Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finished-by, equals}
In a model with fuzzy borders, this property will not be transitive.
This property is irreflexive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_05.png

Figure 12: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_06.png

Figure 13: Temporal entity A starts before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The production of the scarab seal found in Poros in a context of LMIIIB (E12) starts after or with the start of Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C) (E4). [The scarab stamp seal found in Poros was associated with finds dated to the LMIIIB period. The seal is dated to the Tutankhamun period or later because it belongs to the scarabs of type “nh.s n Jmn”: During Akhenaten period, the production of this type of scarab seal stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). Therefore, the scarab cannot have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production] (Karetsou, 2000)
- The production of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in Tholos B in Platanos (E12) starts after or with the start of the Hammurabi period of the kingdom (E4). [Of the cylindrical seal of the first Dynasty of Babylon found in tholos B in Platanos believed to connect king Hammurabi with the MM I period. Specifically, although the finding is believed to have been found in a MM I layer, it contained material from the MM III/YM I period. Therefore, the seal may be from the Hammurabi period or, it may be from a later period.] (Walberg, 1992.)

In First Order Logic:
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P175(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P175(x,x)


P101 είχε ως γενική χρήση


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates two instances of E7 Activity, where the domain is considered as an intentional continuation of the range. A continuation of an activity may happen when the continued activity is still ongoing or after the continued activity has completely ended. The continuing activity may have started already before it decided to continue the other one. Continuation implies a coherence of intentions and outcomes of the involved activities.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- The construction of the Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), abandoned in the 15(th) century (E7), was continued by construction in the 19(th) century (E7). [The construction in the 19(th) century adapted the initial plans so as to preserve the intended appearance.] (Wolff, 1999)

In First Order Logic:
- P134(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P134(x,y)⇒ E7(y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ P176i(x,y)
- P134(x,y) ⇒ ¬P134(y,x)


P9 формирует часть


E24 Chose matérielle élaborée par l’humain


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property relates one instance of E18 Physical Thing which acts as a container or support to a supported or contained instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typical examples of E18 Physical Things which are intended to function as a container or support include shelves, folders or boxes. These containers or supports provide a stable surface which is intended for other physical objects to be placed upon for storage, display, transport or other similar functions.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P59 has section, E53 Place, P53i is former or current location of, to E18 Physical Thing. It is not a sub-property of P46 is composed of, as the held or supported object is not a component of the container or support.
This property can be used to avoid explicitly instantiating the E53 Place which is defined by an instance of E18 Physical Thing, especially when the only intended use of that instance of E18 Physical Thing is to act as a container or surface for the storage of other instances of E18 Physical Thing. The place’s existence is defined by the existence of the container or surface, and will go out of existence at the same time as the destruction of the container or surface.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Archival folder “6” (E22) holds or supports the piece of paper carrying the text of a letter from Lawrence Alloway to Sylvia Sleigh (E22).
- [ http://archives2.getty.edu:8082/xtf/view?docId=ead/2003.M.46/2003.M.46.xml;chunk.id=aspace_ref12_kf7;brand=default]
- Archival folder "17" (E22) holds or supports the daguerreotype that shows the image of Henry Ward Beecher as a young man (E22).
- [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Box "88" (E22) holds or supports folder "17" (E22). [ https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/archival_objects/1402266]
- Bookshelf “GRI-708.1” (E22) holds or supports the book entitled “Catalog of Paintings in the J. Paul Getty Museum” (E22). (Potts, 2015)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P198(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(y,z)] ⇒ P198(x,z)
- [P198(x,y) ∧ P198(z,y)] ⇒ [P198(x,z) ˅ P198(z,x)]
- P198(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P59(x,z) ˄ P53i(z,y)]
- P198(x,y) ⇒ ¬P198(y,x)


P95 была сформирована посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity used in the attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity here plays the role of the range of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned Martin Doerr (E21). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned 232 (E42). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned unsupported (E55.) (Honey & Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P141(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance of E19 Physical Object that was moved by an instance of E9 Move. A move must concern at least one object.
The property implies the object’s passive participation. For example, Monet’s painting “Impression sunrise” was moved for the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Monet´s “Impression sunrise” (E22) moved by preparations for the First Impressionist Exhibition (E9).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)
- P25(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P74 est la résidence actuelle ou antérieure de


P67 ссылается на


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(end )is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, finished by, start, equals, during, finishes}.
This property is irreflexive

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_13.png

Figure 20: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_14.png

Figure 21: Temporal entity A ends before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign/life of Harold II (E4) ends before or with the end of the Battle of Hastings (E7)

In First Order Logic:
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P184(x,y) ⇒ P174(x,y)
- ¬P184(x,x)


P81b начать в конце


P45 входит в состав


P49 ist früherer oder derzeitiger Betreuer von


P107 является действующим или бывшим членом


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who relinquish legal ownership as the result of an instance of E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically be used to describe a person donating or selling an object to a museum. In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title from the Heirs of Amoudruz (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P23(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P23(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P23(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P22 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο σε


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that acquires the legal ownership of an object as a result of an instance of E8 Acquisition.
The property will typically describe an Actor purchasing or otherwise acquiring an object from another Actor. However, title may also be acquired without any corresponding loss of title by another Actor, through legal fieldwork such as hunting, shooting, or fishing.
In reality, the title is either transferred to or from someone, or both.

Examples:
- The acquisition of the Amoudruz collection by the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E8) transferred title to the Geneva Ethnography Museum (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E8(x)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P22(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


E54 Величина


E14 Εκτίμηση Κατάστασης


E15 Назначение Идентификатора


E2 Έγχρονη Οντότητα


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the location of an instance of E4 Period with respect to an instance of E18 Physical Thing.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E4 Period through P7 took place at, E53 Place, P156i is occupied by to E18 Physical Thing.
It describes a period that can be located with respect to the space defined by an E19 Physical Object such as a ship or a building. The precise geographical location of the object during the period in question may be unknown or unimportant.
For example, the French and German armistice of 22(nd) June 1940 was signed in the same railway carriage as the armistice of 11(th) November 1918.

Examples:
- The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (E7) took place on or within Westminster Abbey (E18). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E4(x)
- P8(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P8(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E53(z) ˄ P7(x,z) ˄ P156i(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active participation of an instance of E39 Actor in an instance of E7 Activity.
It implies causal or legal responsibility. The P14.1 in the role of property of the property specifies the nature of an Actor’s participation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The painting of the Sistine Chapel (E7) carried out by Michelangelo Buonaroti (E21) in the role of master craftsman (E55). (Goldscheider, 1953)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P14(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P14(x,y)⇒ E39(y)
- P14(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)
- P14(x,y,z) ⇒ [P14(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the active or passive participation of instances of E39 Actors in an instance of E5 Event.
It documents known events in which an instance of E39 Actor has participated during the course of that actor’s life or history. The instances of E53 Place and E52 Time-Span where and when these events happened provide constraints about the presence of the related instances of E39 Actor in the past. Collective actors, i.e. instances of E74 Group, may physically participate in events via their representing instances of E21 Persons only. The participation of multiple actors in an event is most likely an indication of their acquaintance and interaction.
The property implies that the actor was involved in the event but does not imply any causal relationship. For instance, someone having been portrayed can be said to have participated in the creation of the portrait.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Napoleon (E21) participated in The Battle of Waterloo (E7). (Dawson, 2018)
- Maria (E21) participated in Photographing of Maria (E7). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E5(x)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P11(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P51 a pour propriétaire actuel ou antérieur


P41 был классифицирован посредством


P49 имеет бывшего или текущего смотрителя


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E2 Temporal Entity with the instance of E52 Time-Span during which it was on-going. The associated instance of E52 Time-Span is understood as the real time-span during which the phenomena making up the temporal entity instance were active. More than one instance of E2 Temporal Entity may share a common instance of E52 Time-Span only if they come into being and end being due to identical declarations or events.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Yalta Conference (E7) has time-span Yalta Conference time-span (E52). (Harbutt, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P4(x,y) ⇒ E52(y)


P91 является единицей для


P3 имеет примечание


E6 Разрушение


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who receive custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe Actors receiving custody of an object when it is handed over from another Actor’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be received involuntarily or illegally, e.g. through accident, unsolicited donation, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Representatives of The National Gallery (E74) received custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P29(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P74 είναι ή ήταν κατοικία του/της


P107 έχει ή είχε μέλος


P34 αφορούσε σε


P104 υπόκειται σε


P23 μετεβίβασε τον τίτλο από


P24 transferiu os direitos de propriedade sobre o


P42 αποδόθηκε από


Erlangen CRM / OWL - An OWL DL 1.0 implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, based on: Nick Crofts, Martin Doerr, Tony Gill, Stephen Stead, Matthew Stiff (eds.): Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (http://cidoc-crm.org/).
This implementation has been originally created by Bernhard Schiemann, Martin Oischinger and Günther Görz at the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Computer Science, Chair of Computer Science 8 (Artificial Intelligence) in cooperation with the Department of Museum Informatics of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg and the Department of Biodiversity Informatics of the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn.
The Erlangen CRM / OWL implementation of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.


P107 είναι ή ήταν μέλος του/της


P106 формирует часть


Scope note:
This class comprises legal privileges concerning material and immaterial things or their derivatives.
These include reproduction and property rights.

Examples:
- copyright held by ISO on ISO/CD 21127
- ownership of the “Mona Lisa” by the museum of the Louvre, Paris, France

In First Order Logic:
- E30(x) ⇒ E89(x)


P7 совершался на


Scope note:
This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.
Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.
In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.

Examples:
- Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
- Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)

In First Order Logic:
- E21(x) ⇒ E20(x)
- E21(x) ⇒ E39(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E67 Birth to an instance of E21 Person in the role of birth-giving mother.
Note that biological fathers are not necessarily participants in the Birth (see P97 from father (was father for)). The instance of E21 Person being born is linked to the instance of E67 Birth with the property P98 brought into life (was born). This is not intended for use with general natural history material, only people. There is no explicit method for modelling conception and gestation except by using extensions.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The birth of Queen Elizabeth II (E67) by mother Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (E21). (Parker, 2002)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E67(x)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ E21(y)
- P96(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


Scope note:
This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the concepts of materials.
Instances of E57 Material may denote properties of matter before its use, during its use, and as incorporated in an object, such as ultramarine powder, tempera paste, reinforced concrete. Discrete pieces of raw-materials kept in museums, such as bricks, sheets of fabric, pieces of metal, should be modelled individually in the same way as other objects. Discrete used or processed pieces, such as the stones from Nefer Titi's temple, should be modelled as parts (cf. P46 is composed of (forms part of): E18 Physical Thing).
This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the Model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E57 Material, e.g. “instances of gold”.
It is recommended that internationally or nationally agreed codes and terminology should be used.

Examples:
- brick (Gurcke, 1987)
- gold (Watson, 1990)
- aluminium (Norman, 1986)
- polycarbonate (Mhaske, 2011)
- resin (Barton, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- E57(x) ⇒ E55(x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E21 Person or E74 Group that was the owner of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor, if and only if this acquisition event is the most recent.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current owner Historic England (E74). [This is still valid 2021 CE. The important collection of Old Master and British portraits was bequeathed to Kenwood by Edward Cecil Guinness, 1(st) Earl of Iveagh, in 1927.] (Iveagh Bequest, 1975; Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P51(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇒ P105(x,y)
- P52(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ P22(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E8(w) ˄ P24i(x,w) ˄ P23(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


P24 άλλαξε ιδιοκτησία μέσω


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links a particular instance of E72 Legal Object to the instances of E30 Right to which it is subject.
The Right is held by an instance of E39 Actor as described by P75 possesses (is possessed by).

Examples:
- The Beatles back catalogue (E89) is subject to reproduction right on the Beatles back catalogue (E30). (Raga, 2016)

In First Order Logic:
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E72(x)
- P104(x,y) ⇒ E30(y)


P128 переносится посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions, and concepts.
This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of “determination,” i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

Examples:
- the first classification of object GE34604 as Lamentation cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
- the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as Cereus hildmannianus K.Schum., July 2003

In First Order Logic:
- E17(x) ⇒ E13(x)


E41 Обозначение


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the largest volume in space, an instance of E53 Place, that an instance of E18 Physical Thing has occupied at any time during its existence, with respect to the reference space relative to the physical thing itself. This allows for describing the thing itself as a place that may contain other things, such as a box that may contain coins. In other words, it is the volume that contains all the points which the thing has covered at some time during its existence. The reference space for the associated place must be the one that is permanently at rest (P157 is at rest relative to) relative to the physical thing. For instances of E19 Physical Objects it is the one which is at rest relative to the object itself, i.e., which moves together with the object. For instances of E26 Physical Feature it is one which is at rest relative to the physical feature itself and the surrounding matter immediately connected to it. Therefore, there is a 1:1 relation between the instance E18 Physical Thing and the instance of E53 Place it occupies. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces.
This property implies the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place. However, in contrast to P156 occupies, the property P161 has spatial projection does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
In contrast to P156 occupies, for the property P53 has former or current location the following holds:
It does not constrain the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place.
It identifies a possibly wider instance of E53 Place at which a thing is or has been for some unspecified time-span.
If the reference space of the referred instance of E53 Place is not at rest with respect to the physical thing found there, the physical thing may move away after some time to another place and/or may have been at some other place before. The same holds for the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place.

Examples:
- The Saint Titus reliquary (E22) occupies the space of the Saint Titus reliquary (E53). [The reliquary is currently kept in the Saint Titus Church in Heraklion, Crete since 1966 and contains the skull of Saint Titus.] (Fisher & Garvey, 2010)
- Burg Eltz near Koblenz, Germany (E24) occupies the space within the 1661AD outer walls of Burg Eltz (E53). [The castle (English name: Eltz Castle) underwent a series of expansions starting in the 12(th) century until it reached its current extent in 1661AD and contains buildings from various periods.]

In First Order Logic:
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P156(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P156(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [E18(x) ∧ E53(y) ∧ P196(x,z) ∧ P161(z,y) ∧ P157(y,x)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.
It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E52 Time-Span with a note detailing the scholarly or scientific opinions and justifications about the certainty, precision, sources etc. of its beginning. Such notes may also be used to elaborate arguments about constraints or to give explanations of alternatives.

Examples:
- The time-span of the Holocene (E52) beginning is qualified by “The formal definition and dating of the GSSP (GlobalStratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records” (E62). (Walker et al., 2009)

In First Order Logic:
- P79(x,y) ⇒ E52(x)
- P79(x,y) ⇒ E62(y)
- P79(x,y) ⇒ P3(x,y)


P130 características são também encontradas em


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance of E39 Actor that is or had been the legal owner (i.e. title holder) of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at some time.
The distinction with P52 has current owner (is current owner of) is that P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) does not indicate whether the specified owners are current.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through P24i changed ownership through, E8 Acquisition, P23 transferred title from, or P22 transferred title to to E39 Actor.

Examples:
- The paintings from the Iveagh Bequest (E78) has former or current owner Lord Iveagh (E21). (Bryant, 1990)

In First Order Logic:
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P51(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P51(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E8(z) ˄ P24i(x,z) ˄ [P23(z,y) ˅ P22(z,y) ]]


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E99 Product Type with an instance of E19 Physical Object that is needed for the production of an instance of E18 Physical Thing. When the process of production is correctly executed in accordance with the plan and using the specified instance of E19 Physical Object, the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing is considered an exemplar of this instance of E99 Product Type. The instance of E19 Physical Object may bear distinct features that are transformed into characteristic features of the resulting instance of E18 Physical Thing. Examples include models and moulds.

Examples:
- Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99) requires production tool the luggage compartment lid mould for the Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E22). [See thumbnail image of the luggage compartment lid: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg/220px-Volkswagen_Type_1_(Auto_classique_St._Lazare_'10).jpg)] (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E99(x)
- P188(x,y) ⇒ E19(y)


P125 был типом объекта использованного в


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E55 Type, which is created in an instance of E83 Type Creation activity.

Examples:
- The description of a new ribbon worm species by Bürger (E83) created type ‘Lineus kennelii’ (E55). (Bürger, 1892)

In First Order Logic:
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E83(x)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P135(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)


P125 是使用的对象类型


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E65 Creation to the instance of E28 Conceptual Object created by it.
It represents the act of conceiving the intellectual content of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. It does not represent the act of creating the first physical carrier of the instance of E28 Conceptual Object. As an example, this is the composition of a poem, not its commitment to paper.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The composition of “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E65) has created “The Four Friends” by A. A. Milne (E33). (Milne, 2012)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E65(x)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ E28(y)
- P94(x,y) ⇒ P92(x,y)


P25 перемещен посредством


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E12 Production with the instance of E99 Production Type, that is, the type of the things it produces.

Examples:
- The production activity of the Volkswagen factory related to the “Standard limousine Type II” during 1949-1953 (E12) produced thing of product type Volkswagen Type 11 (Beetle) (E99). (Rieger, 2013)

In First Order Logic:
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E12(x)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ E99(y)
- P186(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E24(z) ∧ P108(x,z) ∧ P2(z,y)]


P14 πραγματοποίησε


P10 находится в пределах


P72 έχει γλώσσα


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes an item or items that are regarded as a reason for carrying out the instance of E7 Activity.
For example, the discovery of a large hoard of treasure may call for a celebration, an order from headquarters can start a military manoeuvre.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The resignation of the chief executive (E7) was motivated by the collapse of SwissAir (E68).
- The coronation of Elizabeth II (E7) was motivated by the death of George VI (E69). (Strong, 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P17(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)


P127 έχει στενότερο όρο


P123 повлек появление


P135 создал тип


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the type that was assigned to an entity by an E17 Type Assignment activity.
Type assignment events allow a more detailed path from E1 CRM Entity through P41i was classified by, E17 Type Assignment, P42 assigned, to E55 Type for assigning types to objects compared to the shortcut offered by P2 has type (is type of).
For example, a fragment of an antique vessel could be assigned the type “attic red figured belly handled amphora” by expert A. The same fragment could be assigned the type “shoulder handled amphora” by expert B.
A Type may be intellectually constructed independent from assigning an instance of it.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The classification of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E17) assigned goblet (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P42(x,y) ⇒ E17(x)
- P42(x,y)⇒ E55(y)
- P42(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that had custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a shortcut for the more detailed path from E18 Physical Thing through, P30i custody transferred through, E10 Transfer of Custody, P29 custody received by to E39 Actor, if and only if the custody has not been surrendered by the receiving actor at any later time

Examples of the inverse property:
- The paintings from The Iveagh Bequest (E78) has current keeper The National Gallery (E74) (Iveagh Bequest, 1975)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P50(x,y) ⇒ P49(x,y)
- P50(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [[E10(z) ˄ P30i(x,z) ˄ P29(z,y) ]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E10(w) ˄ P30i(x,w) ˄ P28(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is removed during an instance of E80 Part Removal activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The opening of the coffin of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E80) removed The mummy of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E20, E22). (Carter, 2014)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E80(x)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P113(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


Quantification: one to many, dependent (0,n:1,1)

Scope note:
This property records an instance of E54 Dimension of some instance of E70 Thing.
In the case that the recorded property is a result of a measurement of an instance of E18 Physical Thing, this property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P39i was measured by, E16 Measurement, P40 observed dimension to E54 Dimension.
It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established, nor by whom. Knowledge about an instance of E54 Dimension need not be the result of a measurement; it may be the result of evaluating data or other information, which should be documented as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment.
An instance of E54 Dimension is specific to an instance of E70 Thing.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has dimension height of silver cup 232 (E54). [which has unit (P91) mm (E58), has value (P90) 224 (E60)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E70(x)
- P43(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)
- P43(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E16(z) ˄ P39i(x,z) ˄ P40(z,y)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


P70 τεκμηριώνει


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E96 Purchase and the instance of E97 Monetary Amount that forms the compensation for the transaction. The monetary amount agreed upon may change in the course of the purchase activity.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The sale of Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” 30(th) March 1987 (E96) had sales price Christie’s hammer price for “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” (E97).
- The purchase of 10 okka of nails by the captain A. Syrmas on 18(th) September 1895 (E96) had sales price 20 piastre (grosi) (E97). (Syrmas, 1896)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E96(x)
- P179(x,y) ⇒ E97(y)


Scope note:
This class comprises discrete, identifiable human-made items that are documented as single units.
These items are either intellectual products or human-made physical things, and are characterized by relative stability. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be logical concepts or structures.

Examples:
- Beethoven’s 5(th) Symphony (E73) (Lockwood, 2015)
- Michelangelo’s David (E22) (Paoletti and Bagemihl, 2015)
- Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity (E89) (Hartle, 2003)
- the taxon ‘Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus,1758’ (E55) (Sinkevicius and Narusevicius, 2002)

In First Order Logic:
- E71(x) ⇒ E70(x)


P65 εμφανίζει οπτικό στοιχείο


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property documents the number of parts, an instance of E60 Number, of which an instance of E19 Physical Object is composed.
This may be used as a method of checking inventory counts with regard to aggregate or collective objects. What constitutes a part or component depends on the context and requirements of the documentation. Normally, the parts documented in this way would not be considered as worthy of individual attention.
For a more complete description, objects may be decomposed into their components and constituents using P46 is composed of (forms parts of) and P45 consists of (is incorporated in). This allows each element to be described individually.

Examples:
- Chess set 233 (E22) has number of parts 33 (E60). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P57(x,y) ⇒ E60(y)


P42 назначил


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts definitely before the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) < B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, overlaps, contains, finished-by}. This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_07.png

Figure 14: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_08.png

Figure 15: Temporal entity A starts before the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The reign of King Harold II (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of Hastings (E7). (Wikipedia 2022a)
- The life of Attila “the Hun” (E4) starts before the start of the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (E7). [June 20, 451 AD] (Wikipedia 2022b)

In First Order Logic:
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ P175(x,y)
- [P176(x,y) ∧ P176(y,z)] ⇒ P176(x,z)
- P176(x,y) ⇒ ¬P176(y,x)


E3 Состояние


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the location of an instance of E19 Physical Object at the time of validity of the record or database containing the statement that uses this property.
This property is a specialisation of P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of). It indicates that the instance of E53 Place associated with the instance of E19 Physical Object is the current location of the object. The property does not allow any indication of how long the object has been at the current location.
This property is a shortcut. A more detailed representation can make use of the fully developed (i.e., indirect) path from E19 Physical Object, through, P25i moved by, E9 Move, P26 moved to to E53 Place if and only if this Move is the most recent.

Examples:
- Silver cup 232 (E22) has current location Display Cabinet 23, Room 4, British Museum (E53). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E19(x)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P55(x,y) ⇒ P53(x,y)
- P55(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [ [E9(z) ˄ P25i(x,z) ˄ P26(z,y)]
- ˄ ¬ (∃w) [E9(w) ˄ P25i(x,w) ˄ P27(w,y)˄ P182(z,w)]]


P45 είναι ενσωματωμένος/η/ο σε


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E93 Presence with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume of which it represents a temporal restriction (i.e. a time-slice). Instantiating this property constitutes a necessary part of the identity of the respective instance of E93 Presence.

Examples:
- The Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (E93) was a presence of The Roman Empire (E4). (Clare and Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic:
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E93(x)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P166(x,y) ⇒ P10(x,y)


P54 είναι μόνιμη θέση του/της


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property establishes the relationship between an instance of E97 Monetary Amount and the instance of E98 Currency that it is measured in.

Examples:
- Christie’s hammer price for Vincent van Gogh’s “Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers” in London on 30(th) March 1987 (E97) has currency British Pounds (E98).

In First Order Logic:
- P180(x,y) ⇒ E97(x)
- P180(x,y) ⇒ E98(y)
- P180(x,y) ⇒ P91(x,y)


E41 Ονομασία


P20 имел конкретную цель


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E87 Curation Activity with the instance of E78 Curated Holding with that is subject of that curation activity following some implicit or explicit curation plan.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The curation activity of the Benaki Museum for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection (E87) curated The Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the Benaki Museum (E78). [The curation activity included the acquisition of dolls and games of urban and folk manufacture dating from the 17(th) to the 20(th) century, from England, France and Germany for the Toys, Games and Childhood Collection of the museum.] (Benaki Museum, 2016)
- The curation activity for the permanent Numismatic Collection of the Historical Museum of Crete, Heraklion, Crete from 2005 up to the present (E87) curated the Numismatic Collection (E78). (Historical Museum of Crete, 2005)
- The curation activity of Mikael Heggelund Foslie (E87) curated the Mikael Heggelund Foslie’s coralline red algae Herbarium (E78). (Woelkerling et al., 2005)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E87(x)
- P147(x,y) ⇒ E78(y)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E95 Spacetime Primitive with the instance of E92 Spacetime Volume it defines.

Examples of the inverse property:
- {40°30'23"N 21°14'53"E, 40°31'40"N 21°16'43"E, 200BC-2020AD} (E95) defines spacetime volume Martin’s spatiotemporal enclosure 2020 for the evolution of the settlement of today’s city of Kastoria, Greece, since its conquest by the Romans (E92). [A square covering the current built settlement structure of Kastoria, Greece, through the years 200BC to 2020AD, which includes the extents of earlier phases of the city]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P169(x,y) ⇒ E95(x)
- P169(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P169(x,y) ⇒ P1i(x,y)


P110 επαύξησε


P79 начало ограничено


P19 ήταν προορισμένη χρήση του


E65 Δημιουργία


E25 Caractéristique élaborée par l'humain


P31 был изменен посредством


P30 передало опеку на


P96 είχε μητέρα


Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property shows the type of unit an instance of E54 Dimension was expressed in.

Examples:
- The height of silver cup 232 (E54) has unit mm (E58). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P91(x,y) ⇒ E54(x)
- P91(x,y) ⇒ E58(y)


P137 поясняется посредством


P112 εξάλειψε


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity ends before or simultaneously with the start of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(end) ≤ B(start) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to a disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets}.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_09.png

Figure 16: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_10.png

Figure 17: Temporal entity A ends before or with the start of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples of the inverse property:
- Lerna III (E4) ends before or with the start of Lerna IV (E4). [“The site at Lerna probably was not left uninhabited for long after the destruction of the House of the Tiles and the raising of the tumulus. If there was a gap corresponding to the earliest stage of EH III in the Argolid, as has been suggested by some (see, e.g., Manning 1995: 55–60), it was a brief one. In Rutter’s view, the short life of the Fourth Settlement began ca. 2200/2150 b.c. and ended ca. 2050/2000 b.c.”] (Banks & Reese, 2013)
- The use of LH I graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4) ends before or with the start of LH III phase of reuse of the graves of Krisa in Phocis (E4). [“…a possible hiatus in the occupation of certain sites such as the settlement of Krisa in Phocis, which was well occupied in the MH and LHIII periods. LHIIB pottery from this settlement has already been identified, but no certain example of LHIIA pottery.”] (Phialon 2018)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P176(x,y)
- P182(x,y) ⇒ P185(x,y)
- [P182(x,y) ⋀ P182(y,z) ⇒ P182(x,z)]
- P182(x,y) ⇒ ¬P182(y,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the current or former place of residence (an instance of E53 Place) of an instance of E39 Actor.
The residence may be either the place where the actor resides, or a legally registered address of any kind.

Examples of the inverse property:
- Queen Elizabeth II (E39) has current or former residence Buckingham Palace (E53). (Robinson, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E39(x)
- P74(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P71 перечислен в


P40 παρατηρήθηκε από


P111 προστέθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance(s) of E39 Actor who surrender custody of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in an instance of E10 Transfer of Custody.
The property will typically describe an Actor surrendering custody of an object when it is handed over to someone else’s care. On occasion, physical custody may be surrendered involuntarily, e.g. through accident, loss, or theft.
In reality, custody is either transferred to someone or from someone, or both.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Secure Deliveries Inc. crew (E74) surrendered custody through the delivery of the paintings by Secure Deliveries Inc. to the National Gallery (E10).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E10(x)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P28(x,y) ⇒ P14(x,y)


P136 υποστήριξε τη δημιουργία τύπου


P123 προέκυψε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property records the dimension that was observed in an E16 Measurement Event.
E54 Dimension can be any quantifiable aspect of E70 Thing. Weight, image colour depth and monetary value are dimensions in this sense. One measurement activity may determine more than one dimension of one object.
Dimensions may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. In the latter case the measured Thing does not need to be present or extant.
Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on 31(st) August 1997 (E16) observed dimension silver cup 232 height (E54). [which has unit mm (E58), has value 224 (E60)] (fictitious)
- The carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 (E16) observed dimension the carbon 14 based temporal distance from 1996 to the growth of the wood of the “Schoeninger Speer II” (E60). [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niederachsen, Germany, in 1995. See also: E16 Measurement.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P40(x,y) ⇒ E16(x)
- P40(x,y)⇒ E54(y)
- P40(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y)


P137 δειγματίζεται από


E80 Удаление Части


P54 hat derzeitigen permanenten Standort


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property specifies that the temporal extent of the domain instance A of E2 Temporal Entity starts before or simultaneously with the end of the temporal extent of the range instance B of E2 Temporal Entity.
In other words, if A = [A(start), A(end)] and B = [B(start), B(end)], it means A(start) ≤ B(end) is true.
This property is part of the set of temporal primitives P173 – P176, P182 – P185.
This property corresponds to the disjunction (logical OR) of the following Allen temporal relations (Allen, 1983): {before, meets, met-by, overlaps, starts, started-by, contains, finishes, finished-by, equals, during, overlapped by}.
This property is not transitive.

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_01.png

Figure 8: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is longer than B

https://cidoc-crm.org/html/version_images/images_7.1.3/image_02.png

Figure 9: Temporal entity A starts before or with the end of temporal entity B. Here A is shorter than B

Examples:
- The legendary run from Marathon to Athens 490BC (E7) starts before or with the end of The Battle of Marathon 490BC (E7).
- LMIIB (E4) ends after or with the start of the Tutankhamun period (1332-1323 B.C.E.) (E4). [Evidence for this is provided by the scarab seal found at Poros in a context of LMIIB. The scarab belongs to the type “nh.s n Jmn”. During the Akhenaten period he production of these scarab seals stopped (the name of Amun is not referred to during his reign). So the scarab could not have been produced before the Tutankhamun period and is probably a later production.] (Karetsou, 2000)

In First Order Logic:
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(x)
- P173(x,y) ⇒ E2(y)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E55 Type “A” with an instance of E55 Type “B”, when items of type “A” typically form part of items of type “B”, such as “car motors” and “cars”.
It allows types to be organised into hierarchies based on one type describing a typical part of another. This property is equivalent to “broader term partitive (BTP)” as defined in ISO 2788 and “broaderPartitive” in SKOS.
This property is not transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- car motors (E55) defines typical parts of cars (E55). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(x)
- P150(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)
- P150(x,y) ⇒ ¬P150(y,x)


Scope note:
This class comprises all signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context.
Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e. other instances of E41 Appellation that are regarded as equivalent, regardless of the thing it denotes.
Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41 Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language.
Instances of E41 Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses of E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients.
Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41 Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value.
E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment.

Examples:
- “Martin”
- “Aquae Sulis Minerva”
- “the Merchant of Venice” (E35) (McCullough, 2005)
- “Spigelia marilandica (L.) L.” [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Robacker and Jenkins, 2015)
- “information science” [not the science itself, but the name used to refer to the subject matter in an English-speaking context]
- “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]
- “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” [example of a spatial coordinate]
- “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate, example of an identifier in a conceptual space (E89)]
- “19-MAR-1922” [example of date]
- “+41 22 418 5571” [example of contact point]
- “weasel@paveprime.com” [example of contact point]
- “CH-1211, Genève” [example of place appellation]
- “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” [example of a postal address]
- “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]
- “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]

In First Order Logic:
- E41(x) ⇒ E90(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies an instance E90 Symbolic Object carried by an instance of E18 Physical Thing. Since an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is defined as an immaterial idealization over potentially multiple carriers, any individual realization on a particular physical carrier may be defective, due to deterioration or shortcomings in the process of creating the realization compared to the intended ideal. As long as such defects do not substantially affect the complete recognition of the respective symbolic object, it is still regarded as carrying an instance of this E90 Symbolic Object. If these defects are of scholarly interest, the particular realization can be modelled as an instance of E25 Human-Made Feature. Note, that any instance of E90 Symbolic Object incorporated (P165) in the carried symbolic object is also carried by the same instance of E18 Physical Thing.

Examples:
- Matthew’s paperback copy of Reach for the Sky (E18) carries the text of Reach for the Sky (E73). [see also: (Brickhill, 2001)] (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ E90(y)
- P128(x,y) ⇒ P130(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises instances of E7 Activity that are undertaken to create, alter or change instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
This class includes the production of an item from raw materials and other so far undocumented objects. It also includes the conservation treatment of an object.
Since the distinction between modification and production is not always clear, modification is regarded as the more generally applicable concept. This implies that some items may be consumed or destroyed in an instance of E11 Modification, and that others may be produced as a result of it. An event should also be documented using an instance of E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the originals. In this case, the new items have separate identities.
An activity undertaken on an object which was designed to alter it, but which, in fact, it did not in any seemingly significant way (such as the application of a solvent during conservation which failed to dissolve any part of the object), is still considered as an instance of E11 Modification. Typically, any such activity will leave at least forensic traces of evidence on the object.
If the instance of E29 Design or Procedure utilized for the modification prescribes the use of specific materials, they should be documented using property P68 foresees use of (use foreseen by): E57 Material of E29 Design or Procedure, rather than via P126 employed (was employed in): E57 Material.

Examples:
- the construction of the SS Great Britain (E12) (Gregor, 1971)
- the impregnation of the Vasa warship in Stockholm for preservation after 1956 (Håfors, 2010)
- the transformation of the Enola Gay into a museum exhibit by the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC between 1993 and 1995 (E12, E81) (Yakel, 2000)
- the last renewal of the gold coating of the Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan (Cali and Dougil, 2012)

In First Order Logic:
- E11(x) ⇒ E7(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property generalises relationships like whole-part, sequence, prerequisite or inspired by between instances of E29 Design or Procedure. Any instance of E29 Design or Procedure may be associated with other designs or procedures. The property is considered to be symmetrical unless otherwise indicated by P69.1 has type. The property is not transitive.
This property is a directed relationship. The P69.1 has type property of P69 has association with allows the nature of the association to be specified reading from domain to range; examples of types of association between instances of E29 Design or Procedure include: has part, follows, requires, etc.
Instances of this property are considered to be symmetric, in case no directed sense is provided for them by the property P69.1 has type.
The property can typically be used to model the decomposition of the description of a complete workflow into a series of separate procedures.

Examples:
- The procedure for glass blowing (E29) has association with the procedure for glass heating (E29). (Brooks, 1973)
- The set of instructions for performing Macbeth in Max Reinhardt's production in 1916 in Berlin at Deutsches Theater (E29) has association with the scene design drawing by Ernst Stern reproduced at http://www.glopad.org/pi/fr/record/digdoc/1003814 (E29) has type has part (E55).
- The preparation of parchment (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type has part (E55).
- Stretching of skin (E29) has association with soaking and unhairing of skin (E29) has type follows (E55). (Poole and Reed, 1962)
- The plan for reassembling the temples at Abu Simbel (E29) has association with the plan for storing and transporting the blocks (E29) has type follows (E55). (Loubiere, 1995)

Properties:
- P69.1 has type: E55 Type

In First Order Logic:
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(x)
- P69(x,y) ⇒ E29(y)
- P69(x,y,z) ⇒ [P69(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E63 Beginning of Existence to the instance of E77 Persistent Item brought into existence by it.
It allows a “start” to be attached to any instance of E77 Persistent Item being documented, i.e., as instances of E70 Thing, E72 Legal Object, E39 Actor, E41 Appellation and E55 Type.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The birth of Mozart (E67) brought into existence Mozart (E21). (Deutsch, 1965)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E63(x)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ E77(y)
- P92(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


E52 Χρονικό Διάστημα


E66 Событие Формирования


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E89 Propositional Object with a structural part of it that is by itself an instance of E89 Propositional Object.
This property is transitive. This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- Dante’s “Divine Comedy” (E89) has component Dante’s “Hell” (E89). (Alighieri, 1956)

In First Order Logic:
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(x)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ E89(y)
- [P148(x,y) ∧ P148(y,z)] ⇒ P148(x,z)
- P148(x,y) ⇒ ¬P148(y,x)


E35 Заголовок


E29 Проект или Процедура


Scope note:
This general class comprises discrete, identifiable, instances of E77 Persistent Item that are documented as single units, that either consist of matter or depend on being carried by matter and are characterized by relative stability.
They may be intellectual products or physical things. They may, for instance, have a solid physical form, an electronic encoding, or they may be a logical concept or structure.

Examples:
- my photograph collection (E78) (fictitious)
- the bottle of milk in my refrigerator (E22) (fictitious)
- the Riss A1 plan of the Straßburger Münster (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) (E29) (Liess, R., 1985)
- the thing on the top of Otto Hahn’s desk (E19)
- the form of the no-smoking sign (E36)
- the cave of Dirou, Mani, Greece (E26) (Psimenos, 2005)

In First Order Logic:
- E70(x) ⇒ E77(x)


E1 CRM Сущность


P51 является бывшим или текущим владельцем для


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This is a high-level property, which captures the relationship between an instance of E7 Activity and anything, that is, an instance of E1 CRM Entity, that may have had some bearing upon it.
The property has more specific subproperties.

Examples:
- The designing of the Sydney Harbour Bridge (E7) was influenced by the Tyne Bridge (E22). (Dorman Long, 1932)

In First Order Logic:
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P15(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


P107 是当前或以往成员


P128 φέρεται από


E80 Αφαίρεση Μερών


P13 κατέστρεψε


P92 γεννήθηκε από


E16 Событие Измерения


Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P136 поддержал создание типа


P25 переместил


P68 συνήθως χρησιμοποιείται από


Scope note:
This class comprises non-material products of our minds and other human produced data that have become objects of a discourse about their identity, circumstances of creation, or historical implication. The production of such information might have been supported by the use of technical devices such as cameras or computers.
Characteristically, instances of this class are created, invented or thought by someone, and then may be documented or communicated between persons. Instances of E28 Conceptual Object have the ability to exist on more than one particular carrier at the same time, such as paper, electronic signals, marks, audio media, paintings, photos, human memories, etc.
They cannot be destroyed. They exist as long as they can be found on at least one carrier or in at least one human memory. Their existence ends when the last carrier and the last memory are lost.

Examples:
- Beethoven’s “Ode an die Freude” (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999)
- the definition of “ontology” in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73) (Oxford University Press, 1989)
- the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner (E89) (Lagos & Karyanos, 2020)
- [Explanation note: The following examples illustrate the distinction between a propositional object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations (Ball, 1962) are a good example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless formulation and encoding.]
- “Maxwell equations” (E41) [preferred subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is only the name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- “Equations, Maxwell” (E41) [variant subject access point from LCSH, http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387, accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and not the equations themselves.]
- Maxwell's equations (E89) [This is the propositional content of the equations proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.] (Ball, 1962)
- The encoding of Maxwells equations as in https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Maxwell%27sEquations.svg (E73) [accessed 18(th) April 2021. This is one possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]

In First Order Logic:
- E28(x) ⇒ E71(x)


P12 появился в присутствии


P51 έχει ή είχε ιδιοκτήτη


P10 περιλαμβάνει


P13 καταστράφηκε από


Scope note:
This class comprises identifiable immaterial items that make propositions about reality.
These propositions may be expressed in text, graphics, images, audiograms, videograms, or by other similar means. Documentation databases are regarded as instances of E31 Document. This class should not be confused with the concept “document” in Information Technology, which is compatible with E73 Information Object.

Examples:
- the Encyclopaedia Britannica (E32) (Kogan, 1958)
- the image content of the photo of the Allied Leaders at Yalta published by UPI, 1945 (E36)
- Domesday Book [a manuscript record of the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror] (Hallam 1986)

In First Order Logic:
- E31(x) ⇒ E73(x)


P111 добавил


P70 τεκμηριώνεται σε


P52 является текущим владельцем для


P41 χαρακτηρίσθηκε από


P8 являлся местом для


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing that is added to (augmented) in an instance of E79 Part Addition.
Although an instance of E79 Part Addition event normally concerns only one instance of E18 Physical Thing, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be added to (augmented). For example, the artist Jackson Pollock trailing paint onto multiple canvasses.

Examples:
- The final nail-insertion Event (E79) augmented Coffin of George VI (E22). (https://www.rct.uk/collection/2000811/the-coffin-of-king-george-vi-during-the-lying-in-state)
- The attachment of the bronze hand of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E79) augmented the tree of the Alpi Marittime sculpture (E20). [https://giuseppepenone.com/en/words/maritime-alps] (Mangini, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E79(x)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P110(x,y) ⇒ P31(x,y)


P138 имеет представление


P99 был распущен посредством


Scope note:
This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, human-made objects, such as a sword, and human-made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.
Instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even human-made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.
Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it human-made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing may continue to be non-human-made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

Examples:
- the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990).
- the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991)
- the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921)
- the Colosseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011)
- the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005)
- the Rosetta Stone (E22)
- my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious)
- the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22)
- my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E24(x) ⇒ E18(x)
- E24(x) ⇒ E71(x)


P173 commence avant ou au moment de la fin de


P73 έχει μετάφραση


P106 αποτελείται από


P26 был пунктом назначения для


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P130 a les caractéristiques aussi présentes sur


P110 был увеличен посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the naming or identification of any real-world item by a name or any other identifier.
This property is intended for identifiers in general use, which form part of the world the model intends to describe, and not merely for internal database identifiers which are specific to a technical system, unless these latter also have a more general use outside the technical context. This property includes in particular identification by mathematical expressions such as coordinate systems used for the identification of instances of E53 Place. The property does not reveal anything about when, where and by whom this identifier was used. A more detailed representation can be made using the fully developed (i.e. indirect) path through E15 Identifier Assignment.
This property is a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P140i was attributed by, E15 Identifier Assignment, P37 assigned to E42 Identifier.
It is also a shortcut for the path from E1 CRM Entity through P1 is identified by, E41 Appellation, P139 has alternative form to E41 Appellation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by “Rome” (E41). (Leach, 2017)
- Text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” (E35). (Gibbon, 2013)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P1(x,y) ⇒ E41(y)
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E15(z)˄ P140i(x,z) ˄ P37(z,y)]
- P1(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E41(z)˄ P1(x,z) ˄ P139(z,y)]


P46 αποτελείται από


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an area, i.e., an instance of E53 Place to the instance of E18 Physical Thing upon which it is found. This area may either be identified by a name, or by a geometry in terms of a coordinate system adapted to the shape of the respective instance of E18 Physical Thing. Typically, names identifying sections of physical objects are composed of the name of a kind of part and the name of the object itself, such as “The poop deck of H.M.S. Victory”, which is composed of “poop deck” and “H.M.S. Victory”.

Examples:
- HMS Victory (E22) has section HMS Victory section B347.6 (E53). (Goodwin, 2015)

In First Order Logic:
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E18(x)
- P59(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)


P72 имеет язык


Scope note:
This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. In particular, it includes the information encoding features on mechanical or digital carriers.

Examples:
- the Manchester Ship Canal (Farnie, 1980)
- Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery
- the laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf
- the carved letters on the Rosetta Stone

In First Order Logic:
- E25(x) ⇒ E24(x)
- E25(x) ⇒ E26(x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic:
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


P135 δημιούργησε τύπο


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E74 Group with an instance of E39 Actor that is or has been a member thereof.
Instances of E74 Group and E21 Person may all be members of instances of E74 Group. An instance of E74 Group may be founded initially without any member.
This property is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined to E39 Actor.
The property P107.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples of the inverse property:
- László Moholy-Nagy (E21) is current or former member of Bauhaus (E74). (Moholy-Nagy, 2012)
- National Museum of Science and Industry (E74) has current or former member The National Railway Museum (E74). (Rolt, 1971)
- The married couple Queen Elisabeth and Prince Phillip (E74) has current or former member Prince Phillip (E21) kind of member husband (E55). (Brandreth, 2004)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E74(x)
- P107(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P107(x,y,z) ⇒ [P107(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P107(x,y) ⇐ (∃z) [E85(z) ˄ P144i(x,z) ˄ P143(z,y)]


P68 обычно используется посредством


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E18 Physical Thing modified in an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The rebuilding of the German Reichstag in Berlin (E11) has modified the Reichstag in Berlin (E24). (Foster, 2000)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E11(x)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P31(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)


P53 имеет текущее или бывшее местоположение


P25 μετεκίνησε


P124 μετατράπηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property links an instance of E71 Human-Made Thing to an instance of E55 Type of usage or audience. It creates a relation between specific human-made things, both physical and immaterial, to E55 Types. This property can be used to specify intended methods and techniques of use or to characterise the intended audience by indicating a type of personal characteristic that everyone falling into the target audience has.
Note: A link between specific human-made things and a specific use activity should be expressed using P19 was intended use of (was made for).

Examples of the inverse property:
- This plate (E22) was intended for being destroyed at wedding reception (E55). (fictitious)
- “Reading for life, a first book for adults and their tutors” (E28) was intended for adult literacy learners in the English language (E55). (Allen, 1987)
- “Piglet has a bath” (E28), published on sealed plastic pages, was intended for young children having a bath (E55). (Milne & Shepard, 1998)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E71(x)
- P103(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)


Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property identifies the instance of E39 Actor that becomes member of an instance of E74 Group in an instance of E85 Joining.
Joining events allow for describing actors becoming members of a group with the more detailed path E74 Group, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).

Examples:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined Sir Isaac Newton (E21). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (E21). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined Denmark (E74).

In First Order Logic:
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ E39(y)
- P143(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


P62 απεικονίζεται σε


P182 se termine avant ou au moment du début de


Scope note:
This class comprises events that destroy one or more instances of E18 Physical Thing, such that they lose their identity as the subjects of documentation.
Some destruction events are intentional, while others are independent of human activity. Intentional destruction can be documented by classifying the event as both an instance of E6 Destruction and of E7 Activity.
The decision to document an object as destroyed, transformed, or modified is context-sensitive:
1. If the matter remaining from the destruction is not documented, the event is modelled solely as an instance of E6 Destruction.
2. An event should also be documented using E81 Transformation if it results in the destruction of one or more objects and the simultaneous production of others using parts or material from the original. In this case, the new items have separate identities. Matter is preserved, but identity is not.
3. When the initial identity of the changed instance of E18 Physical Thing is preserved, the event should be documented as an instance of E11 Modification.

Examples:
- the destruction of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD (Camardo, 2013)
- the destruction of Nineveh (E6, E7) (River, 2016)
- the breaking of a champagne glass yesterday by my dog (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- E6(x) ⇒ E64(x)


P27 был исходной точкой для


E17 Присвоение Типа


P1 идентифицируется посредством


P109 έχει ή είχε επιμελητή


P15 оказал влияние на


P15 επηρέασε


E36 Визуальный Предмет


P14 πραγματοποιήθηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment with the instance of E1 CRM Entity about which it made an attribution. The instance of E1 CRM Entity plays the role of the domain of the attribution.
The kind of attribution made should be documented using P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Current Ownership Assessment of Martin Doerr’s silver cup February 1997 (E13) assigned attribute to Martin Doerr’s silver cup (E22). (fictitious)
- The Identifier Assignment on 1(st) June 1997 of the silver cup donated by Martin Doerr (E15) assigned attribute to silver cup 232 (E22). (fictitious)
- The examination of MS Sinai Greek 418 (E13) assigned attribute to MS Sinai Greek 418 (E22). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E13(x)
- P140(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)


P34 был оценен посредством


P50 является текущим смотрителем для


P33 χρησιμοποιήθηκε για


E30 Δικαίωμα


Quantification: many to one (0,1:0,n)

Scope note:
This property records the preferred instance of E42 Identifier that was used to identify an instance of E1 CRM Entity at the time this property was recorded.
More than one preferred identifier may have been assigned to an item over time.
Use of this property requires an external mechanism for assigning temporal validity to the respective CIDOC CRM instance.
The fact that an identifier is a preferred one for an organisation can be better expressed in a context independent form by assigning a suitable instance of E55 Type to the respective instance of E15 Identifier Assignment using the P2 has type property.

Examples:
- The pair of Lederhosen donated by Dr. Martin Doerr (E22) has preferred identifier “OXCMS:2001.1.32” (E42). (fictitious)

In First Order Logic:
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E1(x)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ E42(y)
- P48(x,y) ⇒ P1(x,y)


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the simultaneous destruction of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing and the creation of one or more than one E18 Physical Thing that preserves recognizable substance and structure from the first one(s) but has fundamentally different nature or identity.
Although the old and the new instances of E18 Physical Thing are treated as discrete entities having separate, unique identities, they are causally connected through the E81 Transformation; the destruction of the old E18 Physical Thing(s) directly causes the creation of the new one(s) using or preserving some relevant substance and structure. Instances of E81 Transformation are therefore distinct from re-classifications (documented using E17 Type Assignment) or modifications (documented using E11 Modification) of objects that do not fundamentally change their nature or identity. Characteristic cases are reconstructions and repurposing of historical buildings or ruins, fires leaving buildings in ruins, taxidermy of specimen in natural history.
Even though such instances of E81 Transformation are often motivated by a change of intended use, substantial material changes should justify the documentation of the result as a new instance of E18 Physical Thing and not just the change of function. The latter may be documented as an extended activity (instance of E7 Activity) of using it.

Examples:
- the mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) [the mummification of the body of the deceased is a human production process and simultaneously preserves structures of the body at and before death] (Carter and Mace 1977)
- the death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81)
- the transformation of the Hephaisteion temple in Athens, better known as “Theseion”, into a Christian church, dedicated to Saint George <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George> around AD 700 (E81,E12) [which actually helped preserving part of the antique temple structure from 449BC]

In First Order Logic:
- E81(x) ⇒ E63(x)
- E81(x) ⇒ E64(x)


Scope note:
This class comprises instances of E92 Spacetime Volume, whose temporal extent has been chosen in order to determine the spatial extent of a phenomenon over the chosen time-span. Respective phenomena may, for instance, be historical events or periods, but can also be the diachronic extent and existence of physical things. In other words, instances of this class fix a slice of another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume in time.
The temporal extent of an instance of E93 Presence typically is predetermined by the researcher so as to focus the investigation particularly on finding the spatial extent of the phenomenon by testing for its characteristic features. There are at least two basic directions such investigations might take. The investigation may wish to determine where something was during some time or it may wish to reconstruct the total passage of a phenomenon’s spacetime volume through an examination of discrete presences. Observation and measurement of features indicating the presence or absence of a phenomenon in some space allows for the progressive approximation of spatial extents through argumentation typically based on inclusion, exclusion and various overlaps.

Examples:
- the Roman Empire on 19(th) August AD 14 (Clare and Edwards, 1992)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts in December 1775 (Leppmann, 1970)
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann’s whereabouts from 19(th) November 1755 until 9(th) April 1768 (Leppmann, 1970)

In First Order Logic:
- E93(x) ⇒ E92(x)


P71 περιλαμβάνει


P101 был применением для


P100 ήταν θάνατος του/της


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property describes the decomposition of an instance of E3 Condition State into discrete, subsidiary states.
It is assumed that the sub-states into which the condition state is analysed form a logical whole, although the entire story may not be completely known, and that the sub-states are in fact constitutive of the general condition state. For example, a general condition state of “in ruins” may be decomposed into the individual stages of decay.
This property is transitive and asymmetric.

Examples:
- The Condition State of the ruined Parthenon (E3) consists of the bombarded state after the explosion of a Venetian shell in 1687 (E3). (Mommsen, 1941)

In First Order Logic:
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(x)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ E3(y)
- [P5(x,y) ∧ P5(y,z)] ⇒ P5(x,z)
- P5(x,y) ⇒ ¬P5(y,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance or instances E18 Physical Thing that have ceased to exist due to an instance of E81 Transformation.
The item that has ceased to exist and was replaced by the result of the Transformation. The continuity between both items, the new and the old, is expressed by the links to the common instance of E81 Transformation.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The transformation of the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion into a city hall (E81, E12) transformed the Venetian Loggia in Heraklion (E24). (Municipality of Heraklion, 2021)
- The mummification of Tut-Ankh-Amun (E81, E12) transformed the deceased Pharaoh Tut-Ankh-Amun (E21). (Carter & Mace, 1977)
- The death, carbonization and petrification of some people of Pompeii in 79AD by the intense heat of a pyroclastic cloud and ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (E69, E81) transformed some people of Pompeii (E21). [AND: was death of (P100) some people of Pompeii (E21).]

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E81(x)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)
- P124(x,y) ⇒ P93(x,y)


P54 est actuellement la location fixe de


P35 έχει διαπιστωθεί από


E72 Объект Права


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity.
This property typically applies to tools, instruments, moulds, raw materials and items embedded in a product. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action. For example, the activity of writing this text required the use of a computer. An immaterial thing can be used if at least one of its carriers is present. For example, the software tools on a computer.
Another example is the use of a particular name by a particular group of people over some span to identify a thing, such as a settlement. In this case, the physical carriers of this name are at least the people understanding its use.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The writing of the scope note of the CIDOC CRM property “P16 used specific object” contained in the CIDOC CRM version 4.1 (E7) used specific object Nicholas Crofts’ computer (E22) mode of use Typing Tool; Storage Medium (E55). [the original scope note was later extended in the CIDOC CRM version 4.3]
- The people of Iraq calling the place identified by TGN ‘7017998’ (E7) used specific object “Quyunjig” (E41) mode of use current; vernacular (E55).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E7(x)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ E70(y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y)
- P16(x,y) ⇒ P15(x,y)
- P16(x,y,z) ⇒ [P16(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with an instance of E53 Place that is the result of the spatial projection of the instance of the E92 Spacetime Volume on a reference space.
In general, there can be more than one useful reference space (for reference space see P156 occupies and P157 is at rest relative to) to describe the spatial projection of a spacetime volume, for example, in describing a sea battle, the difference between the battle ship and the seafloor as reference spaces. Thus, it can be seen that the projection is not unique.
The spatial projection is the actual spatial coverage of a spacetime volume, which normally has fuzzy boundaries except for instances of E92 Spacetime Volume which are geometrically defined in the same reference system as the range of this property and are an exception to this and do not have fuzzy boundaries. Modelling explicitly fuzzy spatial projections serves therefore as a common topological reference of different spatial approximations rather than absolute geometric determination, for instance for relating outer or inner spatial boundaries for the respective spacetime volumes.
The spatial projection is unique with respect to the reference system. For instance, there is exactly one spatial projection of Lord Nelson’s dying relative to the ship HMS Victory, i.e. the location of his body relative to the ship HMS Victory at the time of his death.
In case the domain of an instance of P161 has spatial projection is an instance of E4 Period, the spatial projection describes all areas that period was ever present at, for instance, the Roman Empire.
This property is part of the fully developed path from E18 Physical Thing through P196 defines, E92 Spacetime Volume, P161 has spatial projection to E53 Place, which in turn is implied by P156 occupies (is occupied by).

Examples of the inverse property:
- The Roman Empire (E4) has spatial projection all areas ever claimed by Rome (E53). (Clare & Edwards, 1992)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P161(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- (∃y,z,u) [E92(x) ˄ E53(y) ˄ E53(z) ˄ E18(u) ˄ P157(y,u) ˄ P157(z,u) ˄ P161(x,y) ˄ P161(x,z) ] ⇒ (x = y)
- P161(x,y) ˄ E4(x) ⇒ P7(x,y)


P74 是当前或曾经居住地


Scope note:
This class comprises the events that result in the formal or informal termination of an instance of E74 Group.
If the dissolution was deliberate, the Dissolution event should also be instantiated as an instance of E7 Activity.

Examples:
- the fall of the Roman Empire (Whittington, 1964)
- the liquidation of Enron Corporation (Atlas, 2001)

In First Order Logic:
- E68(x) ⇒ E64(x)


Quantification: many to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,n)

Scope note:
This property associates an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume with another instance of E92 Spacetime Volume that falls within the latter. In other words, all points in the former are also points in the latter.
This property is transitive and reflexive.

Examples:
- The Great Plague (E4) falls within The Gothic period (E4). (Porter, 2009)

In First Order Logic:
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(x)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)
- P10(x,y) ⇒ P132(x,y)
- P10(x,y) ∧ P10(y,z)] ⇒ P10(x,z)
- P10(x,x)


Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n)

Scope note:
This property links an instance of E33 Linguistic Object (A), to another instance of E33 Linguistic Object (B) which is the translation of A.
When an instance of E33 Linguistic Object is translated into a new language a new instance of E33 Linguistic Object is created, despite the translation being conceptually similar to the source.
This property is asymmetric.

Examples:
- “Les Baigneurs” (E33) has translation “The Bathers” (E33). (Spiers & Surenne, 1854)

In First Order Logic:
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(x)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ E33(y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ P130i(x,y)
- P73(x,y) ⇒ ¬P73(y,x)


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies the instance of E74 Group of which an instance of E39 Actor becomes a member through an instance of E85 Joining.
Although a joining activity normally concerns only one instance of E74 Group, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which becoming member of one Group implies becoming member of another Group as well.
Joining events allow for describing people becoming members of a group with a more detailed path from E74 Group through, P144i gained member by, E85 Joining, P143 joined, E39 Actor, compared to the shortcut offered by P107 has current or former member (is current or former member of).
The property P144.1 kind of member can be used to specify the type of membership or the role the member has in the group.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The election of Sir Isaac Newton as Member of Parliament to the Convention Parliament of 1689 (E85) joined with the Convention Parliament (E74). (Iliffe, 2013)
- The inauguration of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev as Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1985 (E85) joined with the office of Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (E74) kind of member President (E55). (Galeotti, 1997)
- The implementation of the membership treaty 1(st) January 1973 between EU and Denmark (E85) joined with EU (E74).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P144(x,y) ⇒ E85(x)
- P144(x,y)⇒ E74(y)
- P144(x,y,z) ⇒ [P144(x,y) ∧ E55(z)]
- P144(x,y) ⇒ P11(x,y)


E64 Τέλος Ύπαρξης


P182 commence après ou au moment de la fin de


P138 παριστάνει


P86 содержится в


P95 σχηματίστηκε από


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property describes the CRM Entities documented as instances of E31 Document.
Documents may describe any conceivable entity, hence the link to the highest-level entity in the CIDOC CRM class hierarchy. This property is intended for cases where a reference is regarded as making a proposition about reality. This may be of a documentary character, in the scholarly or scientific sense, or a more general statement.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The ‘Catalogue of the Greek coins of Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia’ (E31) documents parts of the British Museum’s Collection (E78). (British Museum & Hill, 1922)

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E31(x)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ E1(y)
- P70(x,y) ⇒ P67(x,y)


P31 τροποποίησε


P46 формирует часть


Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n)

Scope note of the inverse property:
This property identifies an origin, an instance of E53 Place, of an instance of E9 Move.
A move will be linked to an origin, such as the move of an artifact from storage to display. A move may be linked to many starting instances of E53 Place by multiple instances of this property. In this case the move describes the picking up of a set of objects. The area of the move includes the origin(s), route and destination(s).
Therefore, the described origin is an instance of E53 Place which P89 falls within (contains) the instance of E53 Place the move P7 took place at.

Examples of the inverse property:
- The movement of the exhibition “Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh” between 15(th) September and 2(nd) November 2019 (E9) moved from Paris, Grande Halle de la Villette (E53).

In First Order Logic of the inverse property:
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E9(x)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ E53(y)
- P27(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [E53(z) ∧ P7(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)]


P184 se termine au moment de ou après la fin de