Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.
It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)


P46 αποτελείται από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P52 имеет текущего владельца


P54 a actuellement pour localisation fixe


P10 содержит


P40 παρατηρήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary(1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with the instance of E18 Physical Thing that determines a reference space for this instance of E53 Place by being at rest with respect to this reference space. The relative stability of form of an instance of E18 Physical Thing defines its default reference space. The reference space is not spatially limited to the referred thing. For example, a ship determines a reference space in terms of which other ships in its neighbourhood may be described. Larger constellations of matter, such as continental plates, may comprise many physical features that are at rest with them and define the same reference space.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The spatial extent of the municipality of Athens in 2014 (E53) is at rest relative to The Royal Observatory in Greenwich (E25). (Maunder, 1900)
- The place where Lord Nelson died on H.M.S. Victory (E53) is at rest relative to H.M.S. Victory (E22). (Adkin, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P157(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)


E2 Έγχρονη Οντότητα


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instances of E57 Materials of which an instance of E18 Physical Thing is composed.
All physical things consist of physical materials. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) allows the different materials to be recorded. P45 consists of (is incorporated in) refers here to observed material as opposed to the consumed raw material.
A material, such as a theoretical alloy, may not have any physical instances.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) consists of silver (E57). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P45(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)


P126 использовал


P24 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο του/της


P129 касается


P5 αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P82a начать с начала


P4 имеет временной отрезок


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment.
The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion.
An identifier might be created prior to an assignment.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The identifier assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned “232” (E42) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an instance of E14 Condition Assessment.
Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the instance of E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant at the time of assessment.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The condition assessment of the silver collection in 1997 (E14) concerned silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E14(x)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.
It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941)

In First Order Logic:
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)


P86 содержит


P21 имел общую цель


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The property is not transitive.
This property is a directed relationship. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc.
Instances of this property are considered to be symmetric, in case no directed sense is provided for them by the property P69.1 has type.
The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The procedure for glass blowing (E29) has association with the procedure for glass heating (E29). (Brooks, 1973)
- The set of instructions for performing Macbeth in Max Reinhardt's production in 1916 in Berlin at Deutsches Theater (E29) has association with the scene design drawing by Ernst Stern reproduced at http://www.glopad.org/pi/fr/record/digdoc/1003814 (E29) has type has part (E55).
- The preparation of parchment (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type has part (E55).
- Stretching of skin (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type follows (E55). (Poole and Reed, 1962)
- The plan for reassembling the temples at Abu Simbel (E29) has association with the plan for storing and transporting the blocks (E29) has type follows (E55). (Loubiere, 1995)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P69(x,y,z) ⇒ [P69(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded.
More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time.
Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property.

Examples:
- The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples:
- The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious)

Properties:
- P67.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P91 έχει μονάδα μέτρησης


P13 κατέστρεψε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who relinquish legal ownership as the result of an instance of E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically be used to describe a person donating or selling an object to a museum. In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title from the Heirs of Amoudruz (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P23(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P23(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P23(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises activities that are designed to, and succeed in, creating one or more new items.
It specializes the notion of modification into production. The decision as to whether or not an object is regarded as new is context sensitive. Normally, items are considered “new” if there is no obvious overall similarity between them and the consumed items and material used in their production. In other cases, an item is considered “new” because it becomes relevant to documentation by a modification. For example, the scribbling of a name on a potsherd may make it a voting token. The original potsherd may not be worth documenting, in contrast to the inscribed one.
This entity can be collective: the printing of a thousand books, for example, would normally be considered a single event.
An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities and matter is preserved, but identity is not.

Examples:
- the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971)
- the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003)
- Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching “Woman sitting half dressed beside a stove”, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12, E65, E81) (Hind, 1923)

In First Order Logic:
- E12(x) ⇒ E11(x)
- E12(x) ⇒ E63(x)


P53 είναι ή ήταν θέση του


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A.
When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854)

In First Order Logic:
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)


E13 Присвоение Атрибута


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the maximum spatial extent within which an instance of E53 Place falls. Since instances of E53 Places may not have precisely known spatial extents, the CIDOC CRM supports statements about maximum spatial extents of instances of E53 Place. This property allows an instance of E53 Place’s maximum spatial extent (i.e., its outer boundary) to be assigned an instance of E94 Space Primitive value.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E53 Place, P89 falls within, E53 Place, P168 place is defined by to E94 Space Primitive through a declarative Place that is not explicitly documented, to a Space Primitive: declarative places are defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013).

Examples:
- The spatial extent of the Acropolis of Athens (E53) at some place within POLYGON ((37.969172 23.720787, 37.973122 23.721495 37.972741 23.728994, 37.969299 23.729735, 37.969172 23.720787)) (E94).

In First Order Logic:
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P171(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)
- P171(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P89(x,z) ˄ P168(z,y)]


P81b αρχή του τέλους


P141 был присвоен посредством


P139 имеет альтернативную форму


P23 передал право собственности от


P32 ήταν τεχνική του/της


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive.

Examples:
- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has value 226 (E60). (fictitious)
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has value 24,750,000 (E60).

In First Order Logic:
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E54(x)
- P90(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


P82a αρχή της αρχής


E34 Επιγραφή


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E57 Material foreseen to be used by an instance of E29 Design or Procedure.
E29 Designs and procedures commonly foresee the use of particular instances of E57 Material. The fabrication of adobe bricks, for example, requires straw, clay and water. This property enables this to be documented.
This property is not intended for the documentation of instances of E57 Materials that were used on a particular occasion when an instance of E29 Design or Procedure was executed.

Examples:
- The procedure for soda glass manufacture (E29) foresees use of soda (E57). (Brooks, 1973)

In First Order Logic:
- P68(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P68(x,y) ⇒ E57(y)
- P68(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E18 Physical Thing with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that constitutes the complete trajectory of its geometric extent through spacetime for the whole time of the existence of the instance of E18 Physical Thing.
An instance of E18 Physical Thing not only occupies a particular geometric space at each instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime, i.e. the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume this property associates it with. This real spatiotemporal extent of the instance of E18 Physical Thing is regarded as being unique, in all its details and fuzziness; the identity and existence of the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume depend uniquely on the identity of the instance of E18 Physical Thing, whose existence defines it. It constitutes a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013).
Included in this spacetime volume are both the spaces filled by the matter of the physical thing and any inner space that may exist, for instance the interior of a box. Physical things consisting of aggregations of physically unconnected objects, such as a set of chessmen, occupy a finite number of individually contiguous subsets of this spacetime volume equal to the number of objects that constitute the set and that are never connected during its existence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- H.M.S. Temeraire (E22) defines the spacetime volume of H.M.S. Temeraire (E92). [it was built, during 1798, in Chatham and destroyed, during 1838, in Rotherhithe] (Willis, 2010)
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) defines the spacetime volume of the Saint Titus reliquary (E92). [the reliquary has been produced by the workshop of the Vogiatzis brothers located at Monastiraki, Athens, in 1966 as container for the skull of Saint Titus, which was placed into it at that time and has since then continued to fall within the container’s spacetime volume. The reliquary with the skull has been kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010; Panotis, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P196(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)
- P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that came into existence as a result of the instance of E12 Production.
The identity of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is not defined by its matter, but by its existence as a subject of documentation. An E12 Production can result in the creation of multiple instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

Examples:
- The building of Rome (E12) has produced the Colosseum (E24). (Hopkins & Beard, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ E24(y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)
- P108(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y)
- P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Scope note:
This class comprises events that bring into existence any instance of E77 Persistent Item.
It may be used for temporal reasoning about things (intellectual products, physical items, groups of people, living beings) beginning to exist; it serves as a hook for both a terminus post quem and a terminus ante quem.

Examples:
- the birth of my child (E67) (fictitious)
- the birth of Snoopy, my dog (fictitious)
- the calving of the iceberg that sank the Titanic
- the construction of the Eiffel Tower (E12) (Tissandier, 1889)

In First Order Logic:
- E63(x) ⇒ E5(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}
Typically, this property is a consequence of a known influence of some event on another event or activity, such as a novel written by someone being continued by someone else, or the knowledge of a defeat on a distant battlefield causing people to end their ongoing activities. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_03.png

Figure 10: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_04.png

Figure 11: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- The settling activity of the city of Assur (Ashur) (E7) starts before the end of The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (E4). [There are some 200 - 300 years differences in the chronology of the First Intermediate Period, and Assur is dated to “about 2500 BC”.] (Pedersén, 1986)
- The building of the current St. Peters in Rome (E7) starts before the end of the demolition of the old 4(th) c. St. Peters (E6, E7) (Bosman, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ P173(x,y)
- ¬P174(x,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises quantities of monetary possessions or obligations in terms of their nominal value with respect to a particular currency. These quantities may be abstract accounting units, the nominal value of a heap of coins or bank notes at the time of validity of the respective currency, the nominal value of a bill of exchange or other documents expressing monetary claims or obligations. It specifically excludes amounts expressed in terms of weights of valuable items, like gold and diamonds, and quantities of other non-currency items, like goats or stocks and bonds.

Examples:
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987

In First Order Logic:
- E97(x) ⇒ E54(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type.
For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries.
This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about.
All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values.

Examples:
- the examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 by Nicholas Pickwoad in November 2003 (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)
- the assessment of the current ownership of Martin Doerr’s silver cup in February 1997 (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E13(x) ⇒ E7(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies one or more instances of E1 CRM Entity that were used as evidence to declare a new instance of E55 Type.
The examination of these items is often the only objective way to understand the precise characteristics of a new type. Such items should be deposited in a museum or similar institution for that reason. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of each item to the type, such as “holotype” or “original element”.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The taxon creation of the plant species ‘Serratula glauca Linné, 1753.’ (E83) was based on Object BM000576251 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) in the taxonomic role original element (E55). (Blake, 1918)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P136(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P136(x,y,z) ⇒ [P136(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P136(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


E35 Заголовок


E16 Событие Измерения


P40 определил величину


Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it.
It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.

Examples:
- The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012)

In First Order Logic:
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


P65 показывает визуальный предмет


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates an instance of E7 Activity with instances of E71 Human-Made Thing, created specifically for use in the activity.
This is distinct from the intended use of an item in some general type of activity such as the book of common prayer which was intended for use in Church of England services (see P101 had as general use (was use of)).

Examples of the inverse property:
- Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding dress (E71) was made for Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (E7) mode of use To Be Worn (E55). (Daly, 1981)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P19(x,y) ⇒ E71(y)
- P19(x,y,z) ⇒ [P19(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P140 получил атрибут посредством


P80 конец ограничен


P126 χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


P94 δημιούργησε


P106 αποτελείται από


P113 αφαίρεσε


P25 переместил


P71 περιλαμβάνεται σε


P38 был отменен посредством


P71 περιλαμβάνει


E26 Υλικό Μόρφωμα


P54 ist derzeitiger permanenter Standort von


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the item to which a type was assigned in an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Any instance of a CIDOC CRM entity may be assigned a type through type assignment. Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) classified silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P41(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P69 ассоциирован с


P27 был исходной точкой для


E77 Постоянная Сущность


E32 Πηγή Καθιερωμένων Όρων


P89 содержится в


P123 είχε ως αποτέλεσμα


P24 передал право собственности на


P8 έλαβε χώρα σε ή εντός


E20 Биологический Объект


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) < B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, during}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_15.png

Figure 22: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_16.png

Figure 23: Temporal entity A ends before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- Godstow Abbey, Oxfordshire as a working abbey (E4 Period) ends before the end of the reign of Henry VIII (E4 Period).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P185(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P185(x,y) ⇒ P184(x,y)
- [P185(x,y) ∧ P185(y,z)] ⇒ P185(x,z)P185(x,y) ⇒ ¬P185(y,x)


P44 έχει κατάσταση


P25 μετεκίνησε


P28 μετεβίβασε κατοχή από


P90 имеет значение


P9 формирует часть


P9 αποτελείται από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object makes a statement about an instance of E1 CRM Entity. P67 refers to (is referred to by) has the P67.1 has type link to an instance of E55 Type. This is intended to allow a more detailed description of the type of reference. This differs from P129 is about (is subject of), which describes the primary subject or subjects of the instance of E89 Propositional Object.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The eBay auction listing of 4(th) July 2002 (E73) refers to silver cup 232 (E22) has type item for sale (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P67(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P67(x,y,z) ⇒ [P67(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


P40 наблюдался в


P111 был добавлен посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of E39 Actor becoming a member of an instance of E74 Group. This class does not imply initiative by either party. It may be the initiative of a third party.
Typical scenarios include becoming a member of a social organisation, becoming an employee of a company, marriage, the adoption of a child by a family, and the inauguration of somebody into an official position.

Examples:
- the election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (Gleick, 2003)
- the inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (Butson, 1986)
- the implementation of the membership treaty between EU and Denmark, 1(st) January 1993

In First Order Logic:
- E85(x) ⇒ E7(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items, such as poems, jokes, data sets, images, texts, multimedia objects, procedural prescriptions, computer program code, algorithm or mathematical formulae, that have an objectively recognizable structure and are documented as single units. The encoding structure known as a “named graph” also falls under this class, so that each “named graph” is an instance of E73 Information Object.
An instance of E73 Information Object does not depend on a specific physical carrier, which can include human memory, and it can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously.
Instances of E73 Information Object of a linguistic nature should be declared as instances of the E33 Linguistic Object subclass. Instances of E73 Information Object of a documentary nature should be declared as instances of the E31 Document subclass. Conceptual items such as types and classes are not instances of E73 Information Object, nor are ideas without a reproducible expression.

Examples:
- image BM000038850.JPG from the Clayton Herbarium in London (E31) (Natural History Museum, 2021)
- E. A. Poe's “The Raven” (Poe, 1869)
- the movie “The Seven Samurai” by Akira Kurosawa (Mellen, 2002)
- the text of Huray describing the Maxwell Equations (Huray, 2010)
- the Getty AAT as published as Linked Open Data, accessed 1/10/2014

In First Order Logic:
- E73(x) ⇒ E89(x)
- E73(x) ⇒ E90(x)


P123 προέκυψε από


P141 αποδόθηκε από


P17 ήταν αφορμή


P19 был предполагаемым использованием для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place geometrically overlapping it.
It does not specify anything about the shared area. This property is purely spatial. It does not imply that phenomena that define, by their extent, places related by P121 overlaps with have ever covered a common area at the same time or even coexisted. In contrast, spatiotemporal overlaps described by P132 spatiotemporally overlaps are the total of areas simultaneously covered by the related spacetime volumes.
This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive.

Examples:
- The territory of the United States as in 2020 (E53) overlaps with the Arctic (E53). (Gannett et al., 1904)
- The maximal extent of the Kingdom of Greece (1832-1973) (E53) overlaps with the maximal extent of the Republic of Turkey (29(th) October 1923 to now) (E53).

In First Order Logic:
- P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P121(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P121(x,y) ⇒ P121(y,x)
- P121(x,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises actions intentionally carried out by instances of E39 Actor that result in changes of state in the cultural, social, or physical systems documented.
This notion includes complex, composite, and long-lasting actions such as the building of a settlement or a war, as well as simple, short-lived actions such as the opening of a door.

Examples:
- the Battle of Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993)
- the Yalta Conference (Harbutt, 2010)
- my birthday celebration 28-6-1995
- the writing of “Faust” by Goethe (E65) (Williams, 2020)
- the formation of the Bauhaus 1919 (E66) (Droste, 2006)
- the people of Iraq giving the name ‘Quyunjig’ to the place identified by the TGN as ‘7017998’
- Kira Weber working in glass art from 1984 to 1993
- Kira Weber working in oil and pastel painting from 1993

In First Order Logic:
- E7(x) ⇒ E5(x)


P128 φέρεται από


Scope note:
This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.
In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963)
- the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
- the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 to 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- E2(x) ⇒ E1(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity.
For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre.

Examples:
- The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68).
- The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


P56 βρίσκεται σε


P68 vorgesehen für Gebrauch durch defined


P109 είναι ή ήταν επιμελητής του/της


E42 Идентификатор Объекта


P101 был применением для


E20 Βιολογικό Ακτικείμενο


E10 Передача Опеки


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically overlaps with the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. A use case of this property is to state through which places an object or an instance of E21 Person has or was moved within a given time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span. It may also be used to describe a partial or complete, temporary or permanent extension of the spatial extent of some realm into a neighbouring region during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P121 overlaps with, to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) covered parts of Paestum, Italy (E53). (Wiencke, 1998)
- The Byzantine Empire 1013 AD (E93) covered parts of The Italian Peninsula (E53). (Browning, 1980)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P197(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic:
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P15 επηρέασε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E12 Production with the instance of E99 Production Type, that is, the type of the things it produces.

Examples:
- The production activity of the Volkswagen factory related to the “Standard limousine Type II” during 1949-1953 (E12) produced thing of product type Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E99(y)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E24(z) ∧ P108(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the identifier that was assigned to an item in an instance of E15 Identifier Assignment.
The same identifier may be assigned on more than one occasion.
An identifier might be created prior to an assignment.

Examples:
- The identifier assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned “232” (E42) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E15(x)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P37(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type with another instance of E55 Type that has a broader meaning.
It allows instances of E55 Types to be organised into hierarchies. This is the sense of “broader term generic (BTG)” as defined in ISO 25964-2:2013 (International Organization for Standardization 2013).
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- dime (E55) has broader term coin (E55). (Yerkes, 1989)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- [P127(x,y) ∧ P127(y,z)] ⇒ P127(x,z)
- P127(x,y) ⇒ ¬P127(y,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This symmetric property associates two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume that have some of their extents in common. If only the fuzzy boundaries of the instances of E92 Spacetime Volume overlap, this property cannot be determined from observation alone and therefore should not be applied. However, there may be other forms of justification that the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume must have some of their extents in common regardless of where and when precisely.
If this property holds for two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume then it cannot be the case that P133 is spatiotemporally separated from also holds for the same two instances. Furthermore, there are cases where neither P132 spatiotemporally overlaps with nor P133 is spatiotemporally separated from holds between two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume. This would occur where only an overlap of the fuzzy boundaries of the two instances of E92 Spacetime Volume occurs and no other evidence is available.
This property is not transitive. This property is symmetric. This property is reflexive.

Examples:
- The “Urnfield” period (E4) spatiotemporally overlaps with the “Hallstatt” period (E4). (Gimbutas, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P132(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P132(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P132(x,y) ⇒ P132(y,x)
- P132(x,y) ⇒ P132 (x,y)
- P132(x,x)


P28 опека отдана


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan.

Examples:
- The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016)
- The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005)
- The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x)
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)


P125 ήταν o τύπος αντικείμενου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε σε


P10 περιλαμβάνει


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E4 Period with another instance of E4 Period that is defined by a subset of the phenomena that define the former. Therefore, the spacetime volume of the latter must fall within the spacetime volume of the former.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Cretan Bronze Age (E4) consists of Middle Minoan (E4). (Hood, 1971)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ E4(y)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ P10(y,x)
- [P9(x,y) ∧ P9(y,z)] ⇒ P9(x,z)
- P9(x,y) ⇒ ¬P9(y,x)


E80 Αφαίρεση Μερών


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that acquires the legal ownership of an object as a result of an instance of E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically describe an Actor purchasing or otherwise acquiring an object from another Actor. However, title may also be acquired without any corresponding loss of title by another Actor, through legal fieldwork such as hunting, shooting, or fishing.
In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title to the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P53 est la localisation actuelle ou antérieure de


P134 был продолжен


P54 έχει μόνιμη θέση


P95 σχηματίστηκε από


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples:
- The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014)

In First Order Logic:
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P127 έχει στενότερο όρο


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


P41 χαρακτήρισε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E1 CRM Entity with an instance of E55 Type for which it has been declared to be a particularly characteristic example.
The P137.1 in the taxonomic role property of P137 exemplifies (is exemplified by) allows differentiation of taxonomic roles. The taxonomic role renders the specific relationship of this example to the type, such as “prototypical”, “archetypical”, “lectotype”, etc. The taxonomic role “lectotype” is not associated with the instance of E83 Type Creation itself but is selected in a later phase.

Examples:
- Object BM000098044 of the Clayton Herbarium (E20) exemplifies ‘Spigelia marilandica’ (L.) L. (E55) in the taxonomic role lectotype (E55). (Natural History Museum, 2021)

Properties:
- P137.1 in the taxonomic role: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P137(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P137(x,y,z) ⇒ [P137(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P137(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)


E25 Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with an instance of E53 Place that geometrically includes the spatial projection of the respective instance of E93 Presence. Besides others, this property may be used to state in which space an object has been for some known time, such as a room of a castle or in a drawer. It may also be used to describe a confinement of the spatial extent of some realm during a known time-span.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E93 Presence through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within (contains) to E53 Place.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was within Rome (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was within Italy (E53). (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P167(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P167(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the inclusion relationship between two instances of E52 Time-Span.
This property supports the notion that the temporal extent of an instance of E52 Time-Span falls within the temporal extent of another instance of E52 Time-Span. It addresses temporal containment only, and no contextual link between the two instances of E52 Time-Span is implied. This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Apollo 11 moon mission (E52) falls within the time-span of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II (E52). (Riley, 2009; Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P86(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)
- [P86(x,y) ∧ P86(y,z)] ⇒ P86(x,z)
- P86(x,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises the units in which a monetary system, supported by an administrative authority or other community, quantifies and arithmetically compares all monetary amounts declared in the unit. The unit of a monetary system must describe a nominal value which is kept constant by its administrative authority and an associated banking system if it exists, and not by market value. For instance, one may pay with grams of gold, but the respective monetary amount would have been agreed as the gold price in US dollars on the day of the payment. Under this definition, British Pounds, U.S. Dollars, and European Euros are examples of currency, but “grams of gold” is not. One monetary system has one and only one currency. Instances of this class must not be confused with coin denominations, such as “Dime” or “Sestertius”. Non-monetary exchange of value in terms of quantities of a particular type of goods, such as cows, do not constitute a currency.

Examples:
- “As” [Roman mid republic]
- “Euro” (Temperton, 1997)
- “US Dollar” (Rose, 1978)

In First Order Logic:
- E98(x) ⇒ E58(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises strings or codes assigned to instances of E1 CRM Entity in order to identify them uniquely and permanently within the context of one or more organisations. Such codes are often known as inventory numbers, registration codes, etc. and are typically composed of alphanumeric sequences. Postal addresses, telephone numbers, URLs and e-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients.
The class E42 Identifier is not normally used for machine-generated identifiers used for automated processing unless these are also used by human agents.

Examples:
- “MM.GE.195”
- “13.45.1976”
- “OXCMS: 1997.4.1” (fictitious)
- “ISSN 0041-5278” [Identifier for “The UNESCO Courier (Print)”]
- ISRC “FIFIN8900186” [Identifier for : Kraft (29 min 14 s) / Magnus Lindberg, comp. ; Toimii Ensemble ; Swedish Radio symphony orchestra ; Esa-Pekka Salonen, dir.]
- Shelf mark “Res 8 P 10”
- “Guillaume de Machaut (1300?-1377)” [a controlled personal name heading that follows the French rules] (Reaney, 1974)
- “+41 22 418 5571”
- “ weasel@paveprime.com”
- “Rue David Dufour 5, CH-1211, Genève”
- “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan”

In First Order Logic:
- E42(x) ⇒ E41(x)


P109 有当前或以往管理者


P98 έφερε στη ζωή


P123 был результатом


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with an instance of E94 Space Primitive that defines it. Syntactic variants or use of different scripts may result in multiple instances of E94 Space Primitive defining exactly the same place. Transformations between different reference systems always result in new definitions of places approximating each other and not in alternative definitions.

Examples:
- The centroid from https://sws.geonames.org/735927 (E53) place is defined by 40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E (E94). [A single point for approximating the centre of the city of Kastoria, Greece]
- Martin’s coordinates for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°30'23"N 21°14'53"E, 40°31'40"N 21°16'43"E (E94). [A square covering the built settlement structure of Kastoria, Greece]
- Martin’s centroid for Kastoria (E53) place is defined by 40°31'01.5"N 21°15'48"E (E94). [A point in the lake of Kastoria in the centre of the area covered by the city]
- The position measured by Alexander von Humboldt for the Plaza Mayor in Cumaná, Sucre, Venezuela 1799-1800AD (E53) place is defined by 10°27'52"N 66°30'02"W (E94). [West of the Observatory of Paris = 64°09'51"W of Greenwich, actually 1.1km east of today’s Plaza Andrés Eloy Blanco of Cumaná] (Humboldt, 1859)

In First Order Logic:
- P168(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P168(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)


P31 τροποποίησε


P62 описывает


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E64 End of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item taken out of existence by it.
In the case of immaterial things, the instance of E64 End of Existence is considered to take place with the destruction of the last physical carrier.
This allows an “end” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented i.e. instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation, and E55 Type. For many instances of E77 Persistent Item we know the maximum life-span and can infer that they must have ended to exist. We assume in that case an instance of E64 End of Existence, which may be as unnoticeable as forgetting the secret knowledge by the last representative of some indigenous nation.

Examples:
- The death of Mozart (E69) took out of existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic:
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E64(x)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P93(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P17 обусловил


P42 αποδόθηκε από


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that was assessed during an instance of E14 Condition Assessment.
Conditions may be assessed either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the instance of E18 Physical Thing does not need to be present or extant at the time of assessment.

Examples:
- The condition assessment of the silver collection in 1997 (E14) concerned silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The condition assessment of the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the cover of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)
- The condition assessment of the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E14) concerned the endband cores of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E14(x)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P34(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y)


P50 είναι στην κατοχή του


P49 κατέχει ή κατείχε


Scope note:
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.

Examples:
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)

In First Order Logic:
- E21(x) ⇒ E20(x)
- E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)


P141 απέδωσε


E28 Концептуальный Объект


P28 опека отдана через


P38 ακυρώθηκε από


P112 εξάλειψε


P42 назначил


P52 έχει ιδιοκτήτη


P70 τεκμηριώνει


P69 σχετίζεται με


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents an instance of E36 Visual Item shown by an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This property is similar to P62 depicts (is depicted by) in that it associates an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing with a visual representation. However, P65 shows visual item (is shown by) differs from the P62 depicts (is depicted by) property in that it makes no claims about what the instance of E36 Visual Item is deemed to represent. An instance of E36 Visual Item identifies a recognisable image or visual symbol, regardless of what this image may or may not represent.
For example, all recent British coins bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, a fact that is correctly documented using P62 depicts (is depicted by). Different portraits have been used at different periods, however. P65 shows visual item (is shown by) can be used to refer to a particular portrait.
P65 shows visual item (is shown by) may also be used for Visual Items such as signs, marks and symbols, for example the 'Maltese Cross' or the 'copyright symbol’ that have no particular representational content.
This property is part of the fully developed path E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, P65 shows visual item, E36 Visual Item, P138 represents to E1 CRM Entity which is shortcut by, P62 depicts (is depicted by).

Examples:
- My T-Shirt (E22) shows visual item Mona Lisa (E36). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E24(x)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ E36(y)
- P65(x,y) ⇒ P128(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier.
It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017)
- Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)]
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]


Scope note:
This class comprises extents in the natural space where people live, in particular on the surface of the Earth, in the pure sense of physics: independent from temporal phenomena and matter. They may serve describing the physical location of things or phenomena or other areas of interest. Geometrically, instances of E53 Place constitute single contiguous areas or a finite aggregation of disjoint areas in space which are each individually contiguous. They may have fuzzy boundaries.
The instances of E53 Place are usually determined by reference to the position of “immobile” objects such as buildings, cities, mountains, rivers, or dedicated geodetic marks, but may also be determined by reference to mobile objects. A Place can be determined by combining a frame of reference and a location with respect to this frame.
It is sometimes argued that instances of E53 Place are best identified by global coordinates or absolute reference systems. However, relative references are often more relevant in the context of cultural documentation and tend to be more precise. In particular, people are often interested in position in relation to large, mobile objects, such as ships. For example, the Place at which Nelson died is known with reference to a large mobile object, i.e. H.M.S Victory. A resolution of this Place in terms of absolute coordinates would require knowledge of the movements of the vessel and the precise time of death, either of which may be revised, and the result would lack historical and cultural relevance.
Any instance of E18 Physical Thing can serve as a frame of reference for an instance of E53 Place. This may be documented using the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).

Examples:
- the extent of the UK in the year 2003
- the position of the hallmark on the inside of my wedding ring (fictitious)
- the place referred to in the phrase: “Fish collected at three miles north of the confluence of the Arve and the Rhone”
- here -> <- [the place between these two arrows in one of the reader's paper copy of this document. Each copy constitutes a different place of this spot.]

In First Order Logic:
- E53(x) ⇒ E1(x)


P137 δειγματίζει


P32 был техникой для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E53 Place with another instance of E53 Place, which is defined in the same reference space, and which is used to approximate the former. The property does not necessarily state the quality or accuracy of this approximation, but rather indicates the use of the first instance of place to approximate the second.
In common documentation practice, find or encounter spots e.g. in archaeology, botany or zoology are often related to the closest village, river or other named place without detailing the relation, e.g. if it is located within the village or in a certain distance of the specified place. In this case the stated “phenomenal” place found in the documentation can be seen as an approximation of the actual encounter spot without more specific knowledge.
In more recent documentation often point coordinate information is provided that originates from GPS measurements or georeferencing from a map. This point coordinate information does not state the actual place of the encounter spot but tries to approximate it with a “declarative” place. The accuracy depends on the methodology used when creating the coordinates. It may be dependent on technical limitations like GPS accuracy but also on the method where the GPS location is taken in relation to the measured feature. If the methodology is known a maximum deviation from the measured point can be calculated and the encounter spot or feature may be related to the resulting circle using an instance of P171 at some place within.
This property is not transitive. This property is reflexive.

Examples:
- [40°31'17.9"N 21°15'48.3"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://sws.geonames.org/735927]
- [40°31'00.1"N 21°16'00.1"E] (E53) approximates Kastoria, Greece, TGN ID: 7010880 (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7010880]
- [40°04'60.0"N 22°21'00.0"E] (E53) approximates Mount Olympus National Park, Greece (E53). [The approximating declarative place with point shape is defined in terms of coordinates taken from https://www.geonames.org/6941814]

Properties:
- P189.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P189(x,y) ⇒ E53(x)
- P189(x,y) ⇒ E53 (y)
- P189(x,y,z) ⇒ [P189(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P189(x,x)


P89 содержит


P103 προοριζόταν για


P20 ήταν σκοπός του/της


P86 содержится в


P48 είναι προτιμώμενο αναγνωριστικό


P173 se termine après ou au moment du début de


P93 прекратил существование посредством


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

Properties:
- P107.1 kind of member: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


P122 συνορεύει με


P96 ήταν μητέρα του/της


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


P138 παριστάνεται από


Scope note:
This class comprises transfers of legal ownership from one or more instances of E39 Actor to one or more other instances of E39 Actor.
The class also applies to the establishment or loss of ownership of instances of E18 Physical Thing. It does not, however, imply changes of any other kinds of rights. The recording of the donor and/or recipient is optional. It is possible that in an instance of E8 Acquisition there is either no donor or no recipient. Depending on the circumstances, it may describe:
1. the beginning of ownership
2. the end of ownership
3. the transfer of ownership
4. the acquisition from an unknown source
5. the loss of title due to destruction of the item
It may also describe events where a collector appropriates legal title, for example, by annexation or field collection. The interpretation of the museum notion of “accession” differs between institutions. The CIDOC CRM therefore models legal ownership (E8 Acquisition) and physical custody (E10 Transfer of Custody) separately. Institutions will then model their specific notions of accession and deaccession as combinations of these.

Examples:
- the collection of a hammerhead shark, genus Sphyrna (Carchariniformes), by John Steinbeck and Edward Ricketts at Puerto Escondido in the Gulf of Mexico on 25(th) March 1940. (Steinbeck, 2000)
- the acquisition of El Greco’s “The Apostles Peter and Paul” by the State Hermitage in Saint Petersburg. (https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+Paintings/32730)
- the loss of my stuffed Fringilla coelebs due to insect damage last year (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E8(x) ⇒ E7(x)


P51 是以往或当前所有者


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor who has or has had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time. This property leaves open the question if parts of this physical thing have been added or removed during the time-spans it has been under the custody of this actor, but it is required that at least a part which can unambiguously be identified as representing the whole has been under this custody for its whole time. The way, in which a representative part is defined, should ensure that it is unambiguous who keeps a part and who the whole and should be consistent with the identity criteria of the kept instance of E18 Physical Thing.
The distinction with P50 has current keeper (is current keeper of) is that P49 has former or current keeper (is former or current keeper of) leaves open the question as to whether the specified keepers are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P28 custody surrendered by or P29 custody received by to E39 Actor.

Examples:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current keeper Secure Deliveries Inc. (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P49(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P49(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ [P28(z,y) ˅ P29(z,y) ]]


P39 был измерен посредством


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents the number of parts, an instance of E60 Number, of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention.
For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually.

Examples:
- Chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it.
It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


P51 έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


E73 Πληροφοριακό Αντικείμενο


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E6 Destruction to an instance of E18 Physical Thing that has been destroyed by it.
Destruction implies the end of an item’s life as a subject of cultural documentation – the physical matter of which the item was composed may in fact continue to exist. An instance of E6 Destruction may be contiguous with an instance of E12 Production that brings into existence a derived object composed partly of matter from the destroyed object.

Examples:
- The Tay Bridge Disaster (E6) destroyed the Tay Bridge (E22). (Thomas, 1972)

In First Order Logic:
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E6 (x)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P13(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P130 características são também encontradas em


Scope note:
This class comprises the activities that contribute to the management and the preservation and evolution of instances of E78 Curated Holding, following an implicit or explicit curation plan.
It specializes the notion of activity into the curation of a collection and allows the history of curation to be recorded.
Items are accumulated and organized following criteria such as subject, chronological period, material type, style of art, etc., and can be added or removed from an instance of E78 Curated Holding for a specific purpose and/or audience. The initial aggregation of items to form a collection is regarded as an instance of E12 Production Event, while the activities of evolving, preserving, and promoting a collection are regarded as instances of E87 Curation Activity.

Examples:
- the curation of Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium 1876 to 1909 (when Foslie died), now at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norway (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- E87(x) ⇒ E7(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}
Typically, this property is a consequence of a known influence of some event on another event or activity, such as a novel written by someone being continued by someone else, or the knowledge of a defeat on a distant battlefield causing people to end their ongoing activities. This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_03.png

Figure 10: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_04.png

Figure 11: Temporal entity A starts before the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The settling activity of the city of Assur (Ashur) (E7) starts before the end of The Tenth Dynasty of Egypt (E4). [There are some 200 - 300 years differences in the chronology of the First Intermediate Period, and Assur is dated to “about 2500 BC”.] (Pedersén, 1986)
- The building of the current St. Peters in Rome (E7) starts before the end of the demolition of the old 4(th) c. St. Peters (E6, E7) (Bosman, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P174(x,y) ⇒ P173(x,y)
- ¬P174(x,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E36 Visual Item and the instance of E1 CRM Entity that it visually represents.
Any entity may be represented visually. This property is part of the fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by P62 depicts (is depicted by). P138.1 mode of representation allows the nature of the representation to be refined.
This property is also used for the relationship between an original and a digitisation of the original by the use of techniques such as digital photography, flatbed or infrared scanning. Digitisation is here seen as a process with a mechanical, causal component rendering the spatial distribution of structural and optical properties of the original and does not necessarily include any visual similarity identifiable by human observation.

Examples:
- The digital file found at https://www.emunch.no/N/full/No-MM_N0001-01.jpg (E36) represents page 1 of Edward Munch's manuscript MM N 1, Munch-museet (E22) mode of representation Digitisation (E55).
- The 3D model VAM_A.200-1946_trace_1M.ply (E73) represents Victoria & Albert Museum’s Madonna and child sculpture (visual work) A.200-1946 (E22) mode of representation 3D surface (E55).

Properties:
- P138.1 mode of representation: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E36(x)
- P138(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P138(x,y,z) ⇒ [P138(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P138(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject.
The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


P74 a pour résidence actuelle ou antérieure


P111 добавил


E15 Назначение Идентификатора


P73 είναι μετάφραση του/της


P111 προσέθεσε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother.
Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of E21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples:
- The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P99 διαλύθηκε από


P113 был удален посредством


P54 είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.

Examples:
- The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953)

Properties:
- P14.1 in the role of: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y)
- P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


E79 Προσθήκη Μερών


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


P184 se termine au moment de ou après la fin de


P137 поясняет


E11 Τροποποίηση


P43 является величиной для


P51 είναι ή ήταν ιδιοκτήτης του/της


P74 имеет текущее или бывшее местожительства


P33 был использован посредством


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the spatial location of an instance of E4 Period.
The related instance of E53 Place should be seen as a wider approximation of the geometric area within which the phenomena that characterise the period in question occurred, see below. P7 took place at (witnessed) does not convey any meaning other than spatial positioning (frequently on the surface of the earth). For example, the period “Révolution française” can be said to have taken place in “France in 1789”; the “Victorian” period may be said to have taken place in “Britain from 1837-1901” and its colonies, as well as other parts of Europe and North America. An instance of E4 Period can take place at multiple non-contiguous, non-overlapping locations.
Any place where something happened includes the spatial projection of the happening given in the same geometric reference system. For instance, HMS Victory, as place of Lord Nelson's dying, includes the location of his body relative to the hull of HMS Victory at his time of death as the most precise location of his death. By the definition of P161 has spatial projection, an instance of E4 Period takes place on all its spatial projections to respective reference systems, that is, instances of E53 Place. Therefore, this property implies the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P161 has spatial projection, E53 Place, P89 falls within to E53 Place, where both places are defined in the same geometric reference system. The relation between an instance of E53 Place and its reference system can conveniently be documented via the property P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for).
Something that has happened at a given place can also be considered to have happened at a smaller place within it: for example, it is reasonable to say Caesar’s murder took place in Rome, but also on the Forum Romanum, and more precisely in the Curia. It is characteristic for different historical sources to use varying precision in such statements, without being in contradiction with each other. This may be due to lack of knowledge or to the relevance of the precision for the purpose of the statement. In information integration, the more precise statement improves the overall knowledge.

Examples:
- The period “Révolution française” (E4) took place at the area covered by France in 1789 (E53). (Bertaud, 2004)

In First Order Logic:
- P7(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P7(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P7(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u) [P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,y)]
- [E4(x) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(v,u) ˄ P7(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ˄ P89(z,v) ˄ P89(v,y)] ⇒ P7(x,v)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E66 Formation with an instance of E74 Group from which the new group was formed preserving a sense of continuity such as in mission, membership or tradition.

Examples:
- The formation of the House of Bourbon-Conti in 1581 (E66) was formed from House of Condé (E74). (Collectif & Musée d'art et d'histoire Louis-Senlecq, 1900)

In First Order Logic:
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P151(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P21 είχε γενικό σκοπό


Quantification: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E21 Person with another instance of E21 Person who plays the role of the first instance’s parent, regardless of whether the relationship is biological parenthood, assumed or pretended biological parenthood or an equivalent legal status of rights and obligations obtained by a social or legal act.
This property is, among others, a shortcut of the fully developed paths from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P96 by mother to E21 Person, and from E21 Person through P98i was born, E67 Birth, P97 from father to E21 Person.
This property is not transitive. This property is irreflexive.

Examples:
- Gaius Octavius (E21) has parent Julius Caesar (E21). (Bleicken & Bell, 2015)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Joanne Simpson (E21). [Biological mother] (Isaacson, 2011)
- Steve Jobs (E21) has parent Clara Jobs (E21). [Adoption mother] (Isaacson, 2011)

In First Order Logic:
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(x)
- P152(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P96(z,y)]
- P152(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E67(z) ˄ P98i(x,z) ˄ P97(z,y)]
- ¬P152(x,x)


P70 τεκμηριώνεται σε


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates the instance of E66 Formation with the instance of E74 Group that it founded.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The formation of the CIDOC CRM SIG at the August 2000 CIDOC Board meeting (E66) has formed the CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E66(x)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ E74(y)
- P95(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures, or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques, often in order to indicate such things as creator, owner, dedications, purpose, or to communicate information generally. Instances of E37 Mark do not represent the actual image of a mark, but the abstract ideal (or archetype) as used for codification in reference documents forming cultural documentation.
This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Human-Made Feature.

Examples:
- Minoan double axe mark (Lowe Fri, 2011)
- ©
- ☺

In First Order Logic:
- E37(x) ⇒ E36(x)


P51 est l’actant propriétaire actuel ou antérieur de


P102 έχει τίτλο


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples of the inverse property:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


P79 αρχή προσδιορίζεται από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156i is occupied by to E18 Physical Thing.
It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.
For example, the French and German armistice of 22(nd) June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11(th) November 1918.

Examples:
- The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P8(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P7(x,z) ˄ P156i(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E18 Physical Thing of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice) of the thing’s trajectory through spacetime. In other words, it describes where the instance of E18 Physical Thing was or moved around within a given time-span. Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.
This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P166 was a presence of (had presence) to E93 Presence.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1755 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (E93) was a presence of Johann Joachim Winckelmann (E21). (Wiencke, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P195(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P195(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[E92(z) ∧ P166(z,x) ∧ P196i(z,y)]


P1 αναγνωρίζεται ως


P19 был создан для


P101 ήταν χρήση του/της


P53 является текущим или бывшим местоположением для


P106 αποτελεί μέρος του/της


P20 имел конкретную цель


P59 находится на или внутри


P13 καταστράφηκε από


P74 是当前或曾经居住地


P44 είναι κατάσταση του


P33 a mobilisé comme technique spécifique


P12 появился в присутствии


E33 Γλωσσικό Αντικείμενο


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


P103 был интенцией для


P75 принадлежит


P33 χρησιμοποίησε συγκεκριμένη τεχνική


Quantification of the inverse property: one to one (1,1:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the length of time covered by an instance of E52 Time-Span. It allows an instance of E52 Time-Span to be associated with an instance of E54 Dimension representing duration independent from the actual beginning and end. Indeterminacy of the duration value can be expressed by assigning a numerical interval to the property P90 has value of E54 Dimension.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The time-span of the Battle of Issos 333 B.C.E. (E52) had duration Battle of Issos duration (E54). (Howard, 2012)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P191(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)


P31 τροποποιήθηκε από


P135 δημιούργησε τύπο