Diese Klasse umfasst die Strukturierung von geografischen Elementen, insbesondere auf der bewohnbaren Erdoberfläche. Dazu gehören vom Menschen geschaffene und natürliche geografische Merkmale wie Wohnhäuser, Landkreise, Wasserstraßen, Berge (Gebirge), etc. Geographische Orte können 3-dimensional sein und sich in den Raum oder auf erdigem Boden erstrecken. (z.B. Höhlen).
Typischerweise können sie von Ortsverzeichnissen, z.B. GeoNamen, herangezogen und nach S24_Geographical_Unit kategorisiert werden.

Beispiele:
- Paris (nur die Geographie, nicht die physische Einheit oder das Verwaltungsorgan! Sie kann jedoch als geographische Einheit "Wohnung" oder "Stadt" kategorisiert werden.)
- Die Alpen
- Tethys


This class comprises activities of Observation (S27) (substance) where an Actor (E39) encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing, of a kind relevant for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially relevant for some community (identity). This observation produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing at particular place in, or on, surrounding matter. This knowledge may be new to the group of people the actor belongs to. In that case, we would talk about discovery. The observer may recognize or assign an individual identity of the thing encountered, or regard only the type as noteworthy in the associated documentation or report. In Archaeology, there is a particular interest if an object is found “in situ”, i.e., if its embedding in the surrounding matter supports the assumption that the object was not moved since the archaeologically relevant deposition event. The surrounding matter with the relative position of the object in it, as well as the absolute position and time of the observation may be recorded to enable inferences about the history of the object. In Biology, additional parameters may be recorded – like the kind of ecosystem, if the biological individual survives the observation, what detection or catching devices have been used, or if the encounter event supported the detection of a new biological kind (“taxon”).

Examples:
the finding, by Nikolaos Stampolidis, of a complete skeleton, in situ, at the site of Eleutherna during the archaeological excavation carried out by the University of Crete in 2007 (Bonn-Muller, 2010)
the detection of Lagocephalos_Sceleratus was carried out with the trawler 419 in the Mediteranean sea, during the first week of August 2014 (S19) (Bekiari et al., 2014)
the encounter of the marble floor of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum during the digging of a well in 1750 (Sider, 1990)


P17 был обусловлен посредством


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E57 Material employed in an instance of E11 Modification.
The instance of E57 Material used during the instance of E11 Modification does not necessarily become incorporated into the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that forms the subject of the instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- The repairing of the Queen Mary (E11) employed Steel (E57). [Beginning October 1942] (Britton, 2012)
- Distilled water (E57) was employed in the restoration of the Sistine Chapel (E11). (Pietrangeli, 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P126(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


P51i является бывшим или текущим владельцем для


имеет число частей


P107i является действующим или бывшим членом


P70 документирует


P23i право собственности отдано через


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y)
- P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


был предполагаемым использованием для


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with an instance of E94 Space Primitive that defines it. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of E94 Space Primitive defining exactly the same place. Transformations between different reference systems always result in new definitions of places approximating each other and not in alternative definitions.

Examples:
- The centroid from https://sws.geonames.org/735927 (E53) place is defined by 40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E (E94). [A single point for approximating the centre of the city of Kastoria, Greece]
- Martin’s coordinates for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°30'23"N 21°14'53"E, 40°31'40"N 21°16'43"E (E94). [A square covering the built settlement structure of Kastoria, Greece]
- Martin’s centroid for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°31'01.5"N 21°15'48"E (E94). [A point in the lake of Kastoria in the centre of the area covered by the city]
- The position measured by Alexander von Humboldt for the Plaza Mayor in Cumaná, Sucre, Venezuela 1799-1800AD (E53) place is defined by 10°27'52"N 66°30'02"W (E94). [West of the Observatory of Paris = 64°09'51"W of Greenwich, actually 1.1km east of today’s Plaza Andrés Eloy Blanco of Cumaná] (Humboldt, 1859)

In First Order Logic:
- P168(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P168(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)


επαυξήθηκε από


P91i является единицей для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining.
Although a joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well.
Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).
The property P144.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined with the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined with the office of Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (E74) kind of member President (E55). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined with EU (E74).

Properties:
- P144.1 kind of member: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P144(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P144(x,y)⇒ E74(y)
- P144(x,y,z) ⇒ [P144(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P144(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


E6 Разрушение


P12 появился в присутствии


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E18 Physical Thing being decreased by the removal of a part.
Typical scenarios include the detachment of an accessory, the removal of a component or part of a composite object, or the deaccessioning of an object from a curated collection, an instance of E78 Curated Holding. If the instance of E80 Part Removal results in the total decomposition of the original object into pieces, such that the whole ceases to exist, the activity should instead be modelled as an instance of E81 Transformation, i.e. a simultaneous destruction and production. In cases where the part removed has no discernible identity prior to its removal but does have an identity subsequent to its removal, the activity should be modelled as both an instance of E80 Part Removal and E12 Production. This class of activities forms a basis for reasoning about the history, and continuity of identity over time, of objects that are removed from other objects, such as precious gemstones being extracted from different items of jewellery, or cultural artifacts being deaccessioned from different museum collections over their lifespan.

Examples:
- the removal of the Porite coral specimen from the Cocos Islands by Charles Darwin in April 1836 (Natural History Museum, 2021, b)
- the removal of the engine from my car (fictitious)
- the disposal of object number 1976:234 from the collection (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E80(x) ⇒ E11(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. In particular, it includes the information encoding features on mechanical or digital carriers.

Examples:
- the Manchester Ship Canal (Farnie, 1980)
- Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery
- the laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf
- the carved letters on the Rosetta Stone

In First Order Logic:
- E25(x) ⇒ E24(x)
- E25(x) ⇒ E26(x)


P108 παρήγαγε


классифицировал


P72i είναι γλώσσα του/της


P70 τεκμηριώνει


NB: crmgeo is not available on owl yet, so could not be used for nfdi4objects.owl


обычно применяет


Физический Признак


P33 использовал особую технику


P5i формирует часть


P51i est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.
The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of rights. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of ownership
2. the end of ownership
3. the transfer of ownership
4. the acquisition from an unknown source
5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item
It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example, by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of “accession” differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.

Examples:
- the collection of a hammerhead shark, genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes), by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on 25(th) March 1940. (Steinbeck, 2000)
- the acquisition of El Greco’s “The Apostles Peter and Paul” by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. (https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/32730)
- the loss of my stuffed Fringilla coelebs due to insect damage last year (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E8(x) ⇒ E7(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment.
The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion.
An identifier might be created prior to an assignment.

Examples:
- The identifier assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned “232” (E42) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place geometrically overlapping it.
It does not specify anything about the shared area. This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P121 overlaps with have ever covered a common area at the same time or even coexisted. In contrast, spatiotemporal overlaps described by P132 spatiotemporally overlaps are the total of areas simultaneously covered by the related spacetime volumes.
This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive.

Examples:
- The territory of the United States as in 2020 (E53) overlaps with the Arctic (E53). (Gannett et al., 1904)
- The maximal extent of the Kingdom of Greece (1832-1973) (E53) overlaps with the maximal extent of the Republic of Turkey (29(th) October 1923 to now) (E53).

In First Order Logic:
- P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P121(x,y) ⇒ P121(y,x)
- P121(x,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156i is occupied by to E18 Physical Thing.
It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.
For example, the French and German armistice of 22(nd) June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11(th) November 1918.

Examples:
- The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P8(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P7(x,z) ˄ P156i(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A.
When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)


P107 hat derzeitiges oder früheres Mitglied


был создан посредством


This class describes the museum or collection affiliation of instances of the object class (nfdi4objects:Object) in the object biography and thus forms a central event in the life history of objects. With the process of musealization, material legacies of human and environmental history first become objects, as they previously had a concrete context of use and are removed from the economic cycle and acquire a new meaning when they are included in a collection. They become so-called semiophores (cf. Pomian, Krzysztof: Ursprung des Museums. Vom Sammeln, 1987.), which on the one hand possess materiality and on the other are given meaning or represent something on the basis of which they were first added to a collection.
The museum or collection affiliation begins with the acquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition), in which the object is legally acquired, followed by physical access (nfdi4objects:Accession) to the institution's premises. In the case of historical collection context texts, these processes can often not be precisely determined. It is also not uncommon for the legal situation of the acquisition to no longer be precisely reconstructable. Museum or collection affiliation ends when the object is disposed of or restituted by the museum.

Examples:
The affiliation of the Rosetta Stone to the collection of the British Museum
The Behaim Globe belongs to the collection of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg


E9 Перемещение


был целью для


P93 αναίρεσε


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.
Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech, or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.
In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base.
In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.

Examples:
- the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019)
- the lyrics of the song “Blue Suede Shoes” (Cooper, 2008)
- the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)
- the text of “Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde” [an Esperanto translation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909)
- the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (verified on 2020)

In First Order Logic:
- E33(x) ⇒ E73(x)


P40i παρατηρήθηκε από


P90 имеет значение


Instanzen dieser Klasse beschreiben die Arten von Instanzen der Klasse Ausstellung,
z.B.
- Dauerausstellung
- Temporäre Ausstellung
- Jubliäumsausstellung


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more different instances of E39 Actor, where the transferring party is completely compensated by the payment of a monetary amount. In more detail, a purchase agreement establishes a fixed monetary obligation at its initialization on the receiving party, to the giving party. An instance of E96 Purchase begins with the contract or equivalent agreement and ends with the fulfilment of all contractual obligations. In the case that the activity is abandoned before both parties have fulfilled these obligations, the activity is not regarded as an instance of E96 Purchase.
This class is a very specific case of the much more complex social business practices of exchange of goods and the creation and satisfaction of related social obligations. Purchase activities which define individual sales prices per object can be modelled by instantiating E96 Purchase for each object individually and as part of an overall instance of E96 Purchase transaction.

Examples:
- the purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 in Thessaloniki (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic:
- E96(x) ⇒ E8(x)


P93i прекратил существование посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space.
In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique.
The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volume which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property and are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes.
The spatial projection is unique with respect to the reference system. For instance, there is exactly one spatial projection of Lord Nelson’s dying relative to the ship HMS Victory, i.e. the location of his body relative to the ship HMS Victory at the time of his death.
In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire.
This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Roman Empire (E4) has spatial projection all areas ever claimed by Rome (E53). (Clare & Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- (∃y,z,u) [E92(x) ˄ E53(y) ˄ E53(z) ˄ E18(u) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ] ⇒ (x = y)
- P161(x,y) ˄ E4(x) ⇒ P7(x,y)


P98i γεννήθηκε


P81 καθόλη τη διάρκεια του/της


P110 увеличил


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the relationship between a preparatory activity, an instance of E7 Activity and the instance of E5 Event that it is intended as a preparation for.
This includes activities, orders and other organisational actions, taken in preparation for other activities or events.
P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) implies that the activity succeeded in achieving its aim. If it does not succeed, such as the setting of a trap that did not catch anything, the unrealized intention should be documented using P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type and/or P33 used specific technique (was used by): E29 Design or Procedure.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding in 1432 (E7) had specific purpose the painting of the Ghent altar piece (E12). (Borchert, 2008)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P20(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes an intentional relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and some general goal or purpose, described as an instance of E55 Type.
This may involve activities intended as preparation for some type of activity or event. P21 had general purpose (was purpose of) differs from P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of in that no specific event is implied as the purpose.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Van Eyck’s pigment grinding (E7) had general purpose painting (E55). (Borchert, 2008)
- The setting of trap 2742 on 17(th) May 1874 (E7) had general purpose catching moose (E55). [activity type] (fictitious)
- The construction of the Berlin Wall starting 13(th) August 1961 (E12) had general purpose preventing emigration (E55). (History.com Editors, 2020)
- The reinforcement of the Mexico-United States barrier between the United States of America and Mexico in Fall 2019 (E11) had general purpose preventing immigration (E55).
- The rebuilding of the city walls of Heraklion by the Venetian rulers starting in 1462 (E12) had general purpose preventing conquest by enemy (E55). (YouIngGreece.com, 2020)
- The building of the seawall in Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan between 2014 and 2020 (E12) had general purpose preventing inland flooding by tsunami (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P21(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P21(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic:
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y)
- [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z)
- P10(x,x)


передал право собственности


P54 имеет текущее постоянное местоположение


Присвоение Типа


E32 Πηγή Καθιερωμένων Όρων


P137 поясняет


P1 αναγνωρίζεται ως


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


This class contains social structures that include several people, such as an institution or an association that share a collective goal and distinguish themselves from their environment, e.g.
- the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg
- the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
- the Klassik Stiftung Weimar


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.
This property is transitive asymmetric.

Examples:
- This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33).
- ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90).

In First Order Logic:
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)


E73 Информационный Объект


P175i commence après ou au moment du début de


P137i поясняется посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises the textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music.
Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting”, or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.
This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

Examples:
- “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)
- “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006)
- “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
- “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

In First Order Logic:
- E35(x) ⇒ E33(x)
- E35(x) ⇒ E41(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures, or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques, often in order to indicate such things as creator, owner, dedications, purpose, or to communicate information generally. Instances of E37 Mark do not represent the actual image of a mark, but the abstract ideal (or archetype) as used for codification in reference documents forming cultural documentation.
This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Human-Made Feature.

Examples:
- Minoan double axe mark (Lowe Fri, 2011)
- ©
- ☺

In First Order Logic:
- E37(x) ⇒ E36(x)


имеет действующего или бывшего хранителя


P54i является текущим постоянным местоположением для


Quantification: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space.

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900)
- The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.
The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”.
If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954)
- The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P130(x,x)


P82b конец конец


P82 некоторое время в течение


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


This class comprises structuring geographical elements, esp. on earth's habitable surface. This includes man made and natural geographic features, like dwellings, counties, water ways, mountain (ranges), etc. Geographical places may be 3-dimensional and extend into space or earthen ground. (e.g. caves). Typically they can be referred to by gazetteers, e.g. GeoNames, and can be categorized by S24_Geographical_Unit.

Examples:
- Paris (just the geography, not the physical entity or administrative body! It may, however, be categorized as geographical unit "dwelling" or "city")
- The Alps
- Tethys


P10i περιλαμβάνει


χαρακτηρίστηκε από


P33 a mobilisé comme technique spécifique


P12i присутствовал при


в данный момент содержит


αποδόθηκε από


επικαλύπτεται με


είναι ή ήταν επιμελητής του/της


Scope note:
This class comprises events that result in the creation of conceptual items or immaterial products, such as legends, poems, texts, music, images, movies, laws, types, etc.

Examples:
- the framing of the U.S. Constitution (Farrand, 1913)
- the drafting of U.N. Resolution 1441 (United Nations Security Council, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- E65(x) ⇒ E7(x)
- E65(x) ⇒ E63(x)


P130i características são também encontradas em


υπόκειται σε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically overlaps with the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. A use case of this property is to state through which places an object or an instance of E21 Person has or was moved within a given time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P121 overlaps with, to E53 Place.

Examples:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) covered parts of Paestum, Italy (E53). (Wiencke, 1998)
- The Byzantine Empire 1013 AD (E93) covered parts of The Italian Peninsula (E53). (Browning, 1980)

In First Order Logic:
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P129i είναι θέμα του/της


Diese Klasse beschreibt den Vorgang des physischen Zugangs von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in eine sammelnde Einrichtung. Die Akzession eines Objekts folgt auf die Akquisition bzw. den Erwerb (crm:E8_Acquisition) als rechtlichen Akt, im Kontext der Museums-/Sammlungszugehörigkeit (Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation).

Beispiel: Der Zugang des Behaim Globus im Jahr 1906 als Leihgabe ins Germanische Nationalmuseum Nürnberg.


P74i est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


P62 απεικονίζει


P14i πραγματοποίησε


P137 δειγματίζει


P109i ist derzeitiger oder früherer Kurator von


P23 transferiu os direitos de propriedade de


Diese Klasse dient dazu, über Instanzen der Klasse Object getätigte Aussagen über ihre Lokalisierung zu dokumentieren, etwa ihre Lokalisierung im Sammlungsraum, der Ort ihrer Entstehung, der Ort ihres Auffindens oder der Ort ihres Erwerbs.


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


This class is used to capture transcriptions of instances of the Source Content class.


Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο


Scope note:
This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries.
The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame.
It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.
Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).

Examples:
- the extent of the UK in the year 2003
- the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious)
- the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone”
- here -> <- [the place between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different place of this spot.]

In First Order Logic:
- E53(x) ⇒ E1(x)


представляет


P101 имел основное применение


имел основное применение


P1i είναι αναγνωριστικό


получил опеку через


P107 有当前或以往成员


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic:
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies something that is depicted by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing. Depicting is meant in the sense that an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing intentionally shows, through its optical qualities or form, a representation of the entity depicted. Photographs are by default regarded as being intentional in this sense. Anything that is designed to change the properties of the depiction, such as an e-book reader, is specifically excluded. The property does not pertain to inscriptions or any other information encoding.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity. P62.1 mode of depiction allows the nature of the depiction to be refined.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The painting “La Liberté guidant le peuple” by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts the French “July Revolution” of 1830 (E7). (Delacroix, 1982)
- The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E22) depicts Queen Elizabeth II (E21) mode of depiction Profile (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P62(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P62(x,y,z) ⇒ [P62(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P62(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E36(z) ˄ P65(x,z) ˄ P138(z,y)]


Scope note:
This class comprises those material or immaterial items to which instances of E30 Right, such as the right of ownership or use, can be applied.
This is generally true for all instances of E18 Physical Thing. In the case of instances of E28 Conceptual Object, however, the identity of an instance of E28 Conceptual Object or the method of its use may be too ambiguous to reliably establish instances of E30 Right, as in the case of taxa and inspirations. Ownership of corporations is currently regarded as out of scope of the CIDOC CRM.

Examples:
- the Cullinan diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
- definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 (E73) (ISO 21127: 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- E72(x) ⇒ E70(x)


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E6 Destruction to an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been destroyed by it.
Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. An instance of E6 Destruction may be contiguous with an instance of E12 Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object.

Examples:
- The Tay Bridge Disaster (E6) destroyed the Tay Bridge (E22). (Thomas, 1972)

In First Order Logic:
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E6 (x)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P140 απέδωσε ιδιότητα σε


Quantification: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013).
Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence.

Examples:
- H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010)
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)


P130 демонстрирует признаки


P91i αποτελεί μονάδα μέτρησης του/της


P19 ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του


E13 Απόδοση Ιδιοτήτων


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E57 Material foreseen to be used by an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
E29 Designs and procedures commonly foresee the use of particular instances of E57 Material. The fabrication of adobe bricks, for example, requires straw, clay and water. This property enables this to be documented.
This property is not intended for the documentation of instances of E57 Materials that were used on a particular occasion when an instance of E29 Design or Procedure was executed.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The procedure for soda glass manufacture (E29) foresees use of soda (E57). (Brooks, 1973)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P68(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P68(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)
- P68(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


περιέχεται σε


P125 χρησιμοποίησε αντικείμενο τύπου


βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη


Diese Klasse dient der Beschreibung von Instanzen der Klasse E22 Human Made Object.


E83 Δημιουργία Τύπου


P11i участвовал в


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


E81 Трансформация


был техникой для


конец начала


ήταν θάνατος του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E90 Symbolic Object with a part of it that is by itself an instance of E90 Symbolic Object, such as fragments of texts or clippings from an image.
This property is transitive asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- This Scope note of property P106 (E33) is composed of ‘fragments of texts’ (E33).
- ‘recognizable’ (E90) is composed of ‘ecognizabl’ (E90).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(x)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- [P106(x,y) ∧ P106(y,z)] ⇒ P106(x,z)
- P106(x,y) ⇒ ¬P106(y,x)


E31 Τεκμήριο


a été la technique générale mise en œuvre dans


μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο του/της


ссылается на


P19i был создан для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes a minimum spatial extent which is contained within an instance of E53 Place. Since instances of E53 Place may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about minimum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s minimum spatial extent (i.e., its inner boundary or a point being within a Place) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89i contains, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive.

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) contains POINT (37.971431 23.725947) (E94).

In First Order Logic:
- P172(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P172(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)
- P172(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89i(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]


P125i 是使用的对象类型


P48 имеет предпочтительный идентификатор


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E41 Appellation with another instance of E41 Appellation that constitutes a derivative or variant of the former and that may also be used for identifying items identified by the former, in suitable contexts, independent from the particular item to be identified. This property should not be confused with additional variants of names used characteristically for a single, particular item, such as individual nicknames. It is a directed relationship, where the range expresses the derivative or variant and the domain the source of derivation or original form of variation, if such a direction can be established. Otherwise, the relationship is symmetric.
Multiple names assigned to an object, which do not apply to all things identified with the specific instance of E41 Appellation, should be modelled as repeated values of P1 is identified by (identifies) of this object.
P139.1 has type allows the type of derivation to be refined, for instance “transliteration from Latin 1 to ASCII”.

Examples of the inverse property:
- “Martin Doerr” (E41) has alternative form “Martin Dörr” (E41) has type alternate spelling (E55).
- “Гончарова, Наталья Сергеевна” (E41) has alternative form "Gončarova, Natal´â Sergeevna" (E41) has type ISO 9:1995 transliteration (E55).
- “Αθήνα” (E41) has alternative form “Athina” (E41) has type transcription (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(x)
- P139(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P139(x,y,z) ⇒ [P139(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P139(x,x)


P56i найден на


E30 Δικαίωμα


положил конец существованию


P52 έχει ιδιοκτήτη


Scope note:
This class comprises pieces of land or sea floor.
In contrast to the purely geometric notion of E53 Place, this class describes constellations of matter on the surface of the Earth or other celestial body, which can be represented by photographs, paintings, and maps.
Instances of E27 Site are composed of relatively immobile material items and features in a particular configuration at a particular location.

Examples:
- the Amazon river basin (Hegen, 1966)
- Knossos (Evans, 1921)
- the Apollo 11 landing site (Siegler and Smrekar, 2014)
- Heathrow Airport (Wicks, 2014)
- the submerged harbour of the Minoan settlement of Gournia, Crete (Watrous, 2012)
- the island of Crete

In First Order Logic:
- E27(x) ⇒ E26(x)


P2i является типом для


είναι χρονικό διάστημα του/της


Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.
The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen.

Examples:
- the Rosetta Stone (E22)
- LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] (Solomon, 2003)
- the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- E22(x) ⇒ E19(x)
- E22(x) ⇒ E24(x)


P130i χαρακτηριστικά του βρίσκονται επίσης σε


Физический Объект


είχε συμμέτοχο


P41i χαρακτηρίσθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}
Typically, this property is a consequence of a known influence of some event on another event or activity, such as a novel written by someone being continued by someone else, or the knowledge of a defeat on a distant battlefield causing people to end their ongoing activities. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_03.png

Figure 10: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_04.png

Figure 11: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The settling activity of the city of Assur (Ashur) (E7) starts before the end of The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (E4). [There are some 200 - 300 years differences in the chronology of the First Intermediate Period, and Assur is dated to “about 2500 BC”.] (Pedersén, 1986)
- The building of the current St. Peters in Rome (E7) starts before the end of the demolition of the old 4(th) c. St. Peters (E6, E7) (Bosman, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ P173(x,y)
- ¬P174(x,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing involved in an instance of E8 Acquisition.
In reality, an acquisition must refer to at least one transferred item.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title of the Amoudruz Collection (E78).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P24(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

Properties:
- P107.1 kind of member: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


E17 Απόδοση Τύπου


E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain


γεννήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


This class is used for the description of instances of the class E22 Human Made Object.


P95i σχηματίστηκε από


показан посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises encyclopaedia, thesauri, authority lists and other documents that define terminology or conceptual systems for consistent use.

Examples:
- Webster's Dictionary (Herbert, 1994)
- Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty Trust, 1990)
- the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (Gergatsoulis et al., 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- E32(x) ⇒ E31(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing and the creation of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing that preserves recognizable substance and structure from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature or identity.
Although the old and the new instances of E18 Physical Thing are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E18 Physical Thing(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance and structure. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history.
Even though such instances of E81 Transformation are often motivated by a change of intended use, substantial material changes should justify the documentation of the result as a new instance of E18 Physical Thing and not just the change of function. The latter may be documented as an extended activity (instance of E7 Activity) of using it.

Examples:
- the mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) [the mummification of the body of the deceased is a human production process and simultaneously preserves structures of the body at and before death] (Carter and Mace 1977)
- the death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81)
- the transformation of the Hephaisteion temple in Athens, better known as “Theseion”, into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George> around AD 700 (E81,E12) [which actually helped preserving part of the antique temple structure from 449BC]

In First Order Logic:
- E81(x) ⇒ E63(x)
- E81(x) ⇒ E64(x)


P49i est l’actant détenteur actuel ou antérieur de


дал рождение


Diese Klasse umfasst Handlungen, die den Umgang, die Bedeutung und die Funktion von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) betreffen, bevor diese dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entzogen wurden und in eine Sammlung oder einen Museumskontext (nfdi4objects:Museum_or_Collection_Affiliation) eingegangen sind.

Beispiele:
- Die Nutzung des Behaim Globus als Repräsentationsobjekt, während er im Nürnberger Rathaus aufgestellt war
- Die Nutzung des Idia-Elfenbeinanhängers als Schutzobjekt bei Zeremonien im Königreich Benin


P133 est distinct spatio-temporellement de


Назначение Идентификатора


Diese Klasse beschreibt die Museums- oder Sammlungszugehörigkeit von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects:Object) in der Objektbiografie und bildet damit ein zentrales Ereignis der Lebensgeschichte von Objekten. Mit dem Prozess der Musealisierung werden materielle Hinterlassenschaften der Menschheits- und Umweltgeschichte erst zu Objekten, da sie vorher einen konkreten Nutzungskontext hatten und mit der Aufnahme in eine Sammlung dem ökonomischen Kreislauf entnommen werden und eine neue Bedeutung erlangen. Sie werden zu sog. Semiophoren (vgl. Pomian, Krzysztof: Ursprung des Museums. Vom Sammeln, 1987.), die einerseits Materialität besitzen, andererseits mit Bedeutung versehen werden bzw. etwas repräsentieren, aufgrund dessen sie erst zu einer Sammlung hinzugefügt wurden.
Die Museums- oder Sammlungszugehörigkeit beginnt mit der Akquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition), bei der das Objekt rechtlich erworben wird, gefolgt vom physischen Zugang (nfdi4objects:Accession) in die Räumlichkeiten der Institution. Bei historischen Sammlungskonktexten können diese Vorgänge oft nicht genau bestimmt werden. Nicht selten ist auch die rechtliche Situation der Akquise nicht mehr genau rekonstruierbar. Eine Museums- oder Sammlungszugehörigkeit endet, wenn das Objekt vom Museum entsammelt oder restituiert wird.

Beispiele:
Die Zugehörigkeit des Steins von Rosette zur Sammlung des British Museum
Die Zugehörigkeit des Behaim Globus zur Sammlung des Germanischen Nationalmuseum in Nürnberg


Физическая Вещь


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E53 Place as the former or current location of an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
In the case of instances of E19 Physical Object, the property does not allow any indication of the Time-Span during which the instance of E19 Physical Object was located at this instance of E53 Place, nor if this is the current location.
In the case of immobile objects, the Place would normally correspond to the Place of creation.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, though, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to or P27 moved from to E53 Place.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has former or current location Display Case 4, Room 23, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P53(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P53(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ [P26(z,y) ˅ P27(z,y)]]


составлен из


P67 ссылается на


P5 αποτελείται από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


a été l’objet d’un transfert de garde par


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55).
- The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x)
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P53i является текущим или бывшим местоположением для


Quantification of the inverse property: one to one (1,1:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)


P80 τέλος προσδιορίζεται από


опека получена


Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type.
For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries.
This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about.
All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values.

Examples:
- the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E13(x) ⇒ E7(x)


έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


P111i προστέθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.
The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


βρίσκεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it.
It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


предоставляет доступ к


Quantification: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act.
This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x)
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)]
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)]
- ¬P152(x,x)


Биологический Объект


P139 έχει εναλλακτική μορφή


P82 κάποτε εντός


P35i идентифицирован посредством


E42 Κωδικός Αναγνώρισης


P89i περιέχει


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property generalises the notions of “copy of” and “similar to” into a directed relationship, where the domain expresses the derivative or influenced item and the range the source or influencing item, if such a direction can be established. The property can also be used to express similarity in cases that can be stated between two objects only, without historical knowledge about its reasons. The property expresses a symmetric relationship in case no direction of influence can be established either from evidence on the item itself or from historical knowledge. This holds in particular for siblings of a derivation process from a common source or non-causal cultural parallels, such as some weaving patterns.
The P130.1 kind of similarity property of the P130 shows features of (features are also found on) property enables the relationship between the domain and the range to be further clarified, in the sense from domain to range, if applicable. For example, it may be expressed if both items are product “of the same mould”, or if two texts “contain identical paragraphs”.
If the reason for similarity is a sort of derivation process, i.e. that the creator has used or had in mind the form of a particular thing during the creation or production, this process should be explicitly modelled. In these cases, P130 shows features of can be regarded as a shortcut of such a process. However, the current model does not contain any path specific enough to infer this property. Specializations of the CIDOC CRM may however be more explicit, for instance describing the use of moulds etc.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- Mary Lamb’s Cymbeline from Charles and Mary Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare (E89) shows features of William Shakespeare’s Cymbeline (E89). (Carrington, 1954)
- The audio recording of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia read by Enrico de Negri (E73) shows features of the text of Dante Alighieri’s La divina commedia (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

Properties:
- P130.1 kind of similarity: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P130(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P130(x,y,z) ⇒ [P130(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- ¬P130(x,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have no extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must not have any of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely.
If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available.
This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- The “Hallstatt” period (E4) is spatiotemporally separated from the “La Tène” era (E4). (Marion, 2004)
- Kingdom of Greece (1831-1924) (E92) is spatiotemporally separated from Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) (E92).
- The path of the army of Alexander the Great (335-323 B.C.) (E7) is spatiotemporally separated from the Mauryan Empire (E4). (Lane Fox, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ P133(y,x)
- P133(x,y) ⇒ ¬P133 (x,y)
- ¬P133(x,x)


P16 использовал особый объект


This class includes events describing the deacession of instances of the class E22 Han made Object from instances of the class Collection, e.g.
the transfer of the narwhal's tooth from the Berlin Kunstkammer to the Francke Foundations Halle.


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


Diese Klasse umfasst die Identifikationsbezeichnung URL (Uniform Resource Locator), um eine Ressource im Computernetzwerk zu identifizieren und zu lokalisieren.


σχετίζεται με


δειγματίζεται από


P135 создал тип


This class describes the process of moving instances of the class E19 Physical Object away from the starting point of instances of the class E53 Place, whereby the latter are assigned via instances of the class “Place Assignment.” In combination with instances of the class “Movement to,” this results in a detailed overall representation of the assignment of object movements.


P30i άλλαξε κατοχή μέσω


был отменен посредством


Instances of this class describe the documented traces, layers, constructions, and materials found on the building or object. It forms the scientific basis (actual condition) for restoration concepts by identifying historical components, damage, alterations, and materials. Findings include visible and hidden aspects.


Diese Klasse beschreibt die Zuweisung der Art eines Erwerbs bzw. eines Übertrags von Instanzen der Klasse Objekt (nfdi4objects_Object) im Kontext eines Besitz- oder Eigentumswechsels (crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody) zwischen zwei Akteuren (Vorbesitzer und Nachbesitzer) und belegt durch möglichst genaue Quellenangabe (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section), woher diese Informationen stammen.

Beispiel:
Die Zuweisung der Art des Erwerbs "Raub" des Idia Elfenbeinanhängers, der sich heute im British Museum unter der Inventarnummer BM_Af1910_5-13_1 befindet, durch Britische Truppen vom Königreich Benin im Rahmen der Strafexpedition 1897 laut Angabe im Onlineportal Digital Benin unter der URL https://digitalbenin.org/catalogue/5_Af191005131.


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).

Examples:
- Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981)

Properties:
- P19.1 mode of use: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y)
- P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Scope note:
This class comprises events that end the existence of any instance of E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (physical items, groups of people, living beings) ceasing to exist; it serves as a hook both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem. In cases where substance from an instance of E77 Persistent Item continues to exist in a new form, the process would be documented as instances of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- the death of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious)
- the melting of the snowman (E6)
- the burning of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesos by Herostratos in 356 BC (E7, E6) (Trell, 1945)

In First Order Logic:
- E64(x) ⇒ E5(x)


This class comprises all types of possible uses and purposes of an instance of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object), in particular before they were removed from the economic cycle and entered a collection or museum context.

Examples:
- The use of the Behaim globe as a representative object in Nuremberg City Hall
- The use of the Idia ivory pendant as a protective object in ceremonies in the Kingdom of Benin


χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


идентифицирован посредством


E16 Событие Измерения


Τέλος Ύπαρξης


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with another instance of Physical Thing that forms part of it. The spatial extent of the composing part is included in the spatial extent of the whole.
Component elements, since they are themselves instances of E18 Physical Thing, may be further analysed into sub-components, thereby creating a hierarchy of part decomposition. An instance of E18 Physical Thing may be shared between multiple wholes, for example two buildings may share a common wall. This property does not specify when and for how long a component element resided in the respective whole. If a component is not part of a whole from the beginning of existence or until the end of existence of the whole, the classes E79 Part Addition and E90 Part Removal can be used to document when a component became part of a particular whole and/or when it stopped being a part of it. For the time-span of being part of the respective whole, the component is completely contained in the place the whole occupies.
This property is intended to describe specific components that are individually documented, rather than general aspects. Overall descriptions of the structure of an instance of E18 Physical Thing are captured by the P3 has note property.
The instances of E57 Material of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed should be documented using P45 consists of (is incorporated in).
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Royal carriage (E22) forms part of the Royal train (E22).
- The “Hog’s Back” (E24) forms part of the “Fosseway” (E24).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- [P46(x,y) ∧ P46(y,z)] ⇒ P46(x,z)
- P46(x,y) ⇒ (∃uzw)[E93(u) ∧ P195i (x,u) ∧ E52(z) ∧ P164(u,z) ∧ E93(w) ∧ P195i (w,y) ∧ P164(w,z) ∧ P10(w,u)]
- P46(x,y) ⇒ ¬P46(y,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

Properties:
- P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


Οντότητα CIDOC CRM


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing.
In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension.
It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment.
An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54). [which has unit (P91) mm (E58), has value (P90) 224 (E60)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)
- P43(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E16(z) ˄ P39i(x,z) ˄ P40(z,y)]


является объектом для


This is a generic, domain-agnostic class for terms that are used to classify instances of class Object, e.g.
- painting
- mammal
- wet specimen
- model
- weapon
- musical instrument


This class classifies all types of possession or ownership acquisition that describe the acquisition (crm:E8_Acquisition) of an instance of the Object class (nfdi4objects:Object) into a collection (crm:E78_Curated_Holding).

Examples:
- donation
- purchase
- loan
- foundation


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type “A” with an instance of E55 Type “B”, when items of type “A” typically form part of items of type “B”, such as “car motors” and “cars”.
It allows types to be organised into hierarchies based on one type describing a typical part of another. This property is equivalent to “broader term partitive (BTP)” as defined in ISO 2788 and “broaderPartitive” in SKOS.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- car motors (E55) defines typical parts of cars (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P150(x,y) ⇒ ¬P150(y,x)


участвовал в


Удаление Части


Instanzen dieser Klasse umfassen Arten der Klasse Körperschaft (nfdi4objects:Corporate_Body), z.B.
- Universität
- Museum
- Forschungsinstitut


был отцом для


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the foreseen permanent location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) is similar to P55 has current location (currently holds). However, it indicates the E53 Place currently reserved for an object, such as the permanent storage location or a permanent exhibit location. The object may be temporarily removed from the permanent location, for example when used in temporary exhibitions or loaned to another institution. The object may never actually be located at its permanent location.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current permanent location Shelf 3.1, Store 2, Museum of Oxford (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P54(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P43i является величиной для


Scope note:
This class comprises the births of human beings. E67 Birth is a biological event focussing on the context of people coming into life. (E63 Beginning of Existence comprises the coming into life of any living being.)
Twins, triplets, etc. are brought into life by the same instance of E67 Birth. The introduction of the E67 Birth event as a documentation element allows the description of a range of family relationships in a simple model. Suitable extensions may describe more details and the complexity of motherhood since the advent of modern medicine. In this model, the biological father is not seen as a necessary participant in the E67 Birth.

Examples:
- the birth of Alexander the Great (Stoneman, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- E67(x) ⇒ E63(x)


ήταν προορισμός του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E39 Actor to an instance of E41 Appellation which a communication service uses to direct communications to this actor, such as an e-mail address, fax number, or postal address.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Research Libraries Group, Inc. (RLG) (E74) has contact point “bl.ric@rlg.org” (E41)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P76(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place, which is defined in the same reference space, and which is used to approximate the former. The property does not necessarily state the quality or accuracy of this approximation, but rather indicates the use of the first instance of place to approximate the second.
In common documentation practice, find or encounter spots e.g. in archaeology, botany or zoology are often related to the closest village, river or other named place without detailing the relation, e.g. if it is located within the village or in a certain distance of the specified place. In this case the stated “phenomenal” place found in the documentation can be seen as an approximation of the actual encounter spot without more specific knowledge.
In more recent documentation often point coordinate information is provided that originates from GPS measurements or georeferencing from a map. This point coordinate information does not state the actual place of the encounter spot but tries to approximate it with a “declarative” place. The accuracy depends on the methodology used when creating the coordinates. It may be dependent on technical limitations like GPS accuracy but also on the method where the GPS location is taken in relation to the measured feature. If the methodology is known a maximum deviation from the measured point can be calculated and the encounter spot or feature may be related to the resulting circle using an instance of P171 at some place within.
This property is not transitive. This property is reflexive.

Examples of the inverse property:
- [40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://sws.geonames.org/735927]
- [40°31'00.1"N 21°16'00.1"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7010880]
- [40°04'60.0"N 22°21'00.0"E] (E53) approximates Mount Olympus National Park, Greece (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://www.geonames.org/6941814]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P189(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P189(x,y) ⇒ E53 (y)
- P189(x,y,z) ⇒ [P189(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P189(x,x)


E14 Оценка Состояния


This class describes the assignment of the type of acquisition or transfer of instances of the Object class (nfdi4objects_Object) in the context of a change of ownership (crm:E10_Transfer_of_Custody) between two actors (previous owner and subsequent owner) and documents where this information comes from by specifying the source as precisely as possible (nfdi4objects:Source_Content_Section).

Example:
The attribution of the type of acquisition "looting" of the Idia ivory pendant, which is now in the British Museum under the inventory number BM_Af1910_5-13_1, by British troops from the Kingdom of Benin as part of the 1897 punitive expedition according to the information in the online portal Digital Benin at the URL https://digitalbenin.org/catalogue/5_Af191005131.


E65 Событие Творения


P125 использовал объект типа


признаки также найдены на


se termine avant ou au moment du début de


P42i αποδόθηκε από


Scope note:
This class comprises distinct, delimited and coherent processes and interactions of a material nature, in cultural, social or physical systems, involving and affecting instances of E77 Persistent Item in a way characteristic of the kind of process. Typical examples are meetings, births, deaths, actions of decision taking, making or inventing things, but also more complex and extended ones such as conferences, elections, building of a castle, or battles.
While the continuous growth of a tree lacks the limits characteristic of an event, its germination from a seed does qualify as an event. Similarly, the blowing of the wind lacks the distinctness and limits of an event, but a hurricane, flood or earthquake would qualify as an event. Mental processes are considered as events, in cases where they are connected with the material externalization of their results; for example, the creation of a poem, a performance or a change of intention that becomes obvious from subsequent actions or declarations.
The effects of an instance of E5 Event may not lead to relevant permanent changes of properties or relations of the items involved in it, for example an unrecorded performance. Of course, in order to be documented, some kind of evidence for an event must exist, be it witnesses, traces or products of the event.
While instances of E4 Period always require some form of coherence between its constituent phenomena, in addition, the essential constituents of instances of E5 Event should contribute to an overall effect; for example, the statements made during a meeting and the listening of the audience.
Viewed at a coarse level of detail, an instance of E5 Event may appear as if it had an ‘instantaneous’ overall effect, but any process or interaction of material nature in reality have an extent in time and space. At a fine level, instances of E5 Event may be analysed into component phenomena and phases within a space and timeframe, and as such can be seen as a period, regardless of the size of the phenomena. The reverse is not necessarily the case: not all instances of E4 Period give rise to a noteworthy overall effect and are thus not instances of E5 Event.

Examples:
- the birth of Cleopatra (E67) (Pomeroy, 1984)
- the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (E6) (Camardo, 2013)
- World War II (E7) (Barber, 1994)
- the Battle of Stalingrad (E7) (Hoyt, 1993)
- the Yalta Conference (E7) (Harbutt, 2010)
- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995 (E7)
- the falling of a tile from my roof last Sunday (fictitious)
- the CIDOC conference 2003 (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- E5(x) ⇒ E4(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A.
When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854)

In First Order Logic:
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)


P92i был создан посредством