) to be assigned an E61 Time Primitive value. Time Primitives are treated by the CIDOC CRM as application or system specific date intervals, and are not further analysed. If different sources of evidence justify different maximum extents without contradicting each other, the resulting intersection of all these extents will be the best estimate. This should be taken into account for information integration.

Examples:
- The time-span of the development of the CIDOC CRM (E52) at some time within “1992-infinity” (E61). (Doerr, 2003)
- The Time-Span of the Battle in the Teutoburg Forest (E52) at some time within “September 9 CE” (E61). (Andrews & Kesteven, 1977)
- The time-Span of the death of Tut Ankh Amun (E52) at some time within “December 1324 BC to February 1323 BC” (E61). (Murdoch, 2003)
- The time-span of the First Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt (7(th) to 10(th) dynasty) (E52) at some time within “2475BC - 2125BC” (E61). (Reid, 1993)

In First Order Logic:
- P82(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P82(x,y) ⇒ E61(y)


αποτελείται από


P3 έχει επεξήγηση


Scope note:
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite, and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.

Examples:
- the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993)
- the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010)
- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995
- the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020)
- the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006)
- the people of Iraq giving the name ‘Quyunjig’ to the place identified by the TGN as ‘7017998’
- Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993
- Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993

In First Order Logic:
- E7(x) ⇒ E5(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), abandoned in the 15(th) century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19(th) century (E7). [The construction in the 19(th) century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999)

In First Order Logic:
- P134(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P134(x,y)⇒ E7(y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P176i(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ ¬P134(y,x)


This class comprises activities of Observation (S27) (substance) where an Actor (E39) encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing, of a kind relevant for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially relevant for some community (identity). This observation produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing at particular place in, or on, surrounding matter. This knowledge may be new to the group of people the actor belongs to. In that case, we would talk about discovery. The observer may recognize or assign an individual identity of the thing encountered, or regard only the type as noteworthy in the associated documentation or report. In Archaeology, there is a particular interest if an object is found “in situ”, i.e., if its embedding in the surrounding matter supports the assumption that the object was not moved since the archaeologically relevant deposition event. The surrounding matter with the relative position of the object in it, as well as the absolute position and time of the observation may be recorded to enable inferences about the history of the object. In Biology, additional parameters may be recorded – like the kind of ecosystem, if the biological individual survives the observation, what detection or catching devices have been used, or if the encounter event supported the detection of a new biological kind (“taxon”).

Examples:
the finding, by Nikolaos Stampolidis, of a complete skeleton, in situ, at the site of Eleutherna during the archaeological excavation carried out by the University of Crete in 2007 (Bonn-Muller, 2010)
the detection of Lagocephalos_Sceleratus was carried out with the trawler 419 in the Mediteranean sea, during the first week of August 2014 (S19) (Bekiari et al., 2014)
the encounter of the marble floor of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum during the digging of a well in 1750 (Sider, 1990)


P135 создал тип


P136 βασίστηκε σε


P19i был создан для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who assumed or has assumed overall curatorial responsibility for an instance of E78 Curated Holding.
It does not allow a history of curation to be recorded. This would require use of an event initiating a curator being responsible for a collection.

Examples:
- The Robert Opie Collection (E78) has current or former curator Robert Opie (E21). (https://www.robertopiecollection.com/)
- The Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78) has current or former curator Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E21). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P109(x,y) ⇒ E78(x)
- P109(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P109(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)


P104 υπόκειται σε


είχε συμμέτοχο


P17 είχε ως αφορμή


P16i χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


a pour actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur


P70 документирует


P30i a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par


Quantification: many to one, necessary(1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E52 Time-Span that defines the time-slice of the spacetime volume that this instance of E93 Presence is related to via the property P166 was a presence of (had presence).
There are two typical cases for the determination of the related instance of E52 Time-Span. In the first, it is the temporal extent of an instance of E2 Temporal Entity (documented with P4 has time-span (is time-span of)): this then documents the simultaneity of the instance of E93 Presence and the instance of E2 Temporal Entity, even if the absolute time-span is not known, and can be regarded as a phenomenal time-span. In the second, the instance of E52 Time-Span is a date range declared in or derived from historical sources or provided by dating methods: this is a declarative time-span.

Examples:
- 2016-02-09 (E52) temporally specifies the last day of the 2016 Carnival in Cologne (E93).
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) is temporally specified by December 1755 (E52.) (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) is temporally specified by 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E52). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P164(x,y) ⇒ P160(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, whose temporal extent has been chosen in order to determine the spatial extent of a phenomenon over the chosen time-span. Respective phenomena may, for instance, be historical events or periods, but can also be the diachronic extent and existence of physical things. In other words, instances of this class fix a slice of another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in time.
The temporal extent of an instance of E93 Presence typically is predetermined by the researcher so as to focus the investigation particularly on finding the spatial extent of the phenomenon by testing for its characteristic features. There are at least two basic directions such investigations might take. The investigation may wish to determine where something was during some time or it may wish to reconstruct the total passage of a phenomenon’s spacetime volume through an examination of discrete presences. Observation and measurement of features indicating the presence or absence of a phenomenon in some space allows for the progressive approximation of spatial extents through argumentation typically based on inclusion, exclusion and various overlaps.

Examples:
- the Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (Clare and Edwards, 1992)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1775 (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- E93(x) ⇒ E92(x)


является предметом для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing concerned in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe the object that is handed over by an instance of E39 Actor to the custody of another instance of E39 Actor. On occasion, physical custody may be transferred involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.

Examples:
- The delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10) transferred custody of paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E19).

In First Order Logic:
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P30(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


P49i 是以往或当前保管者


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016)
- The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005)
- The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x)
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)


P22i απέκτησε τον τίτλο μέσω


est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


был предполагаемым использованием для


Единица Измерения


был целью для


P41 χαρακτήρισε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E61 Time Primitive with the instance of E52 Time-Span that constitutes the interpretation of the terms of the time primitive as an extent in absolute, real time.
The quantification allows several instances of E61 Time Primitive that are each expressed in different syntactic forms, to define the same instance of E52 Time-Span.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “1800/1/1 0:00:00 – 1899/31/12 23:59:59” (E61) defines time the 19(th) century (E52).
- “1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1” (E61) defines time 1968/1/1 – 2018/1/1 (E52). [an arbitrary time-span during which the Saint Titus reliquary was present in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P170(x,y) ⇒ E61(x)
- P170(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- P170(x, y) ⇒ P81i(x, y) ∧ P82i(x, y)


Концептуальный Объект


αναφέρεται σε


P43 έχει μέγεθος


Scope note:
This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being.)
Twins, triplets, etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood since the advent of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth.

Examples:
- the birth of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- E67(x) ⇒ E63(x)


This class describes the assignment of the usage type (nfdi4objects:usage_Type) of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in the context of a usage event (nfdi4objects:Usage) that took place before an object was withdrawn from the economic cycle and entered a collection or a museum context (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Example:
- The assignment of the usage type "Representation object" for the Behaim globe while it was on display in Nuremberg City Hall.
- The assignment of the usage type "object of protection during ceremonies" for the Idia ivory pendant


P81 καθόλη τη διάρκεια του/της


является действующим или бывшим хранителем